th

Engineering Circuit Analysis 9 Edition Chapter Two Exercise Solutions

1. Convert the following to engineering notation:

(a) 0.045 W = 45 × 10 −3 W = 45 mW

(b) 2000 pJ = 2000 × 10 −12

= 2 × 10 −9 J = 2 nJ

(c) 0.1 ns = 0.1× 10−9 = 100 × 10−12 s = 100 ps

(d) 39,212 as = 3.9212×10 ×10 = 39.212×10 s = 39.212

4 -18 -15

fs

(e) 3 Ω

(f) 18,000 m = 18 × 103 m= 18 km

(g) 2,500,000,000,000 bits = 2.5 × 1012 bits = 2.5 terabits

3
⎛ 1015 atoms ⎞ ⎛ 102 cm ⎞ 21 3
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 10 atoms/m
cm3 ⎠⎝ 1 m ⎠
(h) ⎝ (it’s unclear what a “zeta
atom” is)

2. Convert the following to engineering notation:

(a) 1230 fs = 1.2310 3 × 10 −15 = 1.23 × 10 −12 s = 1.23 ps

(b) 0.0001 decimeter = 1× 10 −4 × 10 −1 = 10 × 10 −6 m = 10 m

(c) 1400 mK = 1.4 × 103 × 10 −3 = 1.4 K

 (d) 32 nm = 32 × 10 −9
m = 32 nm

(e) 13,560 kHz = 1.356 × 10 4 × 103 = 13.56 × 106 Hz = 13.56 MHz

(f) 2021 micromoles = 2.021× 103 × 10−6 = 2.021× 10−3 moles = 2.021
millimoles

(g) 13 deciliters = 13× 10−1 = 1.3 liters

(h) 1 hectometer = 100 meters

3. Express the following in engineering units:

(a) 1212 mV = 1.121 V

(b) 10 pA = 10 ×10 = 100 mA

11 11 -12

(c) 1000 yoctoseconds = 1× 10 3

× 10 −24 = 1× 10 −21 seconds = 1 zs

(d) 33.9997 zeptoseconds

(e) 13,100 attoseconds = 1.31× 10−15 s = 1.31 fs

(f) 10 zettasecond=10 ×10 =10 =10×10 s = 10 Ms

−14 -14 21 7 6

(g) 10 second
−5
= 10 × 10 −6 seconds = 10 s

(h) 10 Gs = 10
−9 −9
× 109 = 1 second

4. Expand the following distances in simple meters:

 (a) 1 Zm = 1× 10 21
m
(b) 1 Em = 1× 10 18
m
(c) 1 Pm = 1× 10 15
m
(d) 1 Tm = 1× 10 12
m
(e) 1 Gm = 1× 10 9
m
(f) 1 Mm = 1× 10 6
m

5. Convert the following to SI units, taking care to employ

proper engineering
notation:

5
212° F = (212 − 32 ) + 273.15 = 373.15 K
(a) 9

5
0° F = (0 − 32 ) + 273.15 = 255.37 K
(b) 9

(c) 0 K

745.7 W
= 200 = 1.4914 × 105 W = 149.14 × 103 W
(d) 200 hp 1 hp = 149.14 kW

(e) 1 yard = 0.9144 m= 914.4 mm

1760 yards 0.9144 m

=1 = 1,609.3 m= 1.6093 km
(f) 1 mile 1 mile 1 yard

6. Convert the following to SI units, taking care to employ

proper engineering
notation:
 (a) 373.15 K

(b) 273.15 K (already in SI)

(c) 4.2 K

745.7 W
= 150 = 1.11855 × 105 W = 111.855 × 103 W
(d) 150 hp 1 hp = 111.855
kW

1055 J
= 500 = 5.275 × 105 J = 527.5 × 103 J = 527.5 kJ
(e) 500 Btu 1 Btu

(f) 100 J/s = 100 W

7. It takes you approximately 2 hours to finish your homework

on thermodynamics. Since it feels like it took forever, how many
galactic years does this correspond to? (1 galactic year = 250
million years)

1 day 1 year galactic years

2 hours× × × = 913.24 × 10 −15 galactic years
24 hours 365 days 250 × 106 years

(or, 913.24 femto-galactic-years!)

8. A certain krypton fluoride laser generates 15 ns long pulses,

each of which contains 550 mJ of energy.

(a) Calculate the power using the pulse energy over the 15
ns duration.
 w 550 mJ 550 × 10 −3 J
p= = = = 3.6667 × 107 W = 36.667 MW
t 15 ns 15 × 10 −9 s

(b) If up to 100 pulses can be generated per second,

calculate the maximum average power output of the
laser. In this case, look at the total energy of 100 pulses
over the one second duration.

w 100 pulses 550 mJ

p= = = 55 W
t 1s

9. Your recommended daily food intake is 2,500 food calories

(kcal). If all of this energy is efficiently processed, what would
your average power output be?

