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Chapter 4 Basic Knowledge of Functions

4A p.2
4B p.15
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5A p.36
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5E p.79
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6A p.2
6B p.9
6C p.16
6D p.23
6E p.30

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1
 F5A: Chapter 4A
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3
5A Lesson Worksheet 4.0 (Refer to Book 5A P.4.3)

Objective: To review the use of a table or a tree diagram to list all the possible outcomes of an event.

Using a Table to List All the Possible Outcomes of an Event

In each of the following, use a table to list all the possible outcomes of the event and write down the total
number of possible outcomes. [Nos. 1–4]
Review Ex: 1

1. Bag P contains a red ball and a blue ball. 2. A letter is chosen from A and B. A number is
Bag Q contains a red ball and a yellow ball. chosen from 1, 2 and 3.
A ball is chosen from each bag.
( )
Let R, B and Y stand for a red ball, a blue ball

)
and a yellow ball respectively.
Bag Q
(
Bag P

Total number of possible outcomes

=

3. A prime number is chosen from 1 to 5 4. There are 2 red balls, 1 black ball and 1 white
inclusive. A letter is chosen from the word ball in a box. Two balls are drawn from the box
‘PANDA’. without replacement.
There are 2 A’s in the word. We can use • ‘Without replacement’ means that the first ball
A1 and A2 to distinguish one from the other. drawn will not be put back into the box.
• Use a ‘
’ to denote that an outcome is impossible.

4
Using a Tree Diagram to List All the Possible Outcomes of an Event

In each of the following, use a tree diagram to list all the possible outcomes of the event and write down
the total number of possible outcomes. [Nos. 5–7]
Review Ex: 2

5. A meal is chosen from pork and beef. A drink 6. A number is chosen from 7 and 8. A letter is
is chosen from coffee and tea. chosen from P, A and D.

Let P, B, C and T stand for pork, beef, coffee ( ) ( ) ( )

and tea respectively. ( ) ……… ( )
( ) ( ) ……… ( )
Meal Drink
C
Outcome
…… PC
( ) ……… ( )
P
T …… ( )
( )
( ) …… ( )
( )
( ) …… ( )

7. In a quiz, there are 3 true-or-false questions. A student answers the questions by guessing.
(Use T to stand for choosing ‘true’ and F to stand for choosing ‘false’.)

Level Up Question

8. A 3-digit password is formed by the digits 4, 6 and 9. Each digit can be used once only. Use a tree
diagram to list all the possible passwords. Write down the total number of possible passwords.

5
 5A Lesson Worksheet 4.1A (Refer to Book 5A P.4.4)

Objective: To understand the addition rule in the counting principle.

Addition Rule in the Counting Principle

A task can be performed by k different methods. Suppose that the 1st method can be performed in n1 ways,
the 2nd method can be performed in n2 ways, … and the kth method can be performed in n ways. Then the k

total number of ways to perform the task is n + n + … + n .

1 2 k

(Assume that there is no common way of performing a task among all the different methods.)

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

In a bookshelf, there are 4 magazines and 3 novels. There are 5 and 12 vacant seats in the upper deck and
Patrick wants to take one book from the bookshelf. lower deck of a bus respectively. Helen chooses a vacant
(a) Find the number of choices that Patrick has. seat in the bus.
(b) If two travel books are added to the bookshelf, (a) Find the number of choices that Helen has.
how many choices does Patrick have? (b) If four passengers leave their seats and get off
the bus before Helen chooses her seat, how
(a) Number of choices
many choices does Helen have?
=4+3
=7 (a) Number of choices
(b) Number of choices =( )+( )
=7+2  ‘7’ is taken from the result of (a). =
=9 4 choices for magazines, (b) Number of choices
3 choices for novels.
=( )+( )
.
=
choices for the upper deck,
choices for the lower deck.
1. There are 10 kinds of hot drinks and 14 kinds 2. A tourist guide leads a local tour to visit a market
of cold drinks provided in a snack shop. Janet which has 3 sportswear shops, 6 cosmetic shops
wants to order one of the drinks. and 8 electrical appliance shops. The tourist guide
(a) Find the number of choices that Janet has. recommends one of the shops to go shopping.
(b) If five kinds of cold drinks are sold out, (a) Find the number of choices that the tourist
how many choices does Janet have? guide has.
(b) Two cosmetic shops have been combined
(a) Number of choices
to become a mega shop recently. Find the
=( )+( )
number of choices that the tourist guide
now has.
Ex 4A: 1−6
(b) Number of choices
=( )−( ) In (b), the number of
choices is reduced.

6
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
In a boutique, 13 customers buy shirts and In a restaurant, 37 people ordered noodles and
14 customers buy jackets. If 6 of the customers buy both 24 people ordered lemon tea. If 19 customers ordered
shirts and jackets, find the number of customers who buy both noodles and lemon tea, find the number of people
shirts or jackets. who ordered noodles or lemon tea.
buy shirts buy jackets
only only ordered noodles ordered lemon tea
(13 − 6) (14 − 6) only only
( − ) ( − )

buy shirts and jackets (6) Number of people ordered noodles and lemon tea ( )
Number of customers
=( )+( )−( )
= 13 + 14 − 6  ‘13 + 14’ includes twice.
=
= 21

3. In a class, 8 students obtained grade A in a 4. In a group of teenagers, 18 of them can swim

Mathematics test, 7 students obtained grade A and 26 of them can cycle. If all the teenagers in
(6)
in a Science test and 3 students obtained grade the group can swim or cycle, find the number
A in both tests. Suppose each student who of teenagers in each of the following cases.
obtained grade A in either test was awarded a (a) None of them can both swim and cycle.
gift. How many students were awarded gifts?
can swim can cycle

Ex 4A: 7, 8
only ( ) only ( )

(b) 9 of them can both swim and cycle.

Level Up Question

5. There are 25 cards marked with some numbers. 15 cards contain the digit 0. 7 cards contain both
digits 1 and 0. 13 cards contain the digit 1. Simon claims that at least 5 cards do not contain the digit 1
or 0. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

7
 5A Lesson Worksheet 4.1B (Refer to Book 5A P.4.6)

Objective: To understand the multiplication rule in the counting principle.

1st book ( )
Multiplication Rule in the
Katie Counting
Pansy Principle
The number of
A task consists of a series of k steps. choices
Suppose for that
Katiethe 1st step can be performed in n ways, the 2nd step
1
10 9
…
is not the same
can be performed in n2 ways, andasthe forstep
thatkth can be performed in nk ways. Then the total number of
Pansy.

ways to perform the task is n1 × n2 × …×n. k

(Note: The choice of ways in one step is independent of the choice in another step.)

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

There are 3 colours and 4 storage capacities available for There are 6 brands of body lotion in a supermarket. Each
brand A mobile phones. If Teddy wants to buy a brand A brand of boy lotion has small size, medium size and large
mobile phone, how many choices does he have? size available for sale. How many choices of body lotion
List the number of choices in are available for a customer?
Number of choices
each step. Number of choices Brand ( )
=3×4
Storage
= 12 =( )×( )
Colour capacity
=
3 4

1. In a restaurant, a customer can choose 1 from 2. There are 2 bus routes to go from A to B, and
10 main dishes and 1 from 5 drinks to make a 5 bus routes to go from B to C. Find the
set lunch. Find the number of different lunch number of ways to go from A to C via B by bus.
sets available.
Ex 4A: 10, 11

   
Number of different lunch sets    
   
=( )×( ) ( ) ( )
=

3. There are 5 shirts, 4 pairs of jeans and 3 pairs of 4. For a 3-digit password, the first digit is an odd
socks in Jason’s wardrobe. If Jason chooses one number, the second digit is an even number and
shirt, one pair of jeans and one pair of socks to the third digit cannot be 0. Find the number of
wear today, in how many ways can he choose? ways of forming the password.
Ex 4A: 14, 15

           
           
           

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

In a lucky draw, there are 10 different gift boxes Louis is going to put 2 storybooks on 4 bookshelves. If the
available. After Katie has chosen a gift box, Pansy books cannot be put on the same bookshelf, in how many
chooses one from the remaining gift boxes. Find the ways can Louis put the books?
number of ways that the gift boxes are chosen.
Number of ways
Number of ways =( )×( )
= 10 × 9 =
= 90

8
5. There are 7 vacant seats on a mini-bus when it 6. There are 5 restaurants on a street. Today, Oliva
arrives at a stop. Mr Chu follows Mr Chan to plans to have lunch and dinner in two different
get on the mini-bus. In how many ways can restaurants on that street. In how many ways
they be seated? can she choose the restaurants?
Ex 4A: 12, 13

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

7. In a circus, there are 4 kinds of animals 8. Chloe is making 3 photo albums with different
(elephants, bears, pandas and monkeys) and covers. She chooses 3 photographs from
each show is performed by a kind of animal. 1 portrait, 2 animal and 3 scenery photographs
There are 3 shows in a day and the shows are to make the covers. In how many ways can she
performed by different animals. How many choose the covers?
different arrangements of the shows are there in ( ) ( ) ( )
the day?
( ) ( ) ( )

What is the total number

of photographs?

Level Up Question

9. Sam wants to buy a birthday gift for Donald. He will choose one item from the following cakes and
watches as the gift.
(i) There are 5 birthday cakes with different flavours.
(ii) There are 4 different styles of watches. For each style, two different colours are available.
Sam claims that he has 5 × 4 × 2 = 40 different choices. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

9
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

4 Permutation and Combination

 Consolidation Exercise 4A

Level 1
1. Anthony wants to choose a book from 4 different comic books and 5 different novels. How many
choices does he have?

2. There are 6 male participants and 8 female participants in a contest. If one of them will be given a
special prize, how many choices are there?

3. If a route will be chosen from 6 bus routes, 2 mini-bus routes and 1 tram route, how many choices are
there?

4. In a sports centre, 22 people are playing basketball, 18 people are playing badminton and 16 people
are playing table tennis. Find the total number of people playing in the sports centre.

5. In a boutique, promotional items include 3 types of dresses and 7 types of sweaters only. Judy wants
to buy an item from the promotional items.
(a) How many choices does Judy have?
(b) If 3 new types of dresses are added to the promotional items, how many choices does Judy have?

6. In a teaching centre, there are 8 art courses and 10 language courses available. Cindy wants to enroll
in one of the courses.
(a) How many choices does Cindy have?
(b) If 2 new art courses are added and 4 language courses are fully booked, how many choices does
Cindy have?

7. Telecom A provides 5 service plans. Telecom B provides 6 service plans. Telecom C provides 7
service plans. Chris wants to choose one of the service plans.
(a) How many choices does Chris have?
(b) If 2 service plans from telecom A are replaced by a new service plan, and 1 service plan from
telecom B is cut, how many choices does Chris have?

8. In a class, 22 students wear glasses and 24 students have short hair. If 16 students who have short hair
wear glasses, find the total number of students who wear glasses or have short hair in the class.

9. In a group of interviewees, 80 of them like drama X, 60 of them like movie Y, and 25 of them like
both drama X and movie Y. Find the total number of interviewees who like drama X or movie Y in the
group.

10. There are 18 members in a volleyball team and 15 members in an athletic team. If the total number of
10
 members in the two teams is 27, find the number of members who are members of both teams.
11. A tutorial centre holds two talks. 21 students attend talk A and 33 students attend talk B.
(a) In each of the following, find the total number of students who attend talk A or talk B.
(i) Each student can attend one talk only.
(ii) 8 students attend both talks A and B.
(b) If the total number of students who attend talk A or talk B is 49, find the number of students who
attend both talks A and B.

12. Ken wants to choose a mobile phone and a pair of headphones from 5 different mobile phones and
4 different pairs of headphones. How many choices can Ken have?

13. There are 12 boys and 7 girls in a group. If a boy and a girl will be selected from the group to be a pair
of representatives, how many pairs of representatives can be formed?

14. A staff number consists of 1 letter followed by a 2-digit number. The letter is chosen from the 26
letters A to Z. The 2-digit number is chosen from 00 to 99 inclusive. How many possible staff
numbers are there?

15. Teddy and Steven win a robot competition. Each of them can choose a gift from 7 different gifts. If
they cannot choose the same gift, find the number of ways of choosing the gifts.

16. In a restaurant, a set dinner consists of a main dish, a soup and a dessert. If there are 2 kinds of main
dishes, 3 kinds of soups and 4 kinds of desserts available, find the number of ways of choosing a set
dinner.

17. There are 3 teams and 6 coaches. If each team must have one coach, find the number of ways of
assigning the coaches to the teams.

18. A 3-digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Find the number of ways of forming the 3-
digit number if the hundreds digit, the tens digit and the units digit of the number are all different.

Level 2
19. In a shop, there are 5 kinds of belts, 6 kinds of shirts, 5 kinds of coats and 3 kinds of hats available.
Sam wants to buy an item in the shop.
(a) How many choices does Sam have?
(b) If 2 kinds of belts, 3 kinds of shirts and 1 kind of hat are out of stock, how many choices does
Sam have?

20. A food stall provides hamburgers, desserts and salads only. 8 customers order hamburgers, 6
customers order desserts and 5 customers order salads. If 2 customers order hamburgers, desserts and
salads at the same time while the remaining customers only order one kind of food, find the total
number of customers who order food.
21. If 3 different shoe shops and 1 restaurant will be arranged at different storeys in a 7-storey shopping
mall, find the number of ways of arranging the shops.
11
22. 7 types of model cars are available from an online shop with 4 colours available for each type. If
2 types of model cars are out of stock and 1 new colour is added for each of the remaining types, how
many choices are there?
23. Company P has 9 singers. Company Q has 7 singers. Company R has 6 singers. Suppose no singers
belong to any two or three companies at the same time. If a singer from company P or company Q,
and a singer from company R are chosen to perform in a music show, is the number of ways of
choosing the two singers greater than 100? Explain your answer.
24. A 4-digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Find the number of ways of forming the 4-
digit number if the digits
(a) can be the same,
(b) are all different.
25. In a test, there are 15 multiple-choice questions. Each question has 4 options (A, B, C and D). If a
student must answer ‘A’ in the first 5 questions and answers the remaining questions by guessing, in
how many ways can the student answer all the questions?

26. In a survey, all interviewees are married or own flats. 180 of them are married, and 120 of them are
both married and own flats.
(a) Can the number of interviewees who own flats be less than 120? Explain your answer.
(b) If there are 230 interviewees, find the number of interviewees who own flats.

27. In a football academy, 56 students can speak English, 28 students can speak Spanish and 34 students
can speak Japanese. No students can speak all three languages. The number of students who can speak
both English and Spanish is n, where n is a positive integer. And the remaining students can speak one
language only. If the total number of students who can speak at least one of the three languages is at
least 110, how many possible values of n are there? Explain your answer.

28. Box A contains 5 blue pens and 3 red pens. Box B contains 2 blue pens and 6 red pens. All the pens in
the boxes are of different lengths. A pen is chosen from each box. Find the number of ways of
choosing the pens if
(a) pens of the same colour are chosen,
(b) pens of different colours are chosen.

29. The following table shows the distribution of the districts where students in a class live. A student is
selected from each district.
District Kowloon City Kwun Tong
Numbers of boys 7 10
Numbers of girls 9 5
(a) Find the number of ways of selecting 2 students.
(b) Find the number of ways of selecting 1 boy and 1 girl.
(c) Find the number of ways of selecting at most 1 girl.
30. The following table shows the distribution of employees in 3 departments.
Department A B C
Number of managers 6 2 5

12
 Number of assistants 15 7 12
(a) If 1 manager and 1 assistant are selected from these departments, find the number of ways of
selecting the employees.
(b) If an employee is selected from each department, find the number of ways of selecting the
employees.
(c) If an employee is selected from each department, find the number of ways of selecting at least
1 manager and at least 1 assistant.

