Using Outside
Sources
Citations, Praphrasing and
Summary Writing
Ms Sanaa Ilyas
Outside sources are materials you
refer to other than your own
knowledge and experience.
Outside Sources Includes
Reliable Websites Interviews/Videos
Print Material Podcasts etc.
Ways of Citing the Information
How can you cite information?
#1 #3
#2
Summarize
Quote the Paraphrase
information
Plagiarism
When you do not acknowledge
the source of the information.
Using relaible information
sources can enhance the
credibility of your work..
01
Correct Citations
In-Text Citations &
References
Citing Information
In-Text Citations Works Cited List
Short reference in the text List of all the sources where
at the end of the borrowed you have cited from.
information. Appears at the end.
Information required for Citations
About journalistic research
Name of the author
Date & Place of Publication
Title of the work
Page number or the URL
Examples:
● Hussain, Z. (2024, March 6). The second
coming. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news
/1819498/the-second-coming
(Hussain, 2024)- Parenthetical
Hussain (2024)- Narrative
Quotations
Quotations from reliable and knowledgeable sources
are good supporting details.
● Direct Quotations
● In-Direct Quotations
“The real issue, though, is whether the government would be
willing and have the capacity to take tough decisions, beyond
doing a patch-up job, and initiate some fundamental
structural reforms” (Husaain, 2024).
Hussain says ,“The real issue, though, is whether the
government would be willing and have the capacity to take
tough decisions, beyond doing a patch-up job, and initiate
some fundamental structural reforms” (2024).
Reporting Verbs & Phrases
Assert Claim note
Insist Maintain suggest
Report Mention Write
Paraphrasing
Writing information in your own
words.
How to Paraphrase?
01 Write in your own
words
Do not change 02
meaning
03 Conver writers
ideas
Change the structure 04
& vocabulary
05 Can be as long as
the original
Example
Text Paraphrasing
There has been much debate Why the industrial revolution
about the reasons for the occurred in Britain in the
industrial revolution eighteenth century, instead of
happening in the eighteenth on the continent, has been the
century Britain, rather than subject of considerable
in France, or Germany. discussion.
Sample Paragraph
[1] Language is the main means of communication between
peoples. [2] But so many different languages have developed
that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to
understanding among peoples. [3] For many years, people have
dreamed of setting up an international universal language
which all people could speak and understand. [4] The
arguments in favor of a universal language are simple and
obvious. [5] If everyone spoke the same tongue, cultural and
economic ties might be much closer, and good will might
increase.
Paraphrase
[1] Humans communicate through language. [2] As
there are so many different languages, therefore,
people around the world have a difficult time
understanding one another, [3] Some people have
wished for a universal international language that
speakers all over the world. [4] Their reasons are
straightforward and clear. [5] A universal language
would build cultural and economic bonds. [6] It would
also create better feelings among countries.
(Kispert)
Writing a Successful Paraphrase
Read text several Write paraphrase
times from notes
Take Notes- Check against
words/phrases original
Add in-text
Make a brief citations.
outline
Praphrasing Exercise
1. The student requested that the professor excuses her absence, but the
professor refused.
2. International Center is hosting English Conversation classes. They help
non-native speakers of English practice their English speaking skills.
3. The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an
accident. That driver is not careful.
4. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused
by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study
concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by
85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions
the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports
(May 1990): 348.
Praphrasing Exercise- Possible
Answers
1. The professor denied the student’s request for an excused absence.
2. English non-native speakers can improve their English by taking classes at
International Center
3. The careless driver who was pulled over yesterday just got into an accident.
4. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are
due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact,
a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives
of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children ("Bike
Helmets" 348).
Paraphrasing Example
The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the
final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of
source material copied while taking notes.
A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking,
it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources
to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
03
Summarizing
Summarizing
Way to Cite information
Use of outside sources
Paraphrase vs Summary
Summary is shorter with important
info only
Many uses in Academic Writing
Asked to write summary for book,
article etc.
Charachteristics of an Effective
Summary
01 02 03
Accuracy Representative Objective
Represents Idea of what Do not write
the meaning the text is your personal
of the text opinions
Steps for Writing a Summary
01 02
Preview Read the text
Study the title, Take notes. Review main
subheading text type details. Leave examples and
explanation
03 04
Make Brief OUtline Draft Summary
Ideas should follow Use outline to develop
the text organization draft
Practice 1
Exercise in nature is very beneficial for both physical and
mental health. In addition to the general benefits of
exercise, such as improving cardiovascular health and
increasing muscle strength, outdoor activities also
provide an opportunity to experience the beauty and
tranquility of nature. It can increase feelings of well-being
and reduce stress and anxiety. It is important to embrace
the benefits of outdoor exercise and incorporate it into
your regular routine.
Practice 1
Exercise in nature is very beneficial for both physical and mental health. In addition to
the general benefits of exercise, such as improving cardiovascular health and
increasing muscle strength, outdoor activities also provide an opportunity to
experience the beauty and tranquility of nature. It can increase feelings of well-being
and reduce stress and anxiety. It is important to embrace the benefits of outdoor
exercise and incorporate it into your regular routine.
Summary:
Outdoor exercise has benefits for physical and mental health, including increasing well-
being and reducing stress and anxiety. It is important to include outdoor exercise in
your routine. (56 words)
Practice 2
Humans first appeared on earth a million and a half years ago. He was
little more than an animal then. Still, early humans had some
advantages over animals. He had a large brain, an erect body with
fast-moving hands. He invented a language to communicate with his
colleagues.
This ability to speak was of the highest value because it allowed men
to share ideas and plan together: speech enabled the transmission of
ideas from generation to generation. These special advantages put
humans far ahead of all other living creatures. Since that distant time,
when he first made his appearance, man has achieved a lot. (110
words)
Practice 2
Humans first appeared on earth a million and a half years ago. He was little more than
an animal then. Still, early humans had some advantages over animals. He had a large
brain, an erect body with fast-moving hands. He invented a language to communicate
with his colleagues.
This ability to speak was of the highest value because it allowed men to share ideas
and plan together: speech enabled the transmission of ideas from generation to
generation. These special advantages put humans far ahead of all other living
creatures. Since that distant time, when he first made his appearance, man has
achieved a lot. (110 words)
Summary:
Humans first appeared a million and a half years ago and had some advantages over
animals, such as a large brain, an erect body, and the ability to speak. This enabled
them to share ideas and plan together, making them far ahead of all other living
creatures. Since then, they have achieved a lot. (54 words)
Important Aspects to Consider
01
All Main Ideas
02
Development of Idea
Examples and Explanation Follow pattern of original
not needed Text
03
Objectivity
04
Do not Copy
Write ideas in your own
Your opinion is NOT needed words
Questions?