4.187 J
2500 × 103 cal × = 10.4675 × 106 J
cal
w 10.4675 × 106 J
p= = = 121.15 W
t (24 h / day )(60 min / h)(60 s/ min)

10. An electric vehicle is driven by a single motor rated at 40 hp.

If the motor is run continuously for 3 h at maximum output,
calculate the electrical energy consumed. Express your answer
in SI units using engineering notation.

⎛ 745.7 W ⎞ ⎛ 3600 s⎞
w = pt = ⎜ 40 hp 3h = 3.2214 × 108 J = 322.14 × 106 J
⎝ 1 hp ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 h ⎟⎠

= 322.14 MJ

11. Under insolation conditions of 500 W/m (direct sunlight), 2

and 10% solar cell efficiency (defined as the ratio of electrical
output power to incident solar power), calculate the area
required for a photovoltaic (solar cell) array capable of running
the vehicle in Exercise 10 at half power.

745.7 W
p = 20 hp = 20 hp × = 14.914 × 103 W
1 hp
⎛ W⎞
p = 14.914 × 103 W = ⎜ 500 2 ⎟ (area)(10% efficiency)
⎝ m⎠

14.914 × 103 W
area = = 298.28 m2
(500 )(0.1)

12. A certain metal oxide nanowire piezoelectricity generator is

capable of producing 100 pW of usable electricity from the type
of motion obtained from a person jogging at a moderate pace.

1W
= 1010 nanowires
(a) 100 × 10 −12 W / nanowire

1010 nanowires 1 m2
2
= 2 × 109 µm2 2
= 2 × 10 −3 m2
5 nanowires/ µm
(b) ( )
106 µm2

This area would fit in a square that is approximately

4.5 cm x 4.5 cm, so very reasonable!

13. Assuming a global population of 9 billion people, each using

approximately 100 W of power continuously throughout the day,
calculate the total land area that would have to be set aside for
photovoltaic power generation, assuming 800 W/m of incident 2

solar power and a conversion efficiency (sunlight to electricity)

of 10%.
 Power needed = (Power density from Sun )(Area)(Conversion Efficiency)

Area =
(100 W )(910 9
people)= 1.12510 10
m2 = 11,250 km2
(800 W / m )(0.10 )
2

About the size of the state of Connecticut.

14. The total charge flowing out of one end of a small copper
wire and into an unknown device is determined to follow the
relationship q(t) = 5e C, where t is expressed in seconds.
−t/2

Calculate the current flowing into the device, taking note of the
sign.

dq d ⎛ − 2t ⎞ −
t
i= = ⎜ 5e ⎟ = −2.5e 2 A
dt dt ⎝ ⎠

Note that the charge on the device starts positive, and then
decreases. This means that current is flowing out of the
device. The current flowing into the devices is therefore
negative.

15. The current flowing into the collector lead of a certain

bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is measured to be 1 nA. If no
charge was transferred in or out of the collector lead prior to t =
0, and the current flows for 1 min, calculate the total charge
which crosses into the collector.

( )
q = ∫ idt = 10 −9 A (60 s)= 60 × 10 −9 C = 60 nC

16. The total charge stored on a 1 cm diameter insulating plate is

−10 C.
13

−1013 C
= 6.242 × 1031 electrons
(a) −1.602 × 10 −19 C / electron

6.242 × 1031 electrons

2
= 7.9475 × 1035 electrons / m2
(b) (3.1416 )(0.005 m)

dq 106 electrons
(c)
i=
dt
=
s
( )
−1.602 × 10 −19 C = −1.602 × 10 −13 A = 160.2 fA

17. A mysterious device found in a forgotten laboratory

accumulates charge at a rate specified by the expression
q(t)=9−10t C from the moment it is switched on.

(a) 9 C

(b) −1 C

dq C
i= = −10 = −10 A
(c) dt s , The current is constant (time
independent)

18. A new type of device appears to accumulate charge

according to the expression
q(t)=10t −22t mC (t in s).
2

dq mC
i= = 20t − 22 = 20t − 22 mA
(a) dt s
22
i = 0 at t = s= 1.1 s
20
 (b) Sketch q(t) and i (t) over the interval 0 ≤ t < 5 s.
150

Charge (mC) 100

50

-50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

80

60
Current (mA)

40

20

-20

-40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (seconds)

t_end = 5; % End time in seconds

t_pts = 100; % Number of points for time vector
t=linspace(0,t_end,t_pts); % Define time vector

for i=1:t_pts; % Iterate for each point in time

charge(i)=10*t(i)^2-22*t(i);
current(i)=20*t(i)-22;
end

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,charge,'r'); % Plot charge
ylabel('Charge (mC)');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,current,'r') % Plot current

ylabel('Current (mA)')
xlabel('Time (seconds)')

19. The current flowing through a tungsten-filament light bulb is

determined to follow i (t) = 114 sin(100πt) A.