31. There are 4 different necklaces, 9 different watches and 7 different diamond rings in a display cabinet.
(a) If an item is chosen from the cabinet, find the number of ways of choosing the item.
(b) If an item of each type is chosen from the cabinet, find the number of ways of choosing the items.
(c) If two items of different types are chosen from the cabinet, find the number of ways of choosing
the items.

32. The following table shows the distribution of the favourite countries of people in three groups.
Group P Q R
Japan 8 4 3
Korea 5 2 6
Thailand 1 3 4
(a) Find the number of ways of selecting 2 people whose favourite countries are different.
(b) Find the number of ways of selecting 2 people of different groups.
(c) Find the number of ways of selecting 2 people of different groups whose favourite countries are
not Japan at the same time.

*33. Joey has 11 different belts, 4 different dresses and 6 different scarves in her wardrobe.
(a) If Joey wants to select an item from her wardrobe, how many choices does Joey have?
(b) If Joey wants to select a belt, a dress and a scarf from her wardrobe, how many choices does Joey
have?
(c) Joyce has 4 different belts, 12 different dresses and 7 different scarves in her wardrobe. Suppose
the items owned by Joey and Joyce are all different. In each of the following, determine whether
Joyce has more choices than Joey. Explain your answers.
(i) Each of them wants to select 1 belt, 1 dress and 1 scarf from her own wardrobe.
(ii) Firstly, Joey gives n belt(s) to Joyce and Joyce gives n dress(es) to Joey, where n is a
positive integer less than 11. Then, each of them wants to select 1 belt, 1 dress and 1 scarf
from her own wardrobe.

13
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 4A
1. 9 2. 14 24. (a) 1 296 (b) 360
3. 9 4. 56 25. 1 048 576
5. (a) 10 (b) 13 26. (a) no (b) 170
6. (a) 18 (b) 16 27. 8
7. (a) 18 (b) 16 28. (a) 28 (b) 36
8. 30 9. 115 29. (a) 240 (b) 125
10. 6 (c) 195
11. (a) (i) 54 (ii) 46 30. (a) 442 (b) 3 213
(b) 5 (c) 1 893
12. 20 13. 84 31. (a) 20 (b) 252
14. 2 600 15. 42 (c) 127
16. 24 17. 120 32. (a) 419 (b) 425
18. 60 (c) 357
19. (a) 19 (b) 13 33. (a) 21 (b) 264
20. 15 21. 840 (c) (i) yes
22. 25 23. no (ii) yes

14
 F5A: Chapter 4B
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Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
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15
 ○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
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4B Level 1
○ Skipped Signature ( )
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Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
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Maths Corner Exercise
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○ Skipped _________

16
 5A Lesson Worksheet 4.2A & B (Refer to Book 5A P.4.15)

Objective: To understand the factorial notation and solve problems on the permutation of n distinct objects
taken n at a time without repetition.

Factorial Notation
(a) The product of the first n positive integers is denoted by n!.
n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × …× 3 × 2 × 1
(b) 0! = 1

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Evaluate the following expressions. Evaluate the following expressions.
5! 4!
(a) 4! (b) (a) 3! (b)
3! 2!
(a) 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 (a) 3! = ( ) × ( ) × ( )
= 24 =
5! 5 × 4 × 3! 4! ( )×( )×( )
(b) = (b) =
3! 3! 2! ( )
=5×4 =( )×( )
= 20 =

Evaluate the following expressions. [Nos. 1–6]

1. 1! + 3! = 2. 4! − 0! =

9! 2!
3. = 4. =
7! 5!

5. 5 × 3! 6. 6! 2!
= 5 × 3! means 5 × (3!), = 6! 2! = 6! × 2!
but not (5 × 3)!.

17
Permutation of n Distinct Objects Taken n at a Time without Repetition
(a) A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a given order.
(b) The number of all possible permutations of n distinct objects taken n at a time without repetition
= n!

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

In how many ways can the 5 letters A, E, I, O and U be How many arrangements are there if 4 students line up in
arranged in a row? a queue?
Number of ways Number of arrangements
= 5! =( )
= 120 =
5

7. 8 pens of different colours are arranged in a row. 8. 6 people are going to ride on a roller-coaster
How many arrangements can be made? with 6 seats. In how many ways can they be
seated?
Ex 4B: 3−6
Number of arrangements
=

9. Billy has to finish 2 Mathematics homework 10. All the four letters L, O, V and E and the
and 3 English homework one by one. In how three numbers 5, 2 and 1 are used to form a
many ways can all the homework be finished? password. Find the number of passwords that

First find the total can be formed.

number of distinct
objects to be arranged.

Level Up Question

11. Consider the four numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3.
(a) If the four numbers are arranged in a row, find the number of arrangements that can be made.
(b) Angela claims that the number of ways of forming a 4-digit number using the four numbers given
is the same as the result of (a). Do you agree? Explain your answer.

18
 5A Lesson Worksheet 4.2C (Refer to Book 5A P.4.17)

Objective: To solve problems on the permutation of n distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition.

Permutation of n Distinct Objects Taken r at a Time without Repetition

The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition (denoted by P nr )
= n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × … × (n − r + 2) × (n − r + 1)
n!
=
(n − r )!

Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator. [Nos. 1–3]
Ex 4B: 1, 2
( )! n= n=
1. P 28 = 2. P35 = 3. P13 × P34
( − )! r = r=
( )! =
=
( )!
( ) × ( ) × ( )!
=
( )!
=( )×( )
=

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

The digits 1, 3, 4 and 7 are used without repetition to Maria has 10 different envelopes. She wants to use 3 of
form a 2-digit number. Find the number of ways of them to send letters to Jane, Kate and Lily respectively.
forming the 2-digit number. Find the number of arrangements of the envelopes.
Number of ways Number of arrangements
4 ( )
= P2 = P( )
= 12 1 3 4 7 = 10 different envelopes
Select 2 digits 
2 out of 4 and Select
4
arrange them in envelopes out
order. of and
13 or 31 or 14 or 41 or arrange them
in order.
…



4. There are 8 bears in a zoo. 5 of them will be 5. In a postman’s bag, there are 8 letters and 4
selected and sent to 5 different vets for body parcels with different destinations. If the
check. Find the number of ways of arranging postman takes out 6 items and delivers them
the bears to the vets. one by one, find the number of ways of
arranging the order of delivery.
Ex 4B: 7−11

What is the total

number of items
in the bag?

19
6. Four different letters are taken from the word 7. Carrie is one of the 12 students in a group.
‘JOURNAL’ and arranged in a row. Find the 6 students from the group are selected and
number of arrangements that can be made if R arranged to sit on 6 chairs in a row. Find the
and L are not taken. number of arrangements that can be made if
The number of Carrie sits on the first chair.
distinct objects
that can be taken
is reduced by 2.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Each invoice number consists of 3 digits followed by 4 Ray’s dream registration mark for his car consists of
letters. The 3 digits are selected from the digits 0, 2, 4, 6 2 letters followed by 3 digits. The 2 letters are selected
and 8 without repetition. The 4 letters are selected from from the letters L, A, W, Y, E, R and S without repetition.
D, F, O, R, U and X without repetition. How many The 3 digits are selected from the digits 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9
invoice numbers can be formed? without repetition. How many registration marks can be
formed?
Total number of invoice numbers
5
= P 3 × P4
6 Total number of registration marks
This is a task consisting of
a series of 2 steps.
=( )×( )
= 21 600 =

8. In a series of game cards, each card is marked 9. Each password consists of 3 letters, followed
with a 5-digit code selected from the digits 0 to by 4 digits and finally a symbol. The 3 letters
7 inclusive without repetition. The background are selected from the letters M, O, N, E and Y
of each of the two sides of each card is a without repetition. The 4 digits are selected
cartoon animal selected from cat, dog, koala, from the digits 1 to 9 inclusive without
kangaroo, tiger and lion without repetition. repetition. The symbol is selected from ‘#’ and
How many game cards can be formed? ‘&’. How many passwords can be formed?

Ex 4B: 18

This is a task consisting of

a series of 3 steps.

Level Up Question

10. A 6-digit number is formed by the digits 0 to 9 inclusive without repetition. The first two digits must
be odd numbers.
(a) In how many ways can the first two digits be formed?
(b) David claims that the number of 6-digit numbers that can be formed is at least 40 000. Do you
agree? Explain your answer.

20
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

4 Permutation and Combination

 Consolidation Exercise 4B

Level 1
1. Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator.
(a) P 25 (b) P 48 (c) P 93 (d) P11
2

2. Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator.

P 64
(a) P 23 + P 41 (b) (c) P 72 × P 53 (d) P 81 × P 92
P 83

3. Evaluate the following expressions and give the answers in terms of n.

P 5n + 2
(a) P3n (b) P nn − 4 (c) Pnn −+ 12 (d)
Pnn − 1

4. Fred wants to finish 3 different exercises one by one. In how many ways can he finish the exercises?

5. Terry plans to read 5 different novels one by one. Find the number of possible reading plans of Terry.

6. Arrange the letters N, U, M, B, E and R in a row. Find the number of arrangements that can be made.

7. There are 3 different Popular songs and 5 different Folk songs in Patrick’s mobile phone. If the songs
are played only once, in how many ways can he arrange the playing order of the songs?

8. Lily wants to watch 2 different Chinese movies, 4 different English movies and 3 different French
movies one by one. In how many ways can she watch the movies?

9. There are 7 vacant single rooms along a corridor in a hotel. Find the number of ways of assigning the
rooms to 6 visitors.

10. There are 10 contestants in a judo competition. In how many ways can a gold medal, a silver medal
and a bronze medal be awarded?

11. In how many ways can a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, a financial secretary and a general secretary
be selected from a committee of 11 members?

12. There are 13 articles in a science magazine. 5 articles are selected from the magazine to introduce in a
class one by one. Find the number of introduction sequences that can be arranged.
13. If 3 different digits are taken from the digits 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 to form a 3-digit number, how many
21
 3-digit numbers can be formed?

14. There are 8 boy scouts and 4 girl guides.

(a) If all the boy scouts line up in a row, find the number of arrangements that can be made.
(b) If 5 people are selected from all the boy scouts and the girl guides, and line up in a row, find the
number of arrangements that can be made.

15. There are 5 senior members and 3 junior members in a club. Find the number of ways of assigning the
tasks if
(a) 8 different tasks are assigned to all of them and each member individually handles one task,
(b) 4 different tasks are assigned to 4 of them and each member selected individually handles one
task.

16. A box contains 9 different coins. 2 of them are gold coins and the remaining are silver coins. Find the
number of ways of
(a) selecting 5 coins and arranging them in a row,
(b) selecting all silver coins and arranging them in a row.

17. In how many ways can letters from the word ‘JOURNAL’ be arranged in a row if
(a) all the letters in the word are taken?
(b) all the vowels in the word are taken?

Level 2
18. The difference between the number of permutations of any 2 different letters taken from a set of n
different letters and the number of permutations of any one letter taken from the same set is 143. Find
the value of n.

19. 7 different figures are arranged in a row. If the most valuable figure is placed in the middle, how many
ways can the figures be arranged?

20. There are 9 contestants in a 100 m race, including Andy and Jason. Andy is the first one to cross the
finishing line and Jason is the last one. If no contestants cross the finishing line together, how many
ranking sequences can be formed?

21. In a ceremony, 6 guests sit in a row of 11 chairs. If all the unoccupied chairs are next to each other,
find the number of seating arrangements.

22. If the first five digits and the last four digits of a product code are formed by a permutation of 1, 2, 7, 8,
9 and a permutation of 0, 3, 4, 6 respectively, how many product codes can be formed?

23. In an exhibition, 12 different paintings are displayed in a row on a wall. If 4 particular paintings must
22
 be displayed in the middle 4 positions, find the number of arrangements that can be made.
24. 4 different male roles and 5 different female roles are needed in a drama. If there are 6 actors and
7 actresses, find the number of ways of arranging actors and actresses to the male roles and female
roles respectively.

25. Hugo, Nancy, Jimmy and 7 other friends form a queue. In each of the following cases, how many
possible arrangements are there?
(a) Hugo and Nancy are in the first position and the second position respectively.
(b) Jimmy, Hugo and Nancy stand in the last three positions.

26. The letters C, O, U, N, T, R, I, E and S are arranged in a row. Find the number of arrangements that
can be made if
(a) all the vowels must be arranged at the front,
(b) all the consonants must be arranged together.

27. There are 4 members, 5 members and 6 members in groups A, B and C respectively. All the members
stand in a row. Find the number of arrangements in each of the following cases.
(a) The members of the same group stand next to each other.
(b) All the members of group A stand next to each other, and they stand at the left or the right of the
row.

28. 10 bands, including bands A and B, perform in a show one by one. Each band performs once only.
Find the number of performance sequences that can be made if
(a) A performs immediately after B,
(b) A and B cannot perform one after another,
(c) the show begins with A and does not end with B.

29. Kay, Bruce, Sean and 6 other applicants have individual interviews. Each applicant has one interview
only. If the first one to have an interview is not Kay, Bruce or Sean, and the last one to have an
interview is not Kay, Bruce or Sean, find the number of ways of arranging the applicants to have
interviews.

30. 4 out of 8 runners are selected to be the first leg, second leg, third leg and final leg of a 4 × 100 m
relay team. If the final leg is selected from 3 particular runners, find the number of ways of forming
the team.

31. A 3-digit number is formed by the digits 0, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9 without repetition.

(a) How many 3-digit numbers can be formed?
(b) How many 3-digit numbers that are less than 760 can be formed?
(c) How many 3-digit numbers that are divisible by 5 can be formed?
32. A 4-digit number is formed by the 10 digits 0 to 9 without repetition.
23
 (a) Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed.
(b) Find the number of 4-digit even numbers that can be formed.
(c) If digits 2 and 3 must be chosen, and next to each other, find the number of 4-digit numbers that
can be formed.

33. 5 people are selected from 6 people to sit in a row of 5 chairs.

(a) Find the number of seating arrangements.
(b) If 2 particular members must be selected and they must sit next to each other, find the number of
seating arrangements.

34. 6 people are selected from 7 managers and 9 officers. Each person selected handles a project
individually. Suppose the projects are all different. Find the number of ways of assigning the people if
(a) there is no restriction,
(b) 6 officers are assigned to handle projects,
(c) at least 1 manager and at least 1 officer are assigned to handle projects.

35. 5 boys and 6 girls are arranged in a row. Find the number of possible arrangements if
(a) the boys must be next to each other,
(b) no boys are arranged next to each other,
*(c) only 2 boys are arranged next to each other.

*36. There are 4 lions and 7 tigers in a zoo. Each of them is put into a cage and the 11 cages are arranged in
a row. In each of the following cases, find the number of possible arrangements.
(a) All the lions are arranged next to each other and all the tigers are arranged next to each other.
(b) The animals in the leftmost cage and the rightmost cage are not both lions.
(c) Only 3 lions are arranged next to each other, and the animals in the leftmost cage and the
rightmost cage are tigers.

*37. There are 2 different dictionaries, 4 different novels, 2 different comic books and 3 different textbooks
on a bookshelf. In how many ways can the books be arranged if
(a) books of the same type are put together?
(b) all the dictionaries are put on the left of the bookshelf and all the textbooks are put on the right of
the bookshelf?
(c) all the novels and all the comic books are put together?