(a) The interval corresponds to 100 periods. The current

crosses zero at every half period and full period, as well
as at time t=0. The current equals zero 201 times in the
interval from t=0 to t=2s.
 (b) How much charge is transported through the light bulb
in the first second?
1s

q = ∫ 114sin (100πt )dt = −114 (100π )⎡⎣cos (100π )− cos (0 )⎤⎦ = 0

0

Current flows in and out of the light bulb each period.

Since the time period is over an integer number of
periods, the total charge is zero.

20. The current waveform depicted in Fig. 2.28 is characterized

by a period of 8 s.

(a) The average value is the integral of the function divided

by the time period.
6 s
∫ t dt + 0 = 18 = 2.25 A
0
8s 8

q = ∫ i dt
(b)
⎧ t 0<t <6
⎪
⎪ 0 6<t <8
i (t ) = ⎨
⎪ (t − 8) 8 < t < 14
⎪⎩ 0 14 < t < 20

⎧ t2 / 2 0<t <6
⎪
⎪ 18 6<t <8
q(t ) = ⎨
⎪ 18 + (t − 8)2 / 2 8 < t < 14
⎪⎩ 36 14 < t < 20
 40

35

30

25
Charge (C)

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (seconds)

21. The current waveform depicted in Fig. 2.29 is characterized

by a period of 4 s.

3− 1+ 1+ 0
iavg = = 0.75 A
(a) 4
−1+ 1
iavg = =0 A
(b) 2
⎧ 3A 0 < t <1
⎪⎪
−1A 1< t < 2
i (t ) = ⎨
⎪ 1A 2<t <3
(c) ⎪⎩ 0 3<t < 4

⎧3t + q (0) = 3t + 1 C, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s
⎪−t + 1 + q (1) = −t + 5 C, 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 s
⎪
q (t ) = ∫ i (t )dt = ⎨
⎪t − 2 + q (2) = t + 1 C, 2≤t ≤3s
⎪⎩q (3) = 4 C, 3≤t ≤ 4 s
 5

4.5

3.5

3
Charge (C)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (seconds)

22 A wind power system with increasing windspeed has the

current waveform described by the equation below, delivered to
an 80 Ω resistor. Plot the current, power, and energy waveform
over a period of 60 seconds, and calculate the total energy
collected over the 60 second time period.
1 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
i (t )= t 2 sin ⎜ t ⎟ cos ⎜ t ⎟ A
2 ⎝8 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠

From calculations, w(t=60 s) = 801.87×10 J 6

% Matlab code for plotting wind power waveform

t_end = 60; % End time in seconds

t_pts = 600; % Number of points for time vector
t=linspace(0,t_end,t_pts); % Define time vector
dt=t_end/t_pts; % Separation between time points

R=80; % Resistance in ohms

for i=1:t_pts; % Iterate for each point in time

current(i)=0.5*t(i)^2*sin(pi/8*t(i))*cos(pi/4*t(i));
p(i)=current(i)^2*R;
end

w=cumsum(p)*dt; % Energy from cumulative sum times time separation

figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1); plot(t,current,'r'); % Plot voltage
ylabel('Current (A)');

subplot(3,1,2); plot(t,p,'r') % Plot power

ylabel('Power (W)')

subplot(3,1,3); plot(t,w,'r') % Plot energy

xlabel('Time (seconds)')
ylabel('Energy (J)')

23. Two metallic terminals protrude from a device. The terminal

on the left is the positive reference for a voltage called v (the x

other terminal is the negative reference). The terminal on the

right is the positive reference for a voltage called v (the other
y

terminal being the negative reference). If it takes 1 mJ of energy

to push a single electron into the left terminal, determine the
voltages v and v .
x y

10 −3 J
vx = = −6.2422 × 1015 V
−1.602 × 10 −19 C !

vy = −vx = 6.2422 × 1015 V

Note that this value is very large, since a potential of 1 V

only requires 1.602×10 J to push one electron across the
-19

terminals.

24. The convention for voltmeters is to use a black wire for the
negative reference terminal and a red wire for the positive
reference terminal.

(a) Voltage looks at the electric potential difference

between two terminals. Potential difference relates two
different points/terminals.

(b) The sign of the voltage will change (positive to

negative, or negative to positive)

25. Determine the power absorbed by each of the elements in

Fig. 2.30.

(a)
p = vi = (6 V )(1 pA)= 6 pW

(b)
p = vi = (1 V )(10 mA)= 10 mW
 (c)
p = vi = (10 V )(−2 A)= −20 W

26. Determine the power absorbed by each of the elements in

Fig. 2.31.

(a)
p = vi = (2 V )(−1 A)= −2 W

(b)
( )( )
p = vi = −16e−0.5 V 8e−0.5 mA = −47.0886 mW

(c)
( )
p = vi = (2 V ) −10010 −3 mA = −0.2 mW

27. Determine the unknown current for the circuit in Figure

2.32, and find the power that is supplied or absorbed by each
element. Confirm that the total power is zero.

p = vi = (5 V )(−0.2 A)= −1 W (supplies 1 W )

5 V element:
 p = vi = (1 V )(0.2 A)= 0.2 W (absorbs 0.2 W )
1 V element:

p = vi = (4 V )(−0.15 A)= −0.6 W (supplies 0.6 W )

4 V element on left:

4 V element on right: since total power must sum to zero,

must be absorbing 1.4 W
I = 0.35 A

28. A constant current of 1 ampere is measured flowing into the

positive reference terminal of a pair of leads whose voltage we’ll
call v . Calculate the absorbed power at t = 1 s if v (t) equals
p p

(a) p = (1 V )(1 A)= 1 W

p = (−1 V )(1 A)= −1 W

(b)

(c) ( )
p = 2 + 5cos (5) V (1 A)= 3.4183 W

(d) ( )
p = 4e−2 V (1 A)= 0.5413 W

(e) A negative value for absorbed power implies that the

circuit element is
supplying power.
29. Determine the power supplied by the leftmost element in the
circuit of Fig. 2.33.

p = (2 V )(2 A)= 4 W

30. The current-voltage characteristic of a silicon solar cell

exposed to direct sunlight at noon in Florida during midsummer
is given in Fig. 2.34. It is obtained by placing different sized
resistors across the two terminals of the device and measuring
the resulting currents and voltages.

(a) 3 A (where voltage is zero)

(b) 0.5 V (where current is zero)

(c) Maximum power is where the product of current and

voltage is maximum. This is approximately where the
“knee” in the current vs voltage curve is.
p ≈ (0.375 V )(2.5 A)≈ 0.94 W

31. A particular electric utility charges customers different rates

depending on their daily rate of energy consumption: $0.05/kWh
up to 20 kWh, and $0.10/kWh for all energy usage above 20
kWh in any 24 hour period.

$10 1 week
= $1.4286 / day
(a) week 7 days

First 20 kWh = $1/day

Leaving $0.4286/day @ $0.10/kWh, or 4.286 kWh
Can use a total of 24.286 kWh/day
 w 24.286 kWh
p= = = 1.0119 kW = 1,011.9 W
t 24 h

Total of 10 light bulbs can be run continuously to stay

below $10/week.

w = pt = (2000kW )(24h)= 48,000 kWh

(b)
20 kWh = $1/day
Remaining 47,980 kWh costs $4,798

Total cost is $4,799 each day

32. The Tilting Windmill Electrical Cooperative LLC Inc. has

instituted a differential pricing scheme aimed at encouraging
customers to conserve electricity use during daylight hours,
when local business demand is at its highest. If the price per
kilowatthour is $0.033 between the hours of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.,
and $0.057 for all other times, how much does it cost to run a
2.5 kW portable heater continuously for 30 days?

For each day, the heater is run at the $0.033/kWh rate for 9
hours and $0.057/kWh rate for 15 hours.

Cost each day is (2.5kW)(9h)($0.033/kWh) + (2.5kW)

(15h)($0.057/kWh) = $2.88

For 30 days, cost is $86.40

33. A laptop computer consumes an average power of 20 W. The

rechargeable battery has a voltage of 12 V and capacity of 5800
mAh. How long can the laptop run on a single battery charge?
 w = pt
w (12 V )(5.8 Ah)
t= = = 3.48 hours
p 20 W

34. You have just installed a rooftop solar photovoltaic system

that consists of 40 solar modules that each provide 180 W of
power under peak sunlight conditions. Your location gets an
average of 5 hours of peak sunlight per day. If electricity in your
area is valued at 15¢/kWh, what is the annual value of the
electricity generated by your installation?

Wh kWh
(40 panels)(180 W )(5 h)= 36,000 day = 36
day
kWh 365 days $0.15
36 × × = $1,971 / year
day year kWh

35. A portable music player requiring 5 W is powered by a 3.7 V

Li-ion battery with capacity of 4000 mAh. The battery can be
charged by a charger providing a current of 2 A with an
efficiency of 80%.
w (3.7 V )(4 Ah)
t= = = 2.96 hours
(a) p 5W
q 4 Ah
t= = = 2.5 hours
i0.8 (2 A)(0.8)
(b)

36. Some of the ideal sources in the circuit of Fig. 2.31 are
supplying positive power, and others are absorbing positive
power. Determine which are which, and show that the algebraic
sum of the power absorbed by each element (taking care to
preserve signs) is equal to zero.
 Supplying power: 2 A current source, 8 V voltage source,
10 V voltage source
Absorbing power: -4A current source, -3A current source

Power absorbed by each element:

2 A current source: - 4W
8 V voltage source: -16 W
10 V voltage source: -50 W
-4A current source: 40 W
-3A current source: 30 W

37. You are comparing an old incandescent light bulb with a

newer high efficiency LED light bulb. You find that they both
have the same output of 800 lumens, which corresponds to
approximately 5 W of optical power. However, you find that the
incandescent bulb is consuming 60 W of electrical power, and
the LED bulb is consuming 12 W of electrical power. Why do
the optical and electrical powers not agree? Doesn’t
conservation of energy require the two quantities to be equal?