*38. Ann, Bob, Clement, Doris, Eunice and 5 other people are arranged to sit in 2 rows of 5 chairs each. In
each of following cases, find the number of possible arrangements.
(a) There is no restriction.
(b) Ann, Bob, Clement and Doris sit in the first row. Eunice sits in the second row.
(c) Ann, Bob, Clement, Doris and Eunice sit in the same row.

24
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 4B
1. (a) 20 (b) 1 680 25. (a) 40 320 (b) 30 240
(c) 504 (d) 110 26. (a) 2 880 (b) 14 400
15 27. (a) 12 441 600 (b) 1 916 006 400
2. (a) 10 (b)
14 28. (a) 362 880 (b) 2 903 040
(c) 2 520 (d) 576
(c) 322 560
n!
3. (a) n(n − 1)(n − 2) (b) 29. 151 200 30. 630
24
(n + 1)! (n + 2)(n + 1) 31. (a) 100 (b) 52
(c) (d)
6 (n − 3)! (c) 36
4. 6 5. 120 32. (a) 4 536 (b) 2 296
6. 720 7. 40 320 (c) 308
8. 362 880 9. 5 040 33. (a) 720 (b) 192
10. 720 11. 7 920 34. (a) 5 765 760 (b) 60 480
12. 154 440 13. 210 (c) 5 700 240
14. (a) 40 320 (b) 95 040 35. (a) 604 800 (b) 1 814 400
15. (a) 40 320 (b) 1 680 (c) 12 096 000
16. (a) 15 120 (b) 5 040 36. (a) 241 920 (b) 35 562 240
17. (a) 5 040 (b) 6 (c) 3 628 800
18. 13 19. 720 37. (a) 13 824 (b) 8 640
20. 5 040 21. 5 040 (c) 518 400
22. 2 880 23. 967 680 38. (a) 3 628 800 (b) 72 000
24. 907 200 (c) 28 800

25
 F5A: Chapter 4C
Date Task Progress

○ Complete and Checked

Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)

○ Complete
Book Example 15 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 16 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 17 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 18 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 19 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 20 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 21 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
26
 ○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
4C Level 1
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
4C Level 2
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
4C Multiple Choice
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked Mark:
E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
○ Skipped _________

27
 5A Lesson Worksheet 4.3 (Refer to Book 5A P.4.27)

Objective: To understand the concept and notation of combination, and solve problems on the combination
of distinct objects without repetition.

Combination of n Distinct Objects Taken r at a Time without Repetition

A combination is a selection of r objects from n (r ≤ n) distinct objects without repetition and their order is
not important. The number of all such combinations is denoted by C nr , where
P rn n!
C nr = = .
r! r!(n − r )!

Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator. [Nos. 1–3]
Ex 4C: 1, 2
( )! ( )!
1. C 62 = 2. C 54 = 3. C 96 =
( )!( ___ − ___ )! ( )!( ___ − ___ )!
( )! n= n=
= r= = r=
( )!( )!
( ) × ( ) × ( )!
=
( ) × ( ) × ( )!
=

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Minnie has 10 different candies. Find the number of There are 15 students in a group. Find the number of
ways of selecting 4 candies if ways of selecting 5 students if
(a) there is no restriction, (a) there is no restriction,
(b) 2 of the candies must be selected. (b) 3 of the students must be selected.
10 ( )
(a) Number of ways =C4 (a) Number of ways = C ( )
= 210 =
8 ( )
(b) Number of ways =C2 10 4 (b) Number of ways = C ( )
= 28 =
Only 2 more candies Only more
are required to be students are required
chosen from the to be selected from
remaining 8 candies. the remaining
students.

4. In a team of 18 scouts, some of them are to be 5. Lily has 7 different coins in her pocket. She
selected to join a special training. In how many takes out 4 coins from the pocket. Find the
ways can the scouts be selected if number of ways of taking out the coins if
(a) 6 scouts are to be selected? (a) there is no restriction,
(b) 9 scouts are to be selected? (b) a certain coin must be taken out.

Ex 4C: 4−14

(b) Only more coins

are required to be
taken out from the
remaining
coins.

28
6. Joyce has 20 different ribbons for decoration. 7. There are 24 different books on a bookshelf
Find the number of ways of choosing 5 ribbons if and Peter has read 7 of them. Peter selects
(a) there is no restriction, 5 unread books from the bookshelf to read
(b) 6 ribbons are damaged and cannot be used. during a holiday. In how many ways can the
books be selected if 2 unread books must be
selected?

Only more books

(b) ribbons are to
are required to be selected
be selected from
from the remaining
the remaining
unread books.
ribbons.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

There are 6 different red balls and 8 different blue balls In a set meal, each customer can choose 3 out of 6
in a bag. In how many ways can 2 red balls and 3 blue appetizers and 2 out of 7 main dishes. In how many ways
balls be chosen from the bag? can a customer choose a set meal?

Number of ways of Number of ways of Number of ways of Number of ways of

6
6 8 ( ) ( )
Number red balls= =CC22 × C 3 choosing 3 blue balls = C 83
of2ways
choosing Number
choosing of ways ==CC(((
3 appetizers )
) ) C ( ) 2 main dishes = C ((
×choosing )
)

= 840 =
This is a task consisting
of a series of 2 steps.
8. 3 different letters are chosen from the 26 letters 9. 5 different cards are chosen from a pack of 52
(A to Z) and 4 different even numbers are playing cards. In how many ways can 3 hearts
chosen from the integers 1 to 30 inclusive. Find and 2 black cards be chosen?
Ex 4C: 15−17
the number of ways of choosing the letters and
Number of ways of choosing ( )=( )
the numbers. Number of ways of choosing ( )=( )

Number of ways of choosing 3 letters = ( )

Number of ways of choosing 4 even numbers = ( )

Level Up Question

10. In the figure, L1 // L2. Points A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1 lie on L1. Points A2, B2, C2, L1 L2
D2 and E2 lie on L2. A1A2, B1B2, C1C2, D1D2 and E1E2 are all perpendicular to A1 A2
L1. Wilson claims that more than 10 rectangles can be formed with these
points as vertices. Do you agree? Explain your answer. B1 B2
C1 C2

D1 D2

E1 E2

29
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

4 Permutation and Combination

 Consolidation Exercise 4C

Level 1
1. Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator.
(a) C 62 (b) C 73 (c) C 10
7 (d) C 12
11

2. Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator.

C 74
(a) C 53 + C 52 (b) C 72 − C 63 (c) C 43 × C 95 (d)
C 11
2

3. Evaluate the following expressions and give the answers in terms of n if necessary.
(a) C 1n (b) C n2 − 2 (c) C nn + 1 (d) C nn +− 12

4. 3 pieces of fruit are chosen from 7 different pieces of fruit. In how many ways can the fruit be chosen?

5. There are 10 different kinds of snacks available in a school tuck shop. Find the number of ways of
choosing 4 different kinds of snacks from the shop.

6. 6 children are selected from 15 children to form a group. In how many ways can the group be formed?

7. 7 different numbers are selected from the integers 1 to 16 inclusive. In how many ways can the
numbers be selected?

8. 5 different letters are selected from the 26 letters A to Z. In how many ways can the letters be selected?

9. There are 24 students in a class. In how many ways can the students be selected if
(a) 4 students are selected from the class?
(b) 8 students are selected from the class?

10. Find the number of ways of selecting the letters if

(a) 2 different letters are selected from the word ‘TRIANGLE’,
(b) 6 different letters are selected from the word ‘WONDERFUL’.

11. A painter prepares 10 different oil paintings and 8 different watercolour paintings for an exhibition.
After the exhibition, he will select some paintings to be auctioned for charity. Find the number of
ways of selecting the paintings if 12 paintings are selected.

30
12. There are 21 different points on a plane. No three points are collinear.
(a) How many straight lines can be drawn if any two points on the plane are joined?
(b) How many triangles can be drawn if the points on the plane are vertices?
(c) How many quadrilaterals can be drawn if the points on the plane are vertices?

13. In a scholarship scheme, 6 applicants are chosen from 15 applicants to get scholarships of equal
amounts. If a particular applicant is not qualified for the scheme, in how many ways can the applicants
be chosen?

14. There are 12 different dresses in a shop. Wendy wants to buy 4 different dresses from the shop. If a
particular dress must be included, find the number of ways of buying the dresses.

15. 5 employees are selected from 19 employees to form a project team. If 3 particular employees resign,
find the number of ways of forming the team.

16. 6 different even numbers are selected from the 17 integers 1 to 17. In how many ways can the even
numbers be selected?

17. A swimming team consists of 11 members, including Andy and Mark. 4 members are selected from
the team for a competition.
(a) In how many ways can the members be selected if there is no restriction?
(b) If both Andy and Mark must be selected, how many ways can the members be selected?

18. 6 people are selected from 15 people of different heights. Find the number of ways that the people can
be selected if (a) the tallest person is included,
(b) the shortest and the tallest people are not included.

19. In the figure, rectangle ABCD is formed by 10 identical squares. If 6 squares A B

are filled with colour and the leftmost square in each row must be filled with
colour, how many different patterns can be formed? D C

20. There are 4 cats and 9 dogs in a pet shop. Each cat is sold at $1 000. Each dog is sold at $1 500. 5 pets
from the pet shop are sold. Find the number of ways of selling the pets if
(a) there is no restriction,
(b) the minimum amount of income is received,
(c) the maximum amount of income is received.

21. Ada selects 7 different letters from the word ‘SECONDARY’ based on either one of the following
options.
Option 1: All the consonants must be included.
Option 2: Exactly 1 vowel must be included.
Are the numbers of ways of selecting the letters using the two options the same? Explain your answer
without calculating the numbers of ways.
Level 2
31
22. Family A has 5 members. Family B has 6 members. If 2 members are selected from each family for a
meeting, find the number of ways of selecting the members.

23. 3 managers and 5 clerks are selected from 8 managers and 10 clerks to form a think tank. In how
many ways can the think tank be formed?

24. Alex has 6 different toy cars and 7 different toy boats originally. He will donate 2 toy cars and 4 toy
boats to a charity group.
(a) Find the number of ways of donating the toys.
(b) If 4 toy boats out of 7 owned by Alex is red in colour, is at least 1 toy donated by him red in
colour? Explain your answer.

25. There are 8 kinds of plants in greenhouse A and 12 kinds of plants in greenhouse B. The plants in the
two greenhouses are of different kinds. 4 plants of different kinds are selected from greenhouse A and
5 plants of different kinds are selected from greenhouse B for an exhibition. Find the number of ways
of selecting the plants if
(a) a particular kind of plants from greenhouse A must be included,
(b) 2 particular kinds of plants from greenhouse A and a particular kind of plants from greenhouse B
must be excluded.

26. 6 students are selected from 8 boys and 11 girls to join a contest. Find the number of ways of selecting
the students if
(a) students of the same gender are selected,
(b) 4 boys are selected,
(c) the numbers of boys and girls selected are the same.

27. In next semester, Peter will need to choose 2 language courses out of 6, 3 mathematics courses out of
5 and 3 management courses out of 9. Find the number of ways of choosing the courses if
(a) there is no restriction,
(b) a particular language course and a particular mathematics course must be chosen.

28. Items are sold at three different prices in a second-hand shop. The prices of an item with red, yellow
and blue labels are $10, $15 and $25 respectively. There are 12, 8 and 16 different items with red,
yellow and blue labels respectively. 3 items are selected from the shop for checking. Find the number
of ways of selecting the items if
(a) items with labels of the same colour are selected,
(b) the total price of the items selected is more than $65,
(c) the total price of the items selected is less than $40.

32
29. 5 balls are selected from 6 different red balls and 7 different blue balls. Find the number of ways of
selecting the balls if
(a) all the balls selected are red balls,
(b) at least 1 blue ball is selected.

30. 7 members are selected from a class of 15 boys and 8 girls to form a debate team. Find the number of
ways of forming the team if
(a) there is no restriction,
(b) the team consists of boys only,
(c) the team consists of at least 1 boy and at least 1 girl.

31. A jury of 9 members is selected from 7 men and 9 women. Find the number of ways of forming the jury
if (a) the jury consists of at most 6 men,
(b) the jury consists of at least 2 men and at least 2 women.

32. There are 10 different shirts and 8 different hats in a wardrobe. 12 items are selected from the
wardrobe. Find the number of ways of selecting the items if
(a) the number of hats selected is not more than that of the shirts selected,
(b) the numbers of shirts and hats selected are different.

33. 4 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the number of ways of drawing the cards if
(a) 1 spade card and 2 diamond cards are drawn,
(b) at least 1 ‘Q’ and at least 2 ‘K’ are drawn.

34. 12 people are divided into groups of 5 and 7 people. In how many ways can the groups be formed?

35. A supervisor has to assign 13 workers to production lines A, B and C that require 2, 5 and 6 workers
respectively. In how many ways can the workers be assigned?

36. 5 people are selected from 10 pairs of twins. Find the number of ways of selecting the people if no
pairs of twins are selected.

37. A catering group opens restaurants in 7 districts. There are 3 branch stores in each of the 7 districts.
4 branch stores are selected from the 7 districts for regular inspection. In how many ways can the
branch stores be selected if
(a) they come from 4 different districts,
(b) they come from 3 different districts.

38. There are 6 doctors and 9 nurses in a team. Find the number of ways of
(a) selecting 4 doctors and 6 nurses for a surgery from the team,
(b) arranging 2 doctors and 3 nurses from the team to sit in a row in a conference.

33
 39. 9 songs are selected from 15 different songs for a wedding party. 3 particular songs must be included.
(a) In how many ways can the songs be selected?
(b) If the 9 songs selected are played one by one and each song is played only once, find the number
of playing sequences.

40. There are 10 local students and 3 exchange students in a class. 6 students are selected from the class.
(a) If at least 2 local students and at least 2 exchange students are selected, find the number of ways
of selecting the students.
(b) The 6 students selected will give a speech one by one in a ceremony. Find the number of speech
sequences if at least 2 local students and at least 2 exchange students are selected.

41. There are 18 members in a football team. 11 of them are selected to give a special training.
(a) If there is no restriction, find the number of ways of selecting the members.
(b) Among 18 members in the football team, 3 of them are goalkeepers and 5 of them are forwards.
If 1 goalkeeper and at least 2 forwards are selected, find the number of ways of selecting the
members.

*42. In the figure, ABCDEFGH is a cube. Find the number of ways of selecting two edges F G
of the cube ABCDEFGH such that the two edges are not parallel to each other. A
B

H
*43. (a) Find the remainder when x3 − 3x2 + 2x is divided by x − 14. E
D C
(b) There are k different points on a plane (where k > 8) and only 8 of them are collinear. If the
number of triangles that can be drawn by joining any three points is 308, find the value of k.

*44. There are 15 different medals in a drawer.

(a) Suppose the medals in the drawer are divided into groups of 4, 5 and 6 medals.
(i) Find the number of ways of dividing the medals into groups.
(ii) If the three groups of medals are put into three boxes of different sizes, find the number of
ways of distributing the medals.
(b) Suppose the medals in the drawer are put into three boxes that can hold at most 3, 5 and 8 medals
respectively. Find the number of ways of distributing the medals.

*45. In a corruption case, 4 people out of 9 will be found guilty and sent to 4 different prisons. Donald,
Rafael and Thomas are 3 of the 9 people. According to the evidence, the following are the conclusions.
I. Donald and Thomas cannot be found guilty at the same time.
II. Thomas and Rafael are found guilty at the same time or they are not found guilty at the same
time.
(a) Can Donald and Rafael be found guilty at the same time? Explain your answer.
(b) In how many ways can the people who are found guilty be arranged to the 4 prisons?