The electrical power is conserved in the circuit, but not all

of the power is converted to light. The incandescent bulb
consumes 60 W, but only 5 W is converted to light, the rest
is wasted as heat or otherwise. The LED bulb consumes 12
W of electrical power, where 5 W is converted to light, and
7 W is wasted as heat or otherwise.

38. Refer to the circuit represented in Fig. 2.35, while noting

that the same current flows through each element. The voltage-
controlled dependent source provides a current which is 5 times
as large as the voltage V .
x
 (a) Current is determined by the dependent source: i=
(5)(2)=10 A
Power absorbed for V voltage source:
X

p = (2 V )(−10 A)= −20 W

Power absorbed for element A: p = (10 V )(10 A)= 100 W

Power absorbed for 5 V dependent current source:
X

p = (8 V )(−10 A)= −80 W

(b) Element A is absorbing power, passive.

39. Refer to the circuit represented in Fig. 2.35, while noting

that the same current flows through each element. The voltage-
controlled dependent source provides a current which is 5 times
as large as the voltage Vx .

(a) For V = 100 V and V = 92 V, determine the power

R X

supplied by each element.

Current through dependent source is I = (5)(92) = 460

A

Power supplied for Vx source:

p = (92 V )(460 A)= 42.32 × 103 W

Power supplied for element A:

p = (100 V )(−460 A)= −46 × 103 W

Power supplied for 5Vx dependent source:

p = (8 V )(460 A)= 3.68 × 103 W

(b) 42.32 kW + 3.68 kW – 46 kW = 0

40. The circuit depicted in Fig. 2.36 contains a dependent
current source; the magnitude and direction of the current it
supplies are directly determined by the voltage labeled v . Note 1

that therefore i = −3v . Determine the voltage v if v = 33i and i

2 1 1 2 2 2

= 100 mA.

i2 = −3v1 = 100mA

i2 100 mA
v1 = = = −33.333 mV
−3 −3

41. The dependent source in the circuit of Fig. 2.37 provides a

voltage whose value depends on the current i . What value of ixx

is required for the dependent source to be supplying 1 W?

p = vi = (−2i x )(−i x )= 1 W

1
ix = = 0.7071 A
2

42. Determine the magnitude of the current flowing through a

4.7 kΩ resistor if the voltage across it is

v 0.001 V
i= = = 212.77 × 10 −9 A
(a) R 4,700 Ω

v 10 V
i= = = 2.1277 × 10 −3 A
(b) R 4,700 Ω

v 4e−t V
i= = = 851.064 × 10 −6 e−t A
(c) R 4,700 Ω
 v 100cos (5t ) V
i= = = 21.277 × 10 −3 cos (5t ) A
(d) R 4,700 Ω

v −7 V
i= = = −1.4894 × 10 −3 A
(e) R 4,700 Ω

Or since the problem statement asks for magnitude, i

= 1.4894×10 A -3

43. Real resistors can only be manufactured to a specific

tolerance, so that in effect the value of the resistance is
uncertain. For example, a 1 _ resistor specified as 5% tolerance
could in practice be found to have a value anywhere in the range
of 0.95 to 1.05 _. Calculate the voltage across a 2.2 k_ 10%
tolerance resistor if the current flowing through the element is

vmin = iRmin = (0.001 A)(0.9 × 2,200 Ω )= 1.9800 V

(a)

vmax = iRmax = (0.001 A)(1.1× 2,200 Ω )= 2.4200 V

(b) ( )
vmin = iRmin = 0.004sin (44t )A (0.9 × 2,200 Ω )= 7.9200 sin (44t )V

( )
vmax = iRmax = 0.004sin (44t )A (1.1× 2,200 Ω )= 9.6800 sin (44t )V

44.
(a)
 5

Current (mA) 1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
-10 -5 0 5 10
Voltage (V)

i 1
G= = = 500 × 10 −6 S
(b) v R

45. Sketch the voltage across a 33 Ω resistor over the range 0 < t
< 2π s, if the current is given by 2.8 cos(t) A. Assume both the
current and voltage are defined according to the passive sign
convention.
 100

80

60

40

20
Voltage (V)

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (s)

46. Figure 2.38 depicts the current-voltage characteristic of three

different resistive elements. Determine the resistance of each,
assuming the voltage and current are defined in accordance with
the passive sign convention.
v
R=
i

v 5V
R= = = 100 × 103 = 100 k Ω
(a) i 0.05 × 10−3

v 5V
R= = =∞
(b) i 0 A

v 0V
R= = =0
(c) i ∞

47. Examine the I-V characteristics in Figure 2.38. Which would

be the most desirable for a fuse? Explain.
 The fuse should have low resistance, or pass current
without a voltage drop. The most desirable would be (c),
with a pre-defined current where the fuse would blow.

48. Determine the conductance (in siemens) of the following:

1 1
G= = =∞
(a) R 0

1
G= = 10 × 10 −9 S
(b) 100 × 106

1
G= =5 S
(c) 200 × 10 −3

49. Determine the magnitude of the current flowing through a 10

mS conductance if the voltage across it is
(a) i = Gv = (0.01)(0.002 )= 20 × 10 A = 20 µ A
−6

(b) i = Gv = (0.01)(−1)= −10 × 10 A = −10 mA

−3

(or since it asks for magnitude, i = 10 mA )

(c) i = Gv = (0.01)(100e )= 1e A
−2t −2t

(d) i = Gv = (0.01)(5sin5t )= 0.05sin5t A = 50sin5t mA

i = Gv = (0.01)(0 )= 0
(e)

50. A 1% tolerance 1 kΩ resistor may in reality have a value

anywhere in the range of 990 to 1010 Ω. Assuming a voltage of
9 V is applied across it, determine
 (a) The corresponding range of current is
v 9
imin = = = 8.9109 × 10 −3 A = 8.9109 mA
Rmax 1010

v 9
imax = = = 9.0909 × 10 −3 A = 9.0909 mA
Rmin 990

(b) The corresponding range of absorbed power is

pmin = vimin = (9 V )(8.9109 mA)= 80.1981 mW

pmax = vimax = (9 V )(9.0909 mA)= 81.8181 mW

(c) Repeating for 10% tolerance

v 9
imin = = = 8.1818 × 10 −3 A = 8.1818 mA
Rmax 1100

v 9
imax = = = 10 × 10 −3 A = 10 mA
Rmin 900

pmin = vimin = (9 V )(8.1818 mA)= 73.6362 mW

pmax = vimax = (9 V )(10 mA)= 90 mW

51. The following experimental data is acquired for an

unmarked resistor, using a variable-voltage power supply and a
current meter. The current meter readout is somewhat unstable,
unfortunately, which introduces error into the measurement.

(a)
 1.5

0.5

Current (mA)
0

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Voltage (V)

(b) R=2.2583 kΩ
% Matlab code
% Measured points
vm=[-2 -1.2 0 1 1.5];
im=[-0.89 -0.47 0.01 0.44 0.7];

% Get linear fit

% Note that this is not perfect, since the fit does not go through the
% origin. For a perfect fit, will need to use a more involved fit such as
% lsqlin with the Matlab optimization toolbox
% The first order poly fit will return the slope and intercept of the best
% line fit
[P]=polyfit(vm,im,1);

% Construct curve for linear fit to plot

v = linspace(-2.5,2.5,100);

for i = 1:100
I(i) = v(i)*P(1);
end

R=1/P(1)

plot(vm,im,'o',v,I,'LineWidth',1.0);
xlabel('Voltage (V)','FontSize',14);
ylabel('Current (mA)','FontSize',14);
set(gca,'Fontsize',14,'LineWidth',1.0)

52. Utilize the fact that in the circuit of Fig. 2.39, the total power
supplied by the voltage source must equal the total power
absorbed by the two resistors to show that V = V (R )/(R + R ). R2 S 2 1 2
You may assume the same current flows through each element
(a requirement of charge conservation).

The power supplied by the voltage source is V I. s

The power absorbed by resistor R is I R . 1

2
1

The power absorbed by resistor R is I R . 2

2
2

Since we know that the total power supplied is equal to the

total power absorbed,
we may write:
V I = IR + IR
s
2
1
2
2

or
V = IR + IR s 1 2

V = I (R + R )
s 1 2

By Ohm’s law,
I=V /R R2
2

so that
VR2
(R1 + R2 )
V = R2
s

Solving for V we find

R2

R2
VR2 = Vs
(R1 + R2 )

53. For the circuit in Figure 2.39, suppose that the resistor R 2

represents a very sensitive and expensive piece of electronics.

To ensure that the equipment is not damaged, R is incorporated 1

to represent a fuse, with a rating of 5A and resistance of 0.1 Ω. If

the voltage source is 12 V, what is the lowest resistance that
could be encountered as a short circuit condition for R before 2

blowing the fuse?

 The fuse will blow when 5 A or more flows through the
circuit.

This current will flow when there is a total resistance of (12

V)/(3 A) = 4 Ω.

The fuse has a resistance of 0.1 Ω, thus a resistance for R 2

of 3.9 Ω or less will cause the fuse to blow.