34
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 4C
1. (a) 15 (b) 35 24. (a) 525 (b) yes
(c) 120 (d) 12 25. (a) 27 720 (b) 6 930
2. (a) 20 (b) 1 26. (a) 490 (b) 3 850
7 (c) 9 240
(c) 504 (d)
11 27. (a) 12 600 (b) 2 520
(n − 2)(n − 3)
3. (a) n (b) 28. (a) 836 (b) 560
2
n(n + 1)(n + 2) (c) 748
(c) n + 1 (d)
6 29. (a) 6 (b) 1 281
4. 35 5. 210 30. (a) 245 157 (b) 6 435
6. 5 005 7. 11 440 (c) 238 714
8. 65 780 31. (a) 11 404 (b) 11 376
9. (a) 10 626 (b) 735 471 32. (a) 16 338 (b) 12 684
10. (a) 28 (b) 84 33. (a) 26 364 (b) 1 108
11. 18 564 34. 792 35. 36 036
12. (a) 210 (b) 1 330 36. 8 064
(c) 5 985 37. (a) 2 835 (b) 2 835
13. 3 003 14. 165 38. (a) 1 260 (b) 151 200
15. 4 368 16. 28 39. (a) 924 (b) 335 301 120
17. (a) 330 (b) 36 40. (a) 750 (b) 540 000
18. (a) 2 002 (b) 1 716 41. (a) 31 824 (b) 8 856
19. 70 42. 48
20. (a) 1 287 (b) 9 43. (a) 2 184 (b) 14
(c) 126 44. (a) (i) 630 630 (ii) 3 783 780
21. yes 22. 150 (b) 3 243 240
23. 14 112 45. (a) no (b) 1 200

35
 F5A: Chapter 5A
Date Task Progress

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5A Multiple Choice
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Self-Test
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36
5A Lesson Worksheet 5.0 (Refer to Book 5A P.5.3)

Objective: To review theoretical probability and experimental probability.

Theoretical Probability
In a trial, if all the possible outcomes are equally likely to occur, the theoretical probability P(E) of an
number of outcomes favourable to E
event E is given by P(E) = .
total number of possible outcomes

1. A letter is randomly chosen from the word ‘TUITION’. Find the probability of choosing
(a) a ‘T’, (b) a vowel.
Review Ex: 1
( ) ( ) The vowels are ‘____’,
P(a ‘T’) = P(a vowel) =
( ) ( ) ‘____’, ‘____’, ‘____’,
and ‘____’.

2. A card is randomly drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is
(a) a heart, (b) a black ‘K’,
There are 4 suits: Spades and clubs are
P(a heart) = clubs♣, diamonds♦, ( black / red ) cards.
hearts♥and spades♠. Diamonds and hearts
Each suit has ____ are ( black / red )
cards. cards.

(c) a red spade, (d) black or red.

3. A fair dice is thrown once. Find the probability 4. A number is randomly selected from the
of getting an odd number. integers 11 to 30 inclusive. Find the probability
that a prime number is selected.
Review Ex: 2

The prime numbers

from 11 to 30 inclusive
are _______________
__________________.

5. The bar chart shows the types of food that customers have for Types of food that customers
have for lunch
Number of customers

lunch in a restaurant. If a customer is randomly selected, the 20

4 n 15
probability of selecting a customer who has rice for lunch is .
15 6
3
(a) Find the value of n.
0
Spaghetti
Sandwich
Salad

Rice

Steak

(b) A customer is randomly selected. Find the probability of

selecting a customer who has sandwich or steak for lunch.
Type of food

37
Experimental Probability
number of occurrences of E
The experimental probability P(E) of an event E is given by P(E) = .
number of trials

6. Patrick plays a TV game with his friend for 7. A drawing pin is thrown 60 times. The tip either
25 times. If Patrick wins 16 times, find the points up or is on the ground. If the tip points
experimental probability that Patrick wins a up 39 times, find the experimental probability
game. that the tip is on the ground.
Review Ex: 3

( ) The required probability =

P(Patrick wins a game) =
( ) The tip is on
the ground for
times.

8. A dice is thrown for a number of times. The results are as follows:

Number obtained 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 9 7 k 9 12 11
1
If the experimental probability of getting a ‘3’ is , find the value of k.
Review Ex: 4
5

Level Up Question

9. The pie chart shows the flavours of candies in a bag. If Wendy chooses a candy Flavours of candies
1 Milk
from the bag randomly, the probability of choosing a milk candy is .
10 x Grape
(a) Find the probability of choosing a melon candy. Orange 81°
y
(b) If 3 new melon candies are added into the bag, can the x 72° Melon
Mint
probability of Apple
1
choosing a melon candy become ? Explain your answer.
6

38
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.1A (Refer to Book 5A P.5.4)

Objective: To recognize the notation of the language of set including union, intersection and complement.

Definition of Set
A set is a collection of objects. Each object in a set is called an element of the set.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

List all the elements of the following sets. List all the elements of the following sets.
(a) X = {all odd numbers between 2 and 10} (a) P = {all prime numbers between 10 and 20}
(b) Y = {y: y2 + 2y − 3 = 0} (b) Q = {a: a2 − 2a − 8 = 0}
(a) The odd numbers between 2 and 10 are 3, 5, 7 (a) The prime numbers between 10 and 20 are
and 9. ____________________________.
∴ X = {3, 5, 7, 9} ∴
P={ }
2
(b) y + 2y − 3 = 0 (b) a2 − 2a − 8 = 0
1 is an element of Y
(y + 3)(y − 1) = 0 ( )( ) =0
(1∈Y).
a = ( ) or ( )
∴ Q={
y = −3 or 1
∴
0 is not an element
Y= { −3 , 1} of Y (0∉Y). }

List all the elements of the following sets. [Nos. 1–4]

1. A = {all even numbers between 1 and 9} 2. C = {letters in the word ‘clever’}
Ex 5A: 1, 2

The even numbers between 1 and 9 are The order or the frequency in
. which the elements appear in
a set is not important.

3. D = {all positive integers less than 1} 4. E = {x: x2 − 4x + 3 = 0}

Denote an empty set

(or a null set) by { }
or φ.

Determine whether each of the following is correct. [Nos. 5–10]
Ex 5A: 3−5

5. 5 ∈ {0, 5, 10, 15}

9. q ∈ {quantum} 10. life ∈ {life}
8. k ∈ {i , j , k }
7. 0.46 ∈ {rational
6. 9 ∈ {81} numbers}
In each of the following, determine whether set A and set B are equal. [Nos. 11–12]
Ex 5A: 6, 7

11. A ∈ {3, 3, 6, 9} Two sets having 12. A=φ

exactly the same
B ∈ {3, 6, 6, 9, 9} elements are B = {even prime number}
equal.

39
Intersection, Union and Complement of Sets
Let A and B be two sets.
(a) The intersection of A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) is the set containing the common elements of A and B.
(b) The union of A and B (denoted by A ∪ B) is the set containing all elements of A and B.
(c) In a given universal set, the complement of A (denoted by A ′) is the set containing all elements not
in A, where a universal set S is a set that contains all elements related to a problem.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 5} Let X = {a, b, d, e}, Y = {c, e, f} and
and S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. S = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}.
(a) Find A ∩ B. (b) Find A ∪ B. (a) Find X ∩ Y. (b) Find X ∪ Y.
(c) Find B ′. (c) Find X ′.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(a) A ∩ B = {2, 3} (a) X ∩ Y = { }
2, 3, 5 ∈ B
(b) A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) X ∪ Y = { }

(c) B ′ = {1, 4, 6}  (c) X ′ = { }

13. Let C = {2, 4, 6, 8}, D = {1, 3, 5, 7} and 14. Let G = {p, r, v}, H = {p, q, r, u, v} and
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. S = {p, q, r, s, t, u, v}.
(a) Find C ∩ D. (a) Find G ∩ H.
(b) Find C ∪ D. (b) Find G ′.
(c) Find C ′. (c) Find G ′ ∩ H.
Ex 5A: 9, 10

Level Up Question

15. Let P = {m: m is a positive integer less than 8}, Q = {all positive factors of 10} and
S = {n: n is a natural number less than 12}.
(a) Find P ′ and Q ′.
(b) Find P ∩ Q and P ′ ∩ Q ′.
(c) Are (P ∩ Q) ′ and P ′ ∩ Q ′ equal? Explain your answer.

40
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.1B (Refer to Book 5A P.5.8)

Objective: To understand the Venn diagram and use it to show the relationship among sets.

Venn Diagram
We can use a Venn diagram to represent a set and its elements.
Step: (i) Use a large rectangle to denote the universal set S.
(ii) Use a circle to denote a set in S.
(iii) Write the elements of this set inside the circle.

1. Match each Venn diagram to its corresponding set below.

(a) (b) (c) (d)
S S S S
A B A B A B A B

． ． ． ．
A∪B A′ ∩ B A∩B A′

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Shade the region which represents A ∪ B ′ in the Shade the region which represents A ′ ∩ B ′ in the
following diagram. following diagram.
S S
A B A B
Shade the region
representing A ′.
S
A B

The required region is: The required region is:

S S
A B A B Shade the region
 Shade the region representing B ′.
representing A. Then
S
shade the region A B
representing B ′.

In each of the following, shade the region which represents the given set. [Nos. 2–3]
2. A′ ∪ B′ 3. P ∩ Q′
Ex 5A: 14, 15

S S
A B P

41
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the following Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the following
sets. sets.
4 S 5 S
A B X Y
2 6 1 2
5 4
3 3
7
6
(a) B (b) A ′ (a) X (b) Y ′
(c) A ∩ B (d) S (c) X ∪ Y (d) S
(a) B = {5, 6, 7} (a) X = { }
(b) A ′ = {4, 6, 7}  The region representing A ′ is: (b) Y ′ = { }
S
(c) A ∩ B = {5} A B (c) X ∪ Y = { }
(d) S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (d) S = { }

4. Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the 5. Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the
following sets. following sets.
S S
C D M N
3 13 8
2 4
2 7 6
19 12 16
5 10
14
11 17

(a) C (b) D ′ (a) N ′ (b) M ∩ N ′

(c) C ∩ D ′ (d) C ′ ∪ D (c) M ∪ N ′ (d) M ′ ∩ N

Ex 5A: 12, 13

Shade the region

representing D ′.
S
C D

Level Up Question

6. In each of the following, shade the region which represents the given set.
(a) (A ∩ B) ∩ C (b) (A ∪ B) ∩ C ′
S S
A A

B C B C

42
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

5 More about Probability

 Consolidation Exercise 5A

Level 1
1. List all the elements of the following sets.
(a) W = {prime numbers between 10 and 20}
(b) X = {multiples of 7 between 50 and 75}
(c) Y = {x: 2x2 − 7x + 6 = 0}
(d) Z = {letters in the word ‘PROBABILITY’}

Determine whether each of the following is correct. [Nos. 2–4]

2. (a) 2 ∈ {21, 22, 23, 24, 25} (b) 16 ∈ {1, 6, 11, 16, 61, 66}
1 1 1 1 1 
(c) 13 ∈ {1 345} (d) ∈ , , , 
4 6 5 3 2 

3. (a) 12 ∈ {multiples of 3} (b) 4 ∈ {factors of 100}

(c) 5 + 4i ∈ {real numbers} (d) 6 ∈ {complex numbers}

4. (a) I ∈ {integers} (b) v ∈ {vowels}

(c) red ∈ {colours of rainbow} (d) m ∈ {make}

In each of the following, determine whether set A and set B are equal. [Nos. 5–6]
5. (a) A = {5, 15, 15, 25}, B = {5, 6, 6, 10, 15, 25, 26}
(b) A = {4, 2, 5, 2, 8}, B = {2, 8, 5, 4}
(c) A = {good}, B = {dog}
(d) A = {letters in the word ‘STELLA’}, B = {letters in the word ‘TESLA’}

6. (a) A = {−5, −4, −3, −2, −1}, B = {negative numbers larger than −6}
(b) A = {n: n is a square root of 4}, B = {−2, 2}
(c) A = {real roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0}, B = φ
(d) A = {x: tan x = 1}, B = {45°}

7. In each of the following, determine whether set A is a subset of set B.

(a) A = {natural numbers}, B = {integers}
(b) A = {positive factors of 6}, B = {positive factors of 30}
(c) A = {multiples of 10}, B = {multiples of 20}
(d) A = {prime numbers}, B = {odd numbers}

43
8. Given that A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {3, 4, 5, 8} and C = {5, 6, 10, 15}, find
(a) A ∩ C; (b) B ∪ C;
(c) A ∪ B; (d) B ∩ C.

9. Given that A = {d, r, m, f, s}, B = {a, e, i, o, u} and C = {b, p, m, f}, find

(a) A ∩ B; (b) A ∪ C;
(c) A ∪ B; (d) A ∩ C.

10. Let set P and set Q denote the animals which can fly and swim respectively. Use P and Q to represent
the following animals.
(a) The animals which can fly and swim.
(b) The animals which can fly or swim.
(c) The animals which cannot fly but can swim.
(d) The animals which can neither fly nor swim.

11. Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the following sets. S
A 9
(a) B′ (b) A ∪ B 2 5 1
7
(c) A ∩ B (d) A′ ∩ B 4 B
3
0 8

12. Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the following sets. S
2 9 1
(a) A′ (b) A ∪ B A B
(c) A′ ∩ B (d) A ∪ B′ 8
4 3
0
6
7

13. Refer to the Venn diagram. Find each of the following sets. S
A 2 7
(a) A ∩ B (b) A′ ∪ B 3
8 4 B
(c) A ∪ B′ (d) (A ∪ B)′
1
5
0 6

S
14. Refer to the Venn diagram. Shade the region which represents each of
A
the following sets.
(a) B (b) A ∪ B B

(c) A′ ∪ B (d) (A ∩ B)′

15. Refer to the Venn diagram. Shade the region which represents each of S
A
the following sets.
(a) A′ (b) A ∩ B
B
(c) A ∩ B′ (d) (A ∪ B)′

44
 Level 2
16. Determine whether each of the following is correct.
(a) (4 , 8) ∈ {solution of 2x − y = 0} (b) (3 , 6) ∈ {solution of y = x2 + 2x
− 8}
(c) (−5 , −6) ∈ {solution of 2y − 3x < 0} (d) (1 , 2) ∈ {solution of 5x + 4y ≥ 13}

17. It is given that S = {4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11}, A = {4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {6, 9, 10, 11}.
(a) Find A′. (b) Find B′.
(c) Find A′ ∩ B. (d) Find A ∪ B′.

18. It is given that S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {prime numbers between 1 and 10} and
B = {x: x is a positive integer greater than 5 and smaller than 11}.
(a) Find A ∩ B′. (b) Find A′ ∪ B.
(c) Find A′ ∩ B′. (d) Find (A ∩ B)′.

19. It is given that S = {−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {x: x2 + x − 12 = 0},
B = {negative integers greater than −5} and C = {positive factors of 6}.
(a) Find (A ∩ C)′. (b) Find (A ∩ B) ∩ C′.
(c) Find (A′ ∪ B) ∩ C. (d) Find A ∩ (B ∩ C)′.