54. For each of the circuits in Fig. 2.40, find the current I and
compute the power absorbed by the resistor.

Top left:
v 5
i= = = 500 × 10 −6 A = 500 µ A
R 10 × 103
p = vi = (5 V )(500 µ A)= 2.5 mW

Top right:
v −5
i= = = −500 × 10 −6 A = −500 µ A
R 10 × 103
p = vi = (−5 V )(−500 µ A)= 2.5 mW

Bottom left:
v −5
i= = = −500 × 10 −6 A = −500 µ A
R 10 × 103
p = vi = (−5 V )(−500 µ A)= 2.5 mW

Bottom right:
v 5
i= = = 500 × 10 −6 A = 500 µ A
R 10 × 103
p = vi = (5 V )(500 µ A)= 2.5 mW
55. Sketch the power absorbed by a 100 Ω resistor as a function
of voltage over
the range −2 V ≤ V ≤ +2 V. resistor

v2
p = vi =
R

40

35

30

25
Power (mW)

20

15

10

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Voltage (V)
v = linspace(-2,2,100);
R=100;

for i = 1:100
I(i) = v(i)/R;
P(i)=v(i)*I(i);
end
plot(v,P*1000,'LineWidth',1.0);
xlabel('Voltage (V)','FontSize',14);
ylabel('Power (mW)','FontSize',14);
set(gca,'Fontsize',14,'LineWidth',1.0)

56. You built an android that has a subcircuit containing a power

supply, tactile sensor, and a fuse; where safe operation should
keep current below 250 mA. You measured that your sensor is
dissipating 12 W, the power supply is providing 12.2 W, and the
voltage drop across the fuse is 500 mV. Is your circuit properly
protected?

The fuse is dissipating 12.2 −12 = 0.2 W of power.

The current through the fuse (and the circuit) is

p 0.2
i= = = 0.4 A
v 0.5

The current has exceeded the safe limit of 250 mA!

57. Using the data in Table 2.4, calculate the resistance and
conductance of 50 ft of wire with the following sizes: AWG 2,
AWG 14, and AWG 28.

The data in Table 2.4 provides resistance for each 1000 ft.
The shorter wire length of 50 ft will reduce resistance
according to a factor of 50/1000=0.05 (conductance will
increase according to a factor of 1000/50=20).

AWG 2: R = 7.815 mΩ; G = 127.96 S

AWG 14: R = 0.126 Ω; G = 7.9365 S

AWG 28: R = 3.265 Ω; G = 0.30628 S

58. To protect an expensive circuit component from being

delivered too much power, you decide to incorporate a fast-
blowing fuse into the design. Knowing that the circuit
component is connected to 12 V, its minimum power
consumption is 12 W, and the maximum power it can safely
dissipate is 100 W, which of the three available fuse ratings
should you select: 1 A, 4 A, or 10 A? Explain your answer.

The power consumption is between a minimum of 12 W

and maximum of 100 W.

At 12 V, the current will range from 1 A to 8.333 A.

It would be best to choose the 4 A fuse, to ensure that the

minimum power can be provided, while also ensuring that
the maximum power is not exceeded.

59. So-called “n-type” silicon has a resistivity given by ρ =

(−qN µ ) −1, where N is the volume density of phosphorus
D n D

atoms (atoms/cm3), µ is the electron mobility (cm /V · s), and q

n
2

= −1.602 × 10 C is the charge of each electron. Conveniently, a

−19

relationship exists between mobility and N , as shown in Fig.

D

2.41. Assume an 8 inch diameter silicon wafer (disk) having a

thickness of 300 µm. Design a 10 Ω resistor by specifying a
phosphorus concentration in the range of 2 × 10 cm ≤ N ≤ 2 ×
15 −3
D

10 cm , along with a suitable geometry (the wafer may be cut,

17 −3

but not thinned).

Example Design:

L L
R= ρ =ρ
A Wt (where W is width of cross section, t is
thickness)

Choosing a value in the middle of the range,

ND = 1× 1016 cm−3

From the graph, µn ≈ 1,500 cm 2 / Vs

 1 1
ρ= = = 0.4161 Ωcm
qN D µn (1.602 × 10 −19 C )(1016 cm−3 )(1,500cm2 / Vs)

We now have all parameters except the ratio of L/W

We can solve for L/W, and then choose values (dimensions)
for the resistor.

L Rt (10 Ω )(300 × 10 cm)

−4

= = = 0.7210
W ρ 0.4161 Ωcm

Choosing a convenient dimension of

W = 1 mm = 1,000 µm
L = 721 µm

60. A 250 ft long span separates a dc power supply from a lamp

which draws 25 A of current. If 14 AWG wire is used (note that
two wires are needed for a total of 500 ft), calculate the amount
of power wasted in the wire.

From Table 2.4, for 500 ft of 14 AWG wire

2.52
R= = 1.26 Ω
2
2
P = VI = I 2 R = (25 A ) (1.26Ω )
P = 787.5 W

That is a lot of power loss for a wire!

However, the value of 25 A is also very large, as well as the

wire distance. In fact, most household circuits are limited to
around 20 A. That is certainly not your typical desk lamp!
61. The resistance values in Table 2.4 are calibrated for
operation at 20◦C. They may be corrected for operation at other
temperatures using the relationship

(a) Calculate the length of the original wire.

⎛ 65.3 Ω ⎞
50 Ω = L ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ft ⎠

L=
(50 Ω )(1000 ft ) = 765.7 ft
65.3 Ω

(b) From relation, get resistance at 20 C required for 50 Ω.

First convert temperature 110.5 °F = 43.61 °C
50 (234.5 + 20 )
R= = 45.76 Ω
(234.5 + 43.61)
The required length is
L=
(45.76 Ω )(1000 ft ) = 700.8 ft
65.3 Ω

The wire should be shortened 765.7−700.8 = 64.9 ft

62. Your favorite meter contains a precision (1% tolerance) 10 Ω

resistor. Unfortunately, the last person who borrowed this meter
somehow blew the resistor, and it needs to be replaced. Design a
suitable replacement, assuming at least 1000 ft of each of the
wire gauges listed in Table 2.4 is readily available to you.

We require a 10 Ω resistor, and since it is for a meter, it

implies that size, weight or both would be important to
consider when selecting a wire gauge. We have 1,000 ft of
each of the gauges listed in Table 2.4 with which to work.
Using 28-AWG wire, the narrowest available, would
require
 (10 Ω) / (65.3 Ω/1000ft) = 153 ft

63. If 1 mA of current is forced through a 1 mm diameter, 2.3

meter long piece of hard, round, aluminum-clad steel (B415)
wire, how much power is wasted as a result of resistive losses?
If instead wire of the same dimensions but conforming to B75
specifications is used, by how much will the power wasted due
to resistive losses be reduced?

ρL
R=
A
2 2
⎛D⎞ ⎛ 0.001m ⎞
A = π r2 = π ⎜ ⎟ = π ⎜ −7
⎟ = 7.854 ×10 m
2

⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

ρ L (8.4805 ×10 ×10 Ω ⋅ m )(2.3m )

−6 −2

R= = = 248.35 ×10−3 Ω
A (7.854 ×10−7 m2 )
2
P = I 2 R = (0.001) (0.24835 ) = 248.35 × 10−9 W = 248.35 nW

Using B75 will reduce resistance, where power losses will

scale with resistivity.

PB 75 ρ 1.7241
= B 75 = = 0.2033
PB 415 ρ B 415 8.4805
PB 75 = (0.2033)(248.35nW ) = 50.49nW

The power wasted will reduce by 197.86 nW, or by 79.67%

64. The network shown in Fig. 2.42 can be used to accurately

model the behavior of a bipolar junction transistor provided that
it is operating in the forward active mode. The parameter β is
known as the current gain. If for this device β = 100, and I is B

determined to be 100 µA, calculate

 I C = β I B = (100 )(100 µ A ) = 10 × 10−3 A = 10mA
(a)

P = I BVBase − Emitter = (100 × 10−6 )(0.7 ) = 70 × 10−6 W = 70 µW

(b)

65. A 100 W tungsten filament light bulb functions by taking

advantage of resistive losses in the filament, absorbing 100
joules each second of energy from the wall socket. How much
optical energy per second do you expect it to produce, and does
this violate the principle of energy conservation?

Take the maximum efficiency of a tungsten lightbulb as

10%. Then only ~10 W (or 10 J/s) of optical (visible)
power is expected. The remainder is emitted as heat and
invisible light.

66. An LED operates at a current of 40 mA, with a forward

voltage of 2.4 V. You construct a series circuit shown below to
power the LED using two 1.5 V batteries, each with a capacity
of 2000 mAh. Determine the required value of the resistor, and
how long the circuit will operate before the batteries run out of
energy.

The series connection of the batteries will provide 3 V

The LED runs at 2.4 V
The voltage drop across the resistor will be 0.6 V
The current through the circuit is 0.04 A
Resistance required is V/I = 0.6/0.04 = 15 Ω

The batteries will each provide power to the circuit, and

each have the same current of 40 mA flowing through it.
The battery will run for a time
 2000mAh
t= = 50h
40mA

67. You have found a way to directly power your wall clock
(consumes 0.5 mW of power) using a solar cell collecting
ambient room light, rather than using an AA battery. The solar
cell and battery each provide the required voltage of 1.5V, and
the proper current for clock operation. Your solar cell has an
efficiency of 15% and costs $6, and each AA battery has a
capacity of 1200 mAh and costs $1. What is the payback time
(point in time where the cost of solar cell would match the cost
for supplying batteries) for using a solar cell instead of batteries?

Payback time will be when the cost of batteries used meets

and exceeds the cost of the solar cell. This will occur at six
batteries.

Six batteries have a capacity of 6×1200=7,200 mAh

From power consumption of 0.5 mW, current flow is

I=P/V=0.5mW/1.5V=0.3333 mA

Batteries would run for t = 7,200 mAh / 0.3333 mA =

21,600 h

Time of 21,600 hours = 900 days = 2.47 years

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