20. It is given that S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A = {2, 3, 5, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}. Determine whether each
of the following statements is correct.
(a) A′ ∪ B = (A ∩ B′)′ (b) A′ ∩ B′ = (A ∩ B)′
(c) A′ ∩ B = (A ∪ B′)′ (d) A′ ∪ B′ = (A ∪ B)′

21. Refer to the Venn diagram. Shade the region which represents each of S
the following sets.
(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C)′ (b) (A ∩ B) ∪ C
A
(c) A′ ∩ (B ∪ C) (d) (A′ ∪ B′) ∩ C′ C
B

*22. Refer to the Venn diagram. Shade the region which represents each of S
A
the following sets.
(a) A ∩ B ∩ C (b) (A ∩ B) ∪ C′
(c) A′ ∩ (B ∪ C)′ (d) A ∩ (B′ ∪ C) B C

In each of the following, use a Venn diagram to show the relationship among the sets. [Nos. 23–25]
23. A = {3, 6, 9}, B = {2, 4, 5}, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

24. A = {0, 2, 4, 7}, B = {1, 4, 7, 8}, S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

*25. A = {6, 9, 12, 15}, B = {5, 7, 11, 13}, C = {5, 10, 15}, S = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

45
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 5A
1. (a) {11, 13, 17, 19} (c) P′ ∩ Q (d) P′ ∩ Q′
(b) {56, 63, 70} 11. (a) {0, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
3  (c) φ (d) {1, 3, 7}
(c)  , 2
2  12. (a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9}
(d) {P, R, O, B, A, I, L, T, Y} (b) {0, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}
2. (a) no (b) yes (c) {3, 4, 6, 9}
(c) no (d) no (d) {0, 1, 2, 7, 8}
3. (a) yes (b) yes 13. (a) {8}
(c) no (d) yes (b) {0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
4. (a) no (b) no (c) {0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8}
(c) yes (d) no (d) {0, 6, 7}
5. (a) no (b) yes 16. (a) yes (b) no
(c) no (d) yes (c) no (d) yes
6. (a) no (b) yes 17. (a) {5, 9, 11} (b) {4, 5, 8}
(c) yes (d) no (c) {9, 11} (d) {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
7. (a) yes (b) yes 18. (a) {2, 3, 5}
(c) no (d) no (b) {4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
8. (a) {6} (c) {4}
(b) {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15} (d) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10}
(c) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} 19. (a) {−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
(d) {5} (b) {−4}
9. (a) φ (c) {1, 2, 6}
(b) {d, r, m, f, s, b, p} (d) {−4, 3}
(c) {d, r, m, f, s, a, e, i, o, u} 20. (a) yes (b) no
(d) {m, f} (c) yes (d) no
10. (a) P ∩ Q (b) P ∪ Q

46
 F5A: Chapter 5B
Date Task Progress

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Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
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Maths Corner Exercise
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5B Level 1
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 ○ Skipped ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
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5B Multiple Choice
○ Skipped Signature ( )
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E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
○ Skipped _________

48
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.2B & C (Refer to Book 5A P.5.15)

Objective: To understand the addition law of probability and the concepts of complementary events.

Addition Law of Probability If two events cannot

occur at the same time,
(a) For any two events E and F, P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F) − P(E ∩ F). they are called mutually
(b) For two mutually exclusive events E and F, P(E ∪ F) = P(E) + P(F). exclusive events.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

A fair dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting A number is randomly chosen from the integers 1 to 8
(a) an odd number or a prime number, inclusive. Find the probability of choosing
(b) 5 or a multiple of 3. (a) an even number or a factor of 4,
(a) P(odd number or prime number) (b) 7 or a multiple of 4.
= P(odd number) + P(prime number) − (a) P(even number or factor of 4)
P(odd prime number) = P( ) + P( )−
3 3 2  Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5 P( ) Even numbers:
= + − ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ,
6 6 6 Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5
Odd prime numbers: 3, 5 = + −
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) Factors of 4:
= , ,
3 ( )
=
(b) P(5 or multiple of 3)  ‘Getting 5’ and ( )
= P(5) + P(multiple of 3) ‘getting a multiple (b) P(7 or multiple of 4)
1 2 of 3’ are mutually = P( ) + P( )
= + exclusive events.
6 6 ( ) ( )
= + Multiples of 4: ,
1 ( ) ( )
=
2 ( )
=
( )
 Multiples of 3: 3, 6
1. A number is randomly chosen from the integers 2. A card is randomly drawn from a pack of
1 to 10 inclusive. Find the probability of getting 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the
(a) a prime number or a factor of 10, card drawn is
(b) a number less than 3 or a multiple (a) a spade or a ‘2’,
of 3. (b) a heart or a black card.
Ex 5B: 1−8

(a) P(prime number or factor of 10)

=

‘Getting a prime number’

and ‘getting a factor of 10’
( are / are not ) mutually
exclusive events. ‘Drawing a heart’ and
‘drawing a black card’
( are / are not )
(b) mutually exclusive
events.

49
Complementary Events
(a) The event that ‘E does not occur’ is called the complementary event of E and is denoted by E ′.
(b) For any event E, P(E ∪ E ′) = P(E) + P(E ′) = 1.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

1 There are 20 students in a class. 3 students get grade A in
There are some balls in a box and of them are a test. A student is randomly selected from the class. Find
10
the probability that the student selected does not get
red. A ball is randomly drawn from the box. Find the
grade A.
probability that the ball drawn is not red.
P(not A) = 1 − P( ) The complementary event
P(not red) = 1 − P(red)
( ) of ‘not getting grade A’ is
1  The complementary event of =1− ‘
=1− ( )
10 ‘drawing a ball that is not red’ ’.
9 is ‘drawing a red ball’. ( )
= =
10 ( )

3. In a month with 30 days, Henry had 12 4. In a football match, a team can win, lose or
holidays. He went to work on the rest of the have a draw. The probabilities that the team
days. If a day in that month is randomly chosen, wins and loses a match are 0.38 and 0.25
find the probability that Henry went to work on respectively. Find the probability that the team
that day. has a draw in a match.
Ex 5B: 9−15

The complementary
P(went to work) = P( ) event of ‘having a draw
= 1 − P( ) match’ is ‘

=1−( + ) ’.
= ‘Win’ and ‘lose’ are
mutually exclusive events.
Level Up Question

5. In a composition examination paper, each candidate is
Type of Not Not
required to write one of a narrative, a descriptive or an essay narrative descriptive
argumentative essay. The probabilities that a candidate
Probability 0.6 0.8
writes different types of essays are shown in the table.
A candidate is randomly chosen.
(a) Find the probability that the candidate writes a narrative essay.
(b) Are the probability that the candidate writes a narrative essay and the probability that the
candidate writes an argumentative essay the same? Explain your answer.

50
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

5 More about Probability

 Consolidation Exercise 5B

Level 1
1. The probabilities that Tony goes to a restaurant for dinner on Saturday, on Sunday, and on both
Saturday and Sunday are 0.6, 0.3 and 0.05 respectively. Find the probability that Tony goes to a
restaurant for dinner on Saturday or Sunday.

2. The probabilities that Elaine buys a Chinese novel, an English novel, and both the Chinese novel and
2 1 1
the English novel are , and respectively. Find the probability that Elaine buys the Chinese
5 2 4
novel or the English novel.

3. There are 40 students in a tutorial centre. 30 students join a Mathematics tutorial class. 18 students
join an English tutorial class. 8 students join both classes. A student is randomly selected from the
centre. Find the probability that the student selected joins
(a) the Mathematics tutorial class,
(b) the English tutorial class,
(c) both the Mathematics tutorial class and the English tutorial class,
(d) the Mathematics tutorial class or the English tutorial class.

4. In a group of 33 people, 21 people like rock climbing, 15 people like skating, and 6 people like both
rock climbing and skating. If a person is randomly chosen from this group, find the probability that
the person chosen likes rock climbing or skating.

5. A fair dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting an odd number or a number greater than 3.

6. There are 9 chickens, 16 ducks and 5 geese in a farm. An animal is randomly chosen from the farm.
Find the probability that a chicken or a goose is chosen.

7. There are 5 red toy cars, 6 blue toy cars, 3 red dolls and 6 black toy robots in a box. A child randomly
chooses a toy from the box. Find the probability that a red toy is chosen.

8. There are 20 cards numbered 11 to 30 in a box. If one card is randomly drawn from the box, find the
probability that the number on the card drawn is a prime number or a multiple of 6.

9. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is
(a) a diamond or a black ‘J’,
(b) a face card or a ‘10’.
51
10. The passing rate of an examination is 0.33. A candidate is randomly selected. Find the probability that
he fails in the examination.

11. There are 35 people in a group and 21 of them are adults. A person is randomly chosen from the group
as a representative. Find the probability that the representative is not an adult.

12. The table shows the results of a survey about the redevelopment of a district.
Opinion Agree Disagree No comment
Frequency 56 42 62
An interviewee is randomly selected from the survey.
(a) Find the probability that the interviewee selected disagrees with the redevelopment.
(b) Using the result of (a), find the probability that the interviewee selected does not disagree with
the redevelopment.

13. There are 4 participants, Amy, Billy, Candy and Danny, in a contest. The probabilities that Amy, Billy
and Candy win the contest are 0.13, 0.4 and 0.24 respectively. If there is only one winner, find the
probability that
(a) Amy, Billy or Candy wins the contest,
(b) Danny wins the contest.

14. A group of 40 students participate in a performance. 6 students play pianos, 22 students play violins
and the others play saxophones. A student is randomly selected from the group for a speech. Find the
probability that the student selected plays
(a) a piano or a violin,
(b) a saxophone.

15. The table shows the probabilities of the scores obtained by Roy in a test.
Score (x) x ≤ 60 60 < x ≤ 80 x > 80
Probability 0.15 k 0.32
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the probability that the score of Roy is less than or equal to 80.
(c) Find the probability that the score of Roy is above 60.

16. There are 3 kinds of pets in a pet shop: cat, dog and rabbit. If a pet is randomly chosen from the shop,
the probability that a dog is chosen is 0.4 and the probability that a cat is not chosen is 0.75. If the
shop owner randomly chooses a pet from the shop, find the probability that the pet chosen is
(a) a cat,
(b) a cat or a rabbit,
(c) not a rabbit.

52
Level 2
17. Two fair dice are thrown once. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers is
(a) an even number,
(b) a multiple of 3,
(c) an even number or a multiple of 3.

18. A number is randomly selected from the integers 10 to 99 inclusive. Find the probability that the
number selected is
(a) a multiple of 4, (b) a multiple of 5,
(c) a multiple of both 4 and 5, (d) a multiple of 4 or a multiple of 5.

19. There are 300 blood donors. 180 of them are male. 55% of the donors are with blood type O. 40% of
the female donors are not with blood type O. A donor is randomly selected from these 300 donors.
Find the probability that the donor selected is
(a) a female with blood type O,
(b) a female or with blood type O.

20. The table shows the distribution of the heights (x m) of all students in a group.
x ≤ 1.5 1.5 < x ≤ 1.6 1.6 < x ≤ 1.7 x > 1.7
Boys 2 7 11 5
Girls 4 9 9 3
(a) Find the total number of students in the group.
(b) A student is randomly selected from the group. Find the probability that the student selected is
(i) a boy,
(ii) taller than 1.6 m,
(iii) a boy taller than 1.6 m,
(iv) a boy or taller than 1.6 m.

21. There are 150 people in a group. 95 people like playing ball games. 68 people like swimming. 22 people
like both playing ball games and swimming. A person is randomly selected from the group. Find the
probability that the person selected
(a) likes playing ball games or swimming,
(b) likes neither playing ball games nor swimming.

22. A letter is randomly selected from the word ‘ACUTE’. Find the probability that the letter selected is
(a) a letter in the word ‘OBTUSE’,
(b) a vowel in the word ‘OBTUSE’,
(c) a vowel or a letter in the word ‘OBTUSE’,
(d) neither a vowel nor a letter in the word ‘OBTUSE’.

53
23. There are 45 coins in a basket. The numbers of $1 coins, $2 coins and $5 coins are 16, 18 and 6
respectively. The remaining are $10 coins. A coin is randomly selected from the basket. Find the
probability that the coin selected is
(a) a $1 coin, a $2 coin or a $5 coin,
(b) a $10 coin,
(c) neither a $2 coin nor a $10 coin.

24. The table shows the numbers of metallic and plastic balls of different colours in a box.
Red Green Blue Yellow
Metallic balls 9 15 5 18
Plastic balls 21 13 20 11
(a) Find the total number of balls in the box.
(b) A ball is randomly selected from the box. Find the probability that the ball selected is
(i) a red plastic ball or a blue metallic ball,
(ii) green,
(iii) neither a red metallic ball nor a green ball.

25. There are 400 light bulbs in a shop. 65% of them are red light bulbs and the remaining are blue light
bulbs. 34 of the red light bulbs and 15% of the blue light bulbs are defective. If a light bulb is taken at
random from the shop, find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The light bulb is a blue light bulb.
(b) The light bulb is not defective.
(c) The light bulb is a blue light bulb or not defective.

26. An examination is divided into two sections A and B. The probabilities that Mandy passes section A
and section B are 0.85 and 0.9 respectively. If the probability that Mandy fails in both sections is 0.05,
find the probability that she passes
(a) at least one section,
(b) both sections.

27. There are 160 marbles in a box. 40% of the marbles are made of glass. 30% of them are made of stone.
The rest are made of metal. The colours of marbles of each material are only red and blue. A marble is
randomly drawn from the box.
(a) Vincent claims that the probability of drawing a blue marble or a glass marble is equal to the
probability of drawing a blue marble or a red glass marble. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
(b) Suppose 25% of the glass marbles are red, and 37.5% of the stone marbles and 75% of the metallic
marbles are blue. Find the probability that the marble drawn is
(i) a blue marble,
(ii) a blue marble or a glass marble.

54
* 28. There are 80 books in a bookshelf. 44 of them are Chinese books and the remaining are English books.
Among the 80 books, 54 books are novels. If a book is randomly selected from the bookshelf, the
4
probability of selecting an English book or a novel is . If Anson randomly selects a book from the
5
bookshelf, find the probability that
(a) an English novel is selected,
(b) a Chinese novel is selected.

* 29.
I
4 cm
6 cm

II
III IV

V 2 cm

The figure shows a circular target. The target is divided into five coloured regions I to V by 3 circles,
where the areas of regions III and IV are equal. Matthew randomly throws a dart and hits the target.
(a) Find the probability that the dart hits
(i) region II,
(ii) region IV.
(b) Matthew claims that the probability of hitting region II or region V is the same as the probability
of hitting region III or region IV. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

* 30. A shop only sells two brands of mobile phones: ‘K-Phone’ and ‘Universe’. A mobile phone is
randomly chosen from the shop. The table shows the probabilities of choosing a mobile phone of
different prices ($p).
0 ≤ p < 2 000 2 000 ≤ p < 4 000 4 000 ≤ p < 6 000 6 000 ≤ p < 8 000
K-Phone a 0.08 0.22 0.1
Universe 0.13 0.17 b 0.05
It is known that the probability of choosing a phone with price less than $4 000 is the same as the
probability of choosing a ‘Universe’ phone.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the probability of each of the following events.
(i) The mobile phone chosen is a ‘K-Phone’.
(ii) The price of the mobile phone chosen is less than $2 000.
(iii) Neither a ‘K-Phone’ nor a phone with price less than $2 000 is chosen.

55
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 5B
13 8 37
1. 0.85 2. (iii) (iv)
20 25 50
3 9 47 3
3. (a) (b) 21. (a) (b)
4 20 50 50
1 3 2
(c) (d) 1 22. (a) (b)
5 5 5
10 5 4 1
4. 5. (c) (d)
11 6 5 5
7 2 8 1
6. 7. 23. (a) (b)
15 5 9 9
1 22
8. (c)
2 45
15 4 24. (a) 112
9. (a) (b)
52 13 13
2 (b) (i)
10. 0.67 11. 56
5 1
21 59 (ii)
12. (a) (b) 4
80 80 75
(iii)
13. (a) 0.77 (b) 0.23 112
7 3 7 69
14. (a) (b) 25. (a) (b)
10 10 20 80
15. (a) 0.53 (b) 0.68 183
(c)
(c) 0.85 200
26. (a) 0.95 (b) 0.8
16. (a) 0.25 (b) 0.6
27. (a) yes
(c) 0.65
51 59
1 1 (b) (i) (ii)
17. (a) (b) 80 80
2 3
13 7
2 28. (a) (b)
(c) 40 20
3
5 3
11 1 29. (a) (i) (ii)
18. (a) (b) 16 16
45 5
2 2 (b) yes
(c) (d)
45 5 30. (a) a = 0.11, b = 0.14
6 71 (b) (i) 0.51
19. (a) (b)
25 100 (ii) 0.24
20. (a) 50
(iii) 0.36
1 14
(b) (i) (ii)
2 25

56
 F5A: Chapter 5C
Date Task Progress

○ Complete and Checked

Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)

○ Complete
Book Example 11 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 12 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 13 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5C Level 1
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5C Level 2
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5C Multiple Choice
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked Mark:
E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
○ Skipped _________

57
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.3A (Refer to Book 5A P.5.27)

Objective: To understand the concept of independent events and the multiplication law of probability for
independent events.

(a) For two events, if the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the
other event, these two events are called independent events.
(b) Multiplication Law of Probability for Independent Events
For two independent events E and F, P(E ∩ F) = P(E) × P(F).

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

A fair dice is thrown twice. Find the probability that both A letter is randomly chosen from each of the two words
numbers shown are even. ‘SUN’ and ‘MOON’. Find the probability that both letters
P(both numbers shown are even) chosen are vowels.
= P(1st number shown is even) ×  The numbers P(both letters chosen are vowels)
P(2nd number shown is even) shown in the first = P( )×
3 3 and second throws P( )
= × are independent ( ) ( )
6 6 events. = ×
1 ( ) ( )
=
4 ( )
=
( )

1. A fair coin is tossed twice. Find the probability 2. The probabilities that a keyboard and a mouse
that the coin shows a head in the first toss and do not work within the first 5 years of usage
a tail in the second toss. are 0.4 and 0.36 respectively. Find the
probability that only the mouse does not work
P(a head in the 1st toss and a tail in the
within the first 5 years of usage.
Ex 5C: 1−13
2nd toss)
=

P(the keyboard works)

= 1 − P(the keyboard does not work)

3. In zoo A, there are 3 pandas and 4 bears. In zoo 4. Mr Wong and Mr Chu go to work by the same
B, there are 8 animals and 5 of them are pandas. bus on each working day. The probabilities that
If an animal is randomly chosen from each zoo, Mr Wong and Mr Chu miss the bus on one day
find the probability that the one from zoo A is a are 0.3 and 0.18 respectively. Find the probability
panda but the one from zoo B is not. that they both catch the bus on one day.

58
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
A card is randomly drawn from each of two packs of 52 There are 16 boys and 11 girls in class A. There are 12
playing cards. Find the probability that one card is a boys and 18 girls in class B. A student is randomly
spade and the other card is a red ‘A’. selected from each class. Find the probability that a boy
P(a spade and a red ‘A’) and a girl are selected.
= P(a spade from the 1st pack) × P(a boy and a girl)
P(a red ‘A’ from the 2nd pack) + = P( )×
1st 1st
P(a red ‘A’ from the 1st pack) ×  P( )+
 ♠   red ‘A’ 
P(a spade from the 2nd pack)
 and  
or and  P(
P(
)×
)
A A
13 2 2 13
= × + ×  red ‘A’   ♠   boy  or 
girl 
52 52 52 52 2nd 2nd =
( )
×
( )
+
( )
×
(  )
and   and 
=
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) (  )
girl   boy 
 B B
52 =

5. A letter is randomly chosen from each of the 6. The probability that Pansy is late for school on
words ‘CHANCE’ and ‘DICE’. Find the a school day is 0.15. In two consecutive school
probability that only one ‘C’ is chosen. days, find the probability that she is late for
school on only one day.
Ex 5C: 14−16
P(only one ‘C’)
= P( )×
P( )+
P( )×
P( )
=

P(late)
= 1 − P(not late)

Level Up Question

7. A bag contains some gold coins and some silver coins. Nancy randomly draws two coins one by one
from the bag with replacement. The probability of getting a gold coin in each draw is 0.2. Nancy
claims that the probability of getting two silver coins is greater than 2 times the probability of
getting exactly one gold coin. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

59
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

5 More about Probability

 Consolidation Exercise 5C

Level 1
1. Two people are randomly selected. Find the probability that both of them were born on Monday.

2. A fair dice is thrown twice. Find the probability that the dice shows a prime number each time.

3. Donald randomly chooses a number from the ten integers 1 to 10 and Sandy randomly chooses a
number from the five integers 11 to 15. Find the probability that Donald chooses an odd number and
Sandy chooses an even number.

4. There are 4 adults and 3 children in group A. There are 6 adults and 2 children in group B. A person is
randomly selected from each group. Find the probability that two children are selected.

5. Two cards are randomly drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards one by one with replacement. Find the
probability that
(a) both cards are red,
(b) the first card is a number card and the second card is a spade.

6. There are 6 apples and 3 oranges in basket A. There are 3 pears and 2 apples in basket B. A piece of
fruit is randomly chosen from each basket. Find the probability that
(a) two apples are chosen,
(b) an orange and an apple are chosen.

7. A letter is randomly selected from each of the two words ‘INDEPENDENT’ and ‘EXCLUSIVE’. Find
the probability of each of the following events.
(a) Both letters selected are vowels.
(b) One letter selected is ‘E’ and the other is ‘D’.

8. There are 2 red toy cars and 4 blue toy cars in box A. There are 5 red toy cars and 3 blue toy cars in
box B. A toy car is randomly chosen from each box. Find the probability that
(a) two blue toy cars are chosen,
(b) a red toy car and a blue toy car are chosen.

9. 60% of the students in school A wear glasses. 36% of the students in school B do not wear glasses. A
student is randomly selected from each school. Find the probability that both of the students selected
wear glasses.

10. The passing rate of a class of students in a test is 0.7. Two students are randomly chosen from the
class. Find the probability that both of them fail in the test.
60
11. In a restaurant, a set dinner consists of 1 main dish and 1 dessert. 4 kinds of main dishes (pizza,
roasted meat, salad and seafood rice) and 3 kinds of desserts (apple pie, cheesecake and ice-cream) can
be chosen. If a customer randomly orders a main dish and a dessert, find the probability that the
customer
(a) orders a salad and a cheesecake,
(b) orders a pizza and does not order an apple pie,
(c) does not order a seafood rice and an ice-cream at the same time.

12. The probabilities that Daniel and Cathy go hiking on Sunday are 0.8 and 0.6 respectively. Assume that
they decide independently to go hiking. Find the probability that
(a) only Cathy goes hiking on Sunday,
(b) none of them go hiking on Sunday.

13. Alice, Tracy and 6 other girls form a team. 9 boys form another team and Ray is one of the boys. If a
person is selected at random from each team to be the team leader, find the probability that
(a) Tracy is the team leader but Ray is not the team leader,
(b) Alice, Tracy and Ray are not the team leaders.

14. There are 4 rings and 3 necklaces in a jewellery box. A piece of jewellery is randomly drawn from the
box with replacement and then a piece of jewellery is randomly drawn from the box again. Find the
probability that the two pieces of jewellery selected are of the same type.

15. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. Find the probability that the coin shows the same result each time.

16. The probabilities that Anny and Terry need to work overtime on a day are 0.45 and 0.6 respectively.
Assume that they decide independently whether they need to work overtime on a day. Find the
probability that
(a) both of them do not need to work overtime on a certain day,
(b) only one of them needs to work overtime on a certain day.

Level 2
17. A fair dice is thrown twice. Isaac claims that the probability that ‘both numbers are prime numbers’ is
greater than the probability that ‘the first number is a prime number and the second number is a
composite number’. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

18. In a bookshop, 65% of the books are in Chinese and the remaining are in English. Two books are
randomly taken from the bookshop one by one with replacement. Find the probability that the two
books taken are
(a) in Chinese,
(b) in English,
(c) in different languages.
61
19. Two numbers are randomly selected from the numbers 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9. If each number can be
selected more than once, find the probability that the sum of the two numbers selected is an even
number.

20. There are 7 coins in a pocket, including 2 gold coins, 3 silver coins and some blue coins. 2 coins are
randomly drawn from the pocket one by one with replacement. Find the probability that
(a) no gold coins are drawn,
(b) the coins drawn are of the same colour,
(c) the coins drawn are of different colours.

21. An examination consists of two sections A and B. The probabilities that John passes section A and
4 3
section B are and respectively. Assume that the results of the two sections are independent. Find
9 5
the probability that John
(a) fails in both sections,
(b) passes at least one section.

22. A factory has two production lines A and B. The probability of producing defective products from
production lines A and B are 0.04 and 0.06 respectively. A product is randomly chosen from each
production line. Find the probability that
(a) both products are defective,
(b) the product from A is defective but the product from B is not defective,
(c) at most one product is defective.

23. Wendy wants to buy some eggs in a market stall. The probability that a box of eggs contains rotten
eggs is 0.1. If she randomly chooses 3 boxes of eggs, find the probability that
(a) no boxes contain rotten eggs,
(b) only one box contains rotten eggs,
(c) at least one box contains rotten eggs.

24. The probabilities that Andrew, Bonnie and Calvin pass a test are 0.65, 0.95 and 0.8 respectively.
Assume that their results in the test are independent. Find the probability that
(a) all of them pass the test,
(b) only Bonnie and Calvin pass the test,
(c) at least one of them fails in the test.

25. Ben joins a game that consists of three parts. He wins the game if he finishes at least two parts of the
game. The probabilities that he finishes the first part, the second part and the third part of the game are
0.5, 0.6 and 0.75 respectively. His performances in the three parts are independent. Find the
probability that
(a) he finishes all the three parts of the game,
(b) he finishes exactly two parts of the game,
(c) he does not win the game.
62
26. In a sports day, Gary participates in the high jump, the long jump and the 100 m sprint events. The
3 5
probability that he wins the high jump, the long jump and the 100 m sprint events are , x and
7 12
respectively. Assume that his performance in each event is independent of the others. If the
11
probability that he wins at least one event is , find the value of x.
12

27. Janet repeats throwing a fair dice until a multiple of 3 is obtained. Find the probability that she needs
(a) at most 3 throws,
(b) at least 3 throws.

28. In a shooting game, Mark and Ken take turns to shoot at a target until one of them hits the target. The
probabilities that Mark and Ken hit the target in each shot are 0.4 and 0.45 respectively. Suppose the
outcomes of their shots are independent. If Mark shoots first, find the probability that
(a) Ken hits the target in his first shot,
(b) Mark hits the target in his second shot,
(c) more than three shots in total are needed in a game.

29. The table shows the numbers of vehicles with different places of production in a car park.
Place of production
Germany Japan Italy
Car 45 30 15
Motorcycle 15 45 10
A car and a motorcycle are randomly chosen from the car park. Find the probability of each of the
following events.
(a) Both of the vehicles chosen are made in Germany.
(b) Both of the vehicles chosen are made in Japan or Italy.
(c) At least one of the vehicles chosen is made in Germany.
(d) The vehicles chosen are made in different places.

30. Two classes A and B attend a quiz game. Amy and Bill are two representatives from class A. Jay and
Ken are two representatives from class B. Each of the representatives from the two classes will answer
2 questions. For the first question, if at least one representative in a class answers correctly, the class
will get a ‘star’. For the second question, if both representatives in a class answer correctly, the class
will get a ‘star’. The probabilities that Amy, Bill, Jay and Ken answer a question correctly are 0.9, 0.6,
0.7 and 0.8 respectively. Assume that their performances in each question are independent.
(a) Find the probability that class A gets 2 ‘stars’.
(b) Find the probability that class B gets at most 1 ‘star’.
(c) Chris claims that the probability that class A gets at most 1 ‘star’ is greater than the probability
that class B gets at most 1 ‘star’. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

63
 A B Road 1
31.
Road 2
Home Office

C D E

Mr Wong drives from his home to his office every morning. There are 2 roads (Roads 1 and 2)
available. There are two traffic black spots A and B on Road 1. There are three traffic black spots C, D
and E on Road 2. If a traffic accident occurs in a morning at any traffic black spot on the road he
chooses to go, he will be late for work. The probabilities that traffic accidents occur in a morning at A,
B, C, D and E are 0.05, 0.08, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.06 respectively. Assume that traffic accidents occur
independently at different traffic black spots.
(a) Find the probability that Mr Wong is late for work in a morning if he chooses Road 1.
(b) Which road, Road 1 or Road 2, should Mr Wong choose in order to have a lower probability of
being late for work in a morning? Explain your answer.

* 32. The back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram below shows the numbers on the cards in two boxes A
and B.
Box A Box B
Leaf (1) Stem (10) Leaf (1)
9 9 8 6 2 2 3 5 5
4 6 8
9 7 6 6 3 1 4 7 8
4 3 1 9
7 7 6 5 4 4 6 6 7
2 1
4 5
2 6 1

If the number on a card is greater than or equal to 50, the card will be red in colour. Otherwise, the
card will be white in colour.
(a) (i) A card is randomly drawn from box A. Find the probability that a white card is drawn.
(ii) A card is randomly drawn from box B. Find the probability that a red card is drawn.
(b) If 2 cards are randomly drawn from box A one by one with replacement, find the probability that
at least one red card is drawn.
(c) If 1 card is randomly drawn from each box, find the probability that at least one red card is drawn.
(d) There are 3 options in a game as shown below:
Option 1: Pay $75 and randomly draw 2 cards from box A one by one with replacement.
Option 2: Pay $60 and randomly draw 1 card from each box.
Option 3: Pay $50 and randomly draw 2 cards from box B one by one with replacement.
If at least one red card is drawn, the player will get a cash prize of $400. Otherwise, he will not
be awarded any cash prize. Jacky plays the game once. Which option should Jacky choose in
order to maximize his expected return? Explain your answer.

64
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 5C
1 1 24. (a) 0.494 (b) 0.266
1. 2.
49 4 (c) 0.506
1 3
3. 4. 25. (a) 0.225 (b) 0.45
5 28
1 9 (c) 0.325
5. (a) (b)
4 52 3
26.
4 2 4
6. (a) (b)
15 15 19 4
27. (a) (b)
16 4 27 9
7. (a) (b)
99 99 28. (a) 0.27 (b) 0.132
1 13 (c) 0.198
8. (a) (b)
4 24 3 11
48 29. (a) (b)
9. 28 28
125 17 55
10. 0.09 (c) (d)
28 84
1 1 30. (a) 0.518 4 (b) 0.473 6
11. (a) (b)
12 6
(c) yes
11
(c) 31. (a) 0.126 (b) road 2
12
12. (a) 0.12 (b) 0.08 9 1
32. (a) (i) (ii)
1 2 10 16
13. (a) (b) 19
9 3 (b)
25 100
14. 5
49 (c)
1 32
15. (d) option 2
4
16. (a) 0.22 (b) 0.51
17. yes
169 49
18. (a) (b)
400 400
91
(c)
200
1
19.
2
25 17
20. (a) (b)
49 49
32
(c)
49
2 7
21. (a) (b)
9 9
22. (a) 0.002 4 (b) 0.037 6
(c) 0.997 6
23. (a) 0.729 (b) 0.243
(c) 0.271

65
 F5A: Chapter 5D
Date Task Progress

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Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
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Book Example 14 ○ Problems encountered
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Book Example 15 ○ Problems encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 16 ○ Problems encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 17 ○ Problems encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 18 ○ Problems encountered
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(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
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(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5D Level 1
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5D Level 2
○ Skipped Signature ( )
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Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5D Multiple Choice
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E-Class Multiple Choice ○ Complete and Checked Mark:

66
Self-Test ○ Problems encountered
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67
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.3B (Refer to Book 5A P.5.36)

Objective: To understand the concept of dependent events and the multiplication law of probability for
dependent events.

(a) For two events, if the occurrence of one event will affect the probability of the occurrence of the other
event, these two events are called dependent events.
(b) Multiplication Law of Probability for Dependent Events
For two dependent events E and F, P(E ∩ F) = P(E) × P(F | E),
where P(F | E) denotes P(F occurs given that E has occurred).

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

There are 6 blue pens and 4 pencils in a pencil case. If There are 5 boys and 4 girls in a training group. One of
two items are randomly drawn one by one without them will be randomly chosen as the captain, and another
replacement, find the probability that two pencils are person will be chosen randomly as the secretary. Find the
drawn. probability that 2 boys are chosen.
P(two pencils are drawn) P(2 boys are chosen)
= P(1st one is a pencil) × = P(captain is a boy) ×
P(2nd one is a pencil | 1st one is a pencil) P(secretary is a ______ | captain is a ______)
4 3 ( ) ( )
= × = ×
10 9 ( ) ( )
2 ( )
= =
15 After the 1st draw, 9 items ( )
are left and 3 of them are After the captain is chosen,
pencils. ____ people are left and
____ of them are boys.
1. There are 8 rooms along a corridor in a 2. Two cards are randomly drawn from a pack
building. One of the rooms is a toilet. Joey of 52 playing cards one by one without
randomly opens the doors of the rooms one by replacement. Find the probability that the first
one. Find the probability that she opens the card is an ‘A’ and the second card is a ‘K’.
door of the toilet on the second trial.
Ex 5D: 1−5

P(the door of the toilet is opened on the 2nd

trial)
= P(the door of the toilet is not opened on the
After th e 1 st
1st trial) × P(the door of the toilet is opened card is drawn,
on the 2nd trial | the door of the toilet is not ____ cards are
left and ____ of
opened on the 1st trial) them are ‘K’.

= After the 1st trial,

there are 7 rooms
left including the
toilet.

68
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
There are 7 oranges and 5 apples in a basket. Two fruits In a shop, there are 9 black umbrellas and 7 grey
are randomly drawn one by one without replacement umbrellas. Each customer randomly chooses one of the
from the basket. Find the probability that fruits of the umbrellas. Find the probability that the first
‘Drawing 2 oranges’
same kind are drawn. 2 customers choose umbrellas of different colours.
and ‘drawing 2 apples’
P(fruits of the same kind are drawn)are mutually exclusive P(umbrellas of different colours)
= P(2 oranges are drawn) + events. = P(1st one is black and 2nd one is grey) +
P(2 apples are drawn) P(1st one is _______ and 2nd one is _______)
= P(1st one is an orange) × = P(1st one is black) ×
P(2nd one is an orange | 1st one is an orange) + P(2nd one is _______ | 1st one is _______) +
P(1st one is an apple) × P(1st one is _______) ×
P(2nd one is an apple | 1st one is an apple) P(2nd one is _______ | 1st one is _______)
7 6 5 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= × + × = × + ×
12 11 12 11 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
31 ( )
= =
66 ( )

3. There are 3 forks and 8 spoons in a drawer. Two 4. Two letters are randomly selected from the
utensils are randomly selected one by one from word ‘BANANA’ one by one without
the drawer without replacement. Find the replacement. Find the probability that the
probability of selecting different kinds of utensils. letters selected are the same.
Ex 5D: 6−10

Only the letters

‘___’ and ‘___’ can
be selected twice.

Level Up Question

5. There are 4 keys on a table. Only one of them can open a door. Cora and Billy take turns to choose a
key at random without replacement. Cora chooses a key first. Are the probabilities that Cora chooses
the right key to open the door in her first and second trials the same? Explain your answer.

69
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.3C (Refer to Book 5A P.5.40)

Objective: To recognize the concept and notation of conditional probability.

Conditional Probability
P( E ∩ F )
For two events E and F, if P(E) ≠ 0, then P(F | E) = , where P(F | E) denotes
P( E )
P(F occurs given that E has occurred). P(F | E) is called a conditional probability.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Nancy is in a restaurant. The probability that she orders In a class, 60% of the students are girls. 40% of the
salad is 0.7. The probability that she orders salad with students are girls who wear glasses. A student is randomly
coffee is 0.42. Given that she orders salad, find the selected from the class. Given that a girl is
probability that she orders coffee. selected, find the probability that she wears glasses.
Let A be the event that she orders salad and B be the Let A be the event that ____________ is selected and B
event that she orders coffee. be the event that _______________________
P(A) = 0.7 is selected.
P(A ∩ B) = 0.42 P(A) = ( )
The required probability P(A ∩ B) = ( )
= P(B | A) The required probability = P( | )
P( A ∩ B) P( )
=  P(A ∩ B) = P(order salad and coffee) =
P ( A) P( )
0.42 ( )
= =
0 .7 ( )
= 0.6 ( )
=
( )

1. The probability that it rains in a day is 0.2. The 2. 64% of the balls in a box are white. 48% of the
probability that it rains and there is traffic balls in the box are white and marked with
congestion on a certain road in a day is 0.16. numbers. A ball is randomly drawn from the
Given that it rains today, find the probability box. Given that a white ball is drawn, find the
that there is traffic congestion on the road today. probability that the ball drawn is marked with a
number.
Ex 5D: 11, 12
Let A be the event that ___________________
and B be the event that ___________________
___________________________________.

70
3. A fair dice is thrown once. 4. A card is randomly drawn from a pack of
(a) Given that the number shown is even, find 52 playing cards.
the probability that the number shown is (a) Given that the card drawn is a heart, find
greater than 4. the probability that the card drawn is a ‘J ’.
(b) Given that the number shown is greater (b) Given that the card drawn is a ‘J ’, find the
than 4, find the probability that the probability that the card drawn is a heart.
number shown is even.
Ex 5D: 13

(a) Let A be __________________________

____________ and B be _____________
_________________________________.

P(A) = ____

P(B) = ____

P(A ∩ B) = ____

(b)

Level Up Question

5. There are some fruits in a basket. 60% of them are pears and the rest are lemons. 15% of the pears
and 25% of the lemons are rotten. A fruit is randomly chosen from the basket and the probability of
choosing a rotten fruit is 0.19. Given that a rotten fruit is chosen, is the probability that a pear is
chosen greater than the probability that a lemon is chosen? Explain your answer.

71
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

5 More about Probability

 Consolidation Exercise 5D

Level 1
1. Two cards are randomly drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards one by one without replacement. Find
the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The first card drawn is a ‘Q’ and the second card drawn is a ‘K’.
(b) The first card drawn is a face card and the second card drawn is a number card.

2. There are 7 science books and 2 novels on a bookshelf. Two books are randomly taken from the
bookshelf one by one without replacement. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The first book taken is a science book and the second one is a novel.
(b) Both books are taken novels.

3. A letter is randomly chosen from the word ‘LOGARITHM’. Then another letter is randomly chosen
from the remaining letters. Find the probability that the two letters chosen are
(a) vowels,
(b) consonants.

4. There are 3 yellow balls, 4 blue balls and 5 red balls in a bag. Two balls are randomly drawn from the
bag one by one without replacement. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The first ball drawn is blue and the second ball drawn is red.
(b) The first ball drawn is red and the second ball drawn is not yellow.

5. There are 6 forks and 4 knives in a drawer. Elva repeats drawing one item at a time randomly from the
drawer without replacement until a fork is drawn. Find the probability that she needs exactly 2 draws.

6. The ethics committee of a school is composed of 7 teachers and three of the teachers are male. Two
teachers are selected from the committee at random to give a speech to students in a morning
assembly. Find the probability that the teachers selected are
(a) both female,
(b) of the same gender.

7. A survey on the employment status of a group of 100 graduated students is conducted. The results are
shown below.
Employment status Continues study Full-time employed Self-employed Unemployed
Number of students 35 44 11 10
Two students are selected from the group at random. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) Each of the students has a job.
(b) One student continues his study and the other is self-employed.

72
8. There are 12 pieces of chocolates in a candy tray. 8 of them are milk chocolates and the remaining are
dark chocolates. Two pieces of chocolates are taken out from the tray at random one by one without
replacement. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) Both pieces taken are milk chocolates.
(b) At least one of the pieces taken is a dark chocolate.

9. There are 24 people in an office and 9 of them get a cold. Two people are randomly chosen from the
office to receive a body check. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) Both people chosen get a cold.
(b) At most one of the people chosen gets a cold.

10. John randomly guesses the birthday month of his new friend Kate. If he guesses a wrong month, he
will not guess that month again. Find the probability that he guesses correctly within 2 trials.

11. In the figure, an equilateral triangle ABC and a square BCDE are formed by E B
six matches. Two matches are randomly taken from the six matches one by
one without replacement. Find the probability of each of the following A

events.
D C
(a) The matches AB and AC are taken.
(b) No square is formed after the matches are taken.

12. A bag contains 5 white balls, 3 black balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn from the bag at
random one by one without replacement. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) All the balls drawn are white.
(b) The first ball drawn is blue and the other balls drawn are black.

13. There are 10 eggs in a carton and 4 of them are rotten. Three eggs are randomly chosen from the
carton one by one without replacement. Find the probability that
(a) no eggs chosen are rotten,
(b) at least one egg chosen is rotten.

14. In a clinic, 11 patients randomly queue up outside a consulting room to see a doctor. If 4 of the
patients have a headache, find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) All of the first three patients in the queue do not have a headache.
(b) At most two of the first three patients in the queue do not have a headache.

15. Let A, B and C be 3 events. It is given that P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.3, P(C) = 0.4, P(A ∩ B) = 0.15,
P(B ∩ C) = 0.2 and P(A ∩ C) = 0.1. Find each of the following probabilities.
(a) P(A | B) (b) P(B | A)
(c) P(C | B) (d) P(A | C)

73
16. Janet applies for a salesperson. The probability that she gets an interview is 0.8. The probability that
she gets an interview and receives an offer is 0.2. Given that she gets an interview, find the probability
that she receives an offer.

3
17. The probability that a student in a school does not wear glasses is . The probability that a student
20
1
in that school is short-sighted and does not wear glasses is . Given that a student does not wear
100
glasses, find the probability that the student is short-sighted.

18. A number is randomly chosen from the integers 1 to 16 inclusive. Find the probability that
(a) the number chosen is a multiple of 2,
(b) the number chosen is a multiple of both 2 and 3,
(c) the number chosen is a multiple of 3 given that the number chosen is a multiple of 2.

19. The figure shows a dartboard formed by three concentric circles. The
radius of region A is 1 cm and the width of each of the two rings is 1 cm.
Daisy randomly shoots a dart and it hits the dartboard. Find the
A 1 cm
probability that
B 1 cm
(a) the dart hits region C, C 1 cm
(b) the dart hits region B or region C,
(c) the dart hits region C, given that the dart does not hit region A.

Level 2
20. The ratio of the numbers of laboratory apparatuses produced by two machines A and B in a factory is
3 : 5. 92% and 96% of the apparatuses produced by machines A and B are not defective respectively.
If an apparatus is randomly chosen from all the apparatuses produced by the two machines, find the
probability that it is not defective.

21. Bag A contains 5 red balls and 4 green balls. Bag B contains 3 red balls and 2 green balls. A ball is
randomly drawn from bag A and put into bag B. Then a ball is randomly drawn from bag B. Find the
probability that a red ball is drawn from bag B.

22. Alvin has three $1 coins, four $2 coins and two $5 coins in his wallet. He randomly draws two coins
from his wallet one by one without replacement. Find the probability that the total value of the two
coins drawn is
(a) at most $3,
(b) at most $7.

74
23. There are 36 balls in a box. n of them are in red and the remaining are in blue. If two balls are
randomly drawn from the box one by one without replacement, the probability of drawing two red
balls is twice the probability of drawing two blue balls.
(a) Find the value of n.
(b) Three balls are randomly drawn from the box one by one without replacement. Find the probability
that at least one of the balls drawn is not red.

24. There are 10 gold rings and 12 silver rings in a jewellery box. Three rings are randomly taken from
the jewellery box one by one without replacement. Find the probability that
(a) the rings taken are of the same kind,
(b) at least 1 gold ring and at least 1 silver ring are taken.

25. Two cards are randomly drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards one by one.
(a) If the cards are drawn without replacement, find the probability that the first card is an ‘A’ and
the second card is red.
(b) Vincent claims that if the cards are drawn with replacement, the probability that the first card is
an ‘A’ and the second card is red is the same as the probability obtained in (a). Do you agree?
Explain your answer.

26. In a shooting game, Jasmine continues to shoot at a moving dartboard until she hits the bullseye. The
probability that Jasmine hits the bullseye at her first shot is 0.4. From the second shot onwards, the
probability that she hits the bullseye in each shot is 90% of the probability that she hits the bullseye in
the previous shot. Find the probability that
(a) she hits the bullseye at her second shot,
(b) she needs at least three shots until she hits the bullseye.

27. There are 13 white marbles and 2 black marbles in a box. Cathy repeats drawing one marble at a time
randomly from the box without replacement until a black marble is drawn. Find the probability of
each of the following events.
(a) Exactly three draws are needed.
(b) At least four draws are needed.

28. The figure shows the roads connecting towns X and Y. Danny drives P
Y
from X along the roads following the directions of the arrows indicated. Q
If he randomly chooses a route at each junction, find the probability X
S
that R
(a) he reaches Y via S,
(b) he reaches Y via R.

75
 29. The probability that Raymond will go out for lunch today is 0.8. The probability that he will have a
dessert during lunch is 0.5. The probability that he will go out for lunch today and have a dessert
during lunch is 0.3.
(a) Given that he will go out for lunch today, find the probability that he will have a dessert during
lunch.
(b) Given that he will have a dessert during lunch today, find the probability that he will go out for
lunch.

30. Suppose that buses will arrive at a bus terminal on time or late. If a bus arrives at the terminal on time,
the probability that the next bus will arrive on time is 0.56. If a bus arrives at the terminal late, the
probability that the next bus will arrive late is 0.9. Find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) A bus will arrive at the terminal on time given that the previous bus arrived at the terminal late.
(b) A bus will arrive at the terminal late given that the previous bus arrived at the terminal on time.

31. Candy has to take a test which consists of two papers I and II. The probability that she passes Paper I
is 0.6. If she passes Paper I, the probability that she passes Paper II is 0.8. If she fails in Paper I, the
probability that she fails in Paper II is 0.6.
(a) Find the probability that she passes Paper II.
(b) Given that she passes Paper II, find the probability that she passes Paper I.

32. Suppose that the weather of a day depends on the weather of the previous day. If it rains in a day, the
probability that it will rain in the next day is 0.6. If it does not rain in a day, the probability that it will
not rain in the next day is 0.7.
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show all the cases of the weather tomorrow and the day after tomorrow
given that it rains today.
(b) Given that it rains today, find the probability that it will rain the day after tomorrow.

33. Sam and Ivy play a match which consists of a series of game. There is no draw in each game. They
keep on playing games until a person wins two games successively. The one who wins two games
successively wins the match and the match ends. If Sam wins a game, the probability that he will win
the next game is 0.8. If Ivy wins a game, the probability that she will win the next game is 0.6. If the
probability that Ivy wins the first game is 0.4, find the probability of each of the following events.
(a) The match ends in exactly three games.
(b) The match lasts for more than three games.

* 34. There are 2 apples and 8 lemons in box A. There are 2 lemons in box B. A piece of fruit is randomly
taken from box A and put into box B. Then a piece of fruit is randomly taken from box B and put back
into box A. If a piece of fruit is randomly taken from box A again, find the probability that an apple is
taken.

76
* 35. There are 35 white balls and 1 red ball in a lottery draw box. A player needs one drawing ticket to
draw one ball from the box. If he draws a red ball, he will win a prize of $90. Each player can choose
one of the following options to draw ball(s).
Option I: Randomly draw n balls one by one with replacement from the box.
Option II: Randomly draw n balls one by one without replacement from the box. The player needs to
draw n balls even he has drawn the red ball already.
(a) Kelvin wants to make three draws with three drawing tickets. He decides to choose option II.
(i) Find the probability that he cannot win a prize in the first two draws.
(ii) Given that he cannot win a prize in the first two draws, find the probability that he wins a
prize.
(b) Jenny wants to make two draws with two drawing tickets. She claims that her expected amount
of money won in option I is greater than that in option II. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

* 36. The figure shows the map in a game. A toy car starts at S and moves to C
the right. A player can set a number p (where 0 ≤ p ≤ 1) such that the A
probability of the toy car choosing a path with solid line at each
junction is p. When the toy car reaches C, D and E, the player can get a S D

prize of $10, $20 and $30 respectively.

(a) Express the probability that the toy car reaches D in terms of p. B
E
(b) If a player wants to maximize the expected amount of money won,
find the value of p that he should set and the corresponding
expected amount of money won.

* 37. The figure shows the cumulative frequency polygon of the weights (in kg) of students in S5A.
Weights of students in S5A

40
Cumulative frequency

30

20

10

0
30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5 90.5
Weight (kg)
A student who weighs 70.5 kg or above is regarded as obese. Two students are randomly selected from S5A.
(a) Find the probability that only one of the students selected is obese.
(b) Given that only one of the students selected is obese, find the probability that both of the students
weigh 60.5 kg or above.

77
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 5D
4 36 5 8
1. (a) (b) 19. (a) (b)
663 221 9 9
7 1 5
2. (a) (b) (c)
36 36 8
1 5 189
3. (a) (b) 20.
12 12 200
5 10 16
4. (a) (b) 21.
33 33 27
4 5 35
5. 22. (a) (b)
15 12 36
2 3 83
6. (a) (b) 23. (a) 21 (b)
7 7 102
3 7 17 60
7. (a) (b) 24. (a) (b)
10 90 77 77
14 19 1
8. (a) (b) 25. (a) (b) yes
33 33 26
3 20 26. (a) 0.216 (b) 0.384
9. (a) (b)
23 23 4 22
1 27. (a) (b)
10. 35 35
6 1 1
1 14 28. (a) (b)
11. (a) (b) 3 2
15 15 29. (a) 0.375 (b) 0.6
1 1
12. (a) (b) 30. (a) 0.1 (b) 0.44
12 60
1 5 31. (a) 0.64 (b) 0.75
13. (a) (b)
6 6 32. (b) 0.48
7 26 33. (a) 0.2 (b) 0.08
14. (a) (b)
33 33
14
15. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.75 34.
75
2 17 1
(c) (d) 0.25 35. (a) (i) (ii)
3 18 34
16. 0.25 (b) no
1 36. (a) 1 − p (b) p = 0.25, $21.25
17.
15 64 5
1 1 37. (a) (b)
18. (a) (b) 195 8
2 8
1
(c)
4

78
 F5A: Chapter 5E
Date Task Progress

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Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
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Book Example 23 ○ Problems encountered
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○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5E Level 1
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5E Level 2
○ Skipped Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered Teacher’s ___________
5E Multiple Choice
○ Skipped Signature ( )
E-Class Multiple Choice ○ Complete and Checked Mark:

79
Self-Test ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped _________

80
 5A Lesson Worksheet 5.4 (Refer to Book 5A P.5.47)

Objective: To use permutation and combination to solve problems related to probability.

More Problems on Probability

Permutation and combination can be used to help solve problems related to probability.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

A box contains 12 eggs and 8 of them are rotten. A bag contains 6 different blue marbles and
6 eggs are randomly selected from the box. Find the 9 different red marbles. 3 marbles are randomly drawn
probability that all the eggs selected are rotten. from the bag. Find the probability that 3 red marbles are
drawn. Total number
Number of ways of selecting 6 eggs from 12 eggs
Number of ways of selecting 3 marbles of marbles
= C612 =( )
from ( ) marbles = ( )
Number of ways of selecting 6 eggs from 8 rotten eggs =
Number of ways of selecting ( ) marbles from
C68 9 red marbles = ( )

∴ P(all the eggs selected are rotten) =

C68 ∴ P(3 red marbles are drawn) =
(
(
)
)
C612
1 ( )
= =
33 ( )

1. There are 11 clerks in department A. There are 2. 4 numbers are randomly selected from the ten
6 clerks in department B including Jason. integers 10 to 19. Find the probability that
8 clerks are randomly selected from the two (a) all the numbers selected are even numbers,
departments. Find the probability that (b) 13 and 14 are selected.
(a) all the clerks selected are from department
Ex 5E: 1−6

A, What is the total number

of clerks in departments
(b) Jason is selected. A and B?
How many
(a) Number of ways of selecting ( ) clerks even numbers
are there from
from the two departments = ( ) 10 to 19
inclusive?
Number of ways of selecting ( ) clerks
from department A = ( )

(b) Number of ways of selecting ( ) clerks

from the remaining ( ) clerks = ( )
Since Jason is
selected, we need to
select ( ) clerks
from the remaining
( ) clerks.

81
 5A Ch 4 Lesson Worksheet 4.1A

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

5 players from 11 players of a football team are 4 students are randomly selected from a group of
randomly selected to take part in a penalty shoot-out one 6 students to be the first, second, third and fourth
by one. Find the probability that a particular player is the speakers in a class discussion. Eric and Sophia are in the
one who takes the first penalty kick. group. Find the probability that Eric is the first speaker
Since order is important and Sophia is the fourth speaker.
Number of ways of arranging in arranging the players,
5 players from 11 players = P5
11 permutation is used. Number of ways of arranging ( ) students from
( ) students = ( )
When a particular player is the one who takes the 1st
penalty kick, 1st speaker 2nd speaker 3rd speaker 4th speaker
number of ways of arranging 4 players from the Eric Sophia
remaining 10 players to take the penalty kicks
10 Select ( ) students from the remaining
= P4 ( ) students and arrange them in order.

∴ The required probability =

P10
4

P11
5

1
=
11

3. A password consists of 7 digits. Each digit is 4. 3 people are randomly selected from a
randomly chosen from the integers 0 to 6 committee consisting of 8 men and 6 women to
inclusive without repetition. Find the probability be the chairperson, the vice-chairperson and
that the first digit is 1 and the last digit is 0. the secretary. Find the probability that all the
people selected are men.
Ex 5E: 11−13
Number of ways of arranging the 7 digits
=( )
When the first digit is 1 and the last digit is 0,
number of ways of arranging the remaining ( )
digits = ( )

Level Up Question

5. There are 7 different glass bottles and 9 different plastic bottles in a kitchen cabinet. 4 bottles are
randomly chosen to be used for an outing. Sharon claims that the probability of choosing 2 glass
bottles and 2 plastic bottles is greater than 0.5. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

82
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

5 More about Probability

 Consolidation Exercise 5E

Level 1
1. There are 10 boys and 14 girls in a class. 5 students are randomly chosen from the class to be the
members of a debating team. Find the probability that 5 girls are chosen.

2. There are 10 different novels and 5 different cookbooks on a bookshelf. 4 books are randomly picked
from the bookshelf. Find the probability that the books picked are all
(a) novels,
(b) cookbooks.

3. The figure shows the calendar of April in 2015, where the shaded April 2015
dates are public holidays. Michael randomly chooses 3 days in that S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4
month for distance running practice. Find the probability that 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(a) 3 public holidays are chosen, 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
(b) all of the 3 days chosen are on Friday, Saturday or Sunday.
26 27 28 29 30

4. A bag contains 8 different black balls and 1 white ball. 4 balls are randomly drawn from the bag. Find
the probability that
(a) all the balls drawn are black balls,
(b) the white ball is drawn.

5. 3 numbers are randomly chosen from the 20 integers 1 to 20. Find the probability that the product of
the 3 numbers chosen is odd.

6. Daisy, Sandy and 10 other students are the members of a volleyball team. 6 members are randomly
chosen from the team to participate in a volleyball competition. Find the probability that both Daisy
and Sandy are chosen.

7. There are 16 colour pencils of different colours in a pencil box, including a red pencil, a green pencil
and a blue pencil. 7 pencils are randomly chosen from the pencil box. Find the probability that
(a) both the red and the blue pencils are chosen,
(b) the red, the green and the blue pencils are not chosen.

8. There are 30 students in S5A and 15 of them are boys. 6 students are randomly chosen from S5A to
form a class committee. Find the probability that 2 boys and 4 girls are chosen.

83
9. There are 9 watermelons and 6 pineapples in a box. 5 pieces of fruit are randomly taken from the box.
Find the probability that
(a) 3 watermelons and 2 pineapples are taken, (b) exactly 4 watermelons are taken.

10. 10 people apply for a job with 4 vacancies. Each of them has an equal probability of receiving a job
offer. If Mandy, Nicky and Oscar are 3 of the applicants, find the probability that
(a) only one of them receives a job offer, (b) not all of them receive job offers.

11. 5 cards are randomly drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that
(a) 2 hearts and 3 black cards are drawn, (b) the cards drawn are ‘A’ or black.

12. In a swimming team, 5 students come from Red House, 4 students come from Blue House and
3 students come from Yellow House. 6 students are randomly chosen from the team to test the time to
finish a 50 m freestyle. Find the probability that
(a) 2 students from each of the three houses are chosen,
(b) exactly 3 students from Red House are chosen.

13. Chris will visit Germany, Luxembourg and 6 other countries in a journey. He will visit each country
once only and randomly plan his route. Find the probability that
(a) Germany will be the last country to visit,
(b) Germany will be the first country and Luxembourg will be the second country to visit.

14. 6 different digits are randomly chosen from the 9 digits 1 to 9 to form a 6-digit number. Find the
probability that the last two digits of the number are ‘35’.

15. Jenny, Jacky and 5 other people join a Christmas party. Each of them prepares a Christmas gift. The
7 gifts are put in a bag and then each of them randomly draws a gift from the bag. Find the probability
that Jenny draws Jacky’s gift and Jacky draws Jenny’s gift.

16. The letters of the word ‘DRAGONFLY’ are randomly arranged in a row. Find the probability that
(a) the letter ‘R’ is arranged in the middle,
(b) the letter ‘G’ is the first letter and ‘A’ is the last letter.

17. 4 different biology books and 6 different physics books are randomly arranged in a row on a
bookshelf. Find the probability that a particular physics book is not at the right end of the row.

Level 2
18. There are 7 boys and 9 girls in a class. 5 students are randomly selected from the class to organize a
Christmas party. Find the probability that
(a) the students selected are all girls, (b) the students selected are of the same gender,
(c) at least 1 boy and at least 1 girl are selected.
84
19. 5 animals are randomly chosen from 8 cats and 10 dogs. Find the probability that
(a) the animals chosen are all cats, (b) at least 3 cats are chosen,
(c) at most 2 cats are chosen.

20. There are 12 researchers in an institute. 3 of them are Japanese, 5 of them are Germans and the rest
are British. 5 researchers are randomly chosen from the institute to form a committee. Find the
probability that
(a) all the committee members are Europeans,
(b) at least 1 Japanese is chosen,
(c) all the committee members are Europeans, and the number of British chosen is more than the
number of Germans chosen.

21. There are 18 different cards in a box. Seven cards are marked with ‘1’. Six cards are marked with ‘2’.
Five cards are marked with ‘5’. Susan randomly draws 4 cards from the box. Find the probability that
the sum of the numbers on the cards drawn is
(a) greater than 15, (b) less than 15.

22. There are 10 apples and 6 oranges in a fruit tray. 8 pieces of fruit in the tray are randomly selected for
inspection. Find the probability that
(a) the numbers of apples and oranges selected are the same,
(b) the numbers of apples and oranges selected are different,
(c) the number of apples selected is less than the number of oranges selected.

23. There are 4 different kinds of chocolate cakes and 9 different kinds of cheesecakes in a tray. 5 cakes
are randomly chosen from the tray. Find the probability that
(a) at least 3 chocolate cakes are chosen, (b) at least 3 cheesecakes are chosen.

24. 7 universities are going to hold a joint-school dancing competition. 3 student representatives from
each of the universities attend a meeting. In the meeting, 5 students are randomly chosen from the
representatives to form a committee. Find the probability that the 5 students chosen come from
(a) 2 different universities, (b) 5 different universities,
(c) at most 4 different universities.

25. The 9 digits from 1 to 9 are randomly arranged in a row to form a 9-digit password. Find the probability
that
(a) ‘6’ is the first digit and ‘8’ is not the last digit,
(b) ‘8’ and ‘9’ are arranged next to each other.

26. David, Edison, Fred and 9 other people randomly stand in a row for a group photo. Find the probability
that
(a) David, Edison and Fred stand next to each other,
(b) David, Edison and Fred stand next to each other, where Edison stands between David and Fred.

85
 27. 8 students have individual interviews. The numbers of students from schools A, B and C are 4, 3 and 1
respectively. Each student has one interview only and the order of interviews is randomly arranged.
Find the probability that
(a) the students from the same school are arranged to have interviews successively,
(b) no students from school A are arranged to have interviews successively.

28. 4 different forks and 4 different spoons are randomly arranged in a row on a table. Find the probability
that
(a) the forks are arranged on the left and the spoons are arranged on the right,
(b) the forks and the spoons are arranged alternately.

29. The figure shows the floor plan of a room. There is a table with 10 seats in the
room. 5 couples join a gathering and they are randomly arranged to sit in the
room. Find the probability that
(a) all the men sit on one side of the table,
(b) all the couples sit face to face.

30. The stem-and-leaf diagram shows the distribution of the heights Heights of a group of students
of a group of students. It is given that the mean of this distribution Stem (10 cm) Leaf (1 cm)
14 1 9
is 163 cm. 15 1 5 7
b
(a) Find the values of a, b and c.
16 a 0 4
(b) 5 students are randomly chosen from the group. Find the 9
17 2 3 7
probability that the median of the heights of the 5 students 9 c
chosen is 157 cm.

* 31. Candy, Cathy and 6 other people are assigned to 4 double rooms of different sizes randomly. Find the
probability that
(a) Candy and Cathy are assigned to the largest room,
(b) Candy and Cathy are assigned to different rooms,
(c) Candy is assigned to the largest room and Cathy is assigned to the smallest room.

* 32. 3 girls and 7 boys participate in a piano competition. Each participant will perform once and the order
of performances is randomly arranged.
(a) Find the probability that all the girls perform successively.
(b) 6 of the participants will go to the semi-final of the competition. In the semi-final, each of the
participants will perform once and the order of performances is randomly arranged. Suppose each
of the 10 participants has an equal probability of going to the semi-final. Find the probability that
(i) all the girls go to the semi-final,
(ii) all the girls go to the semi-final and they perform successively in the semi-final.

86
* 33. N
B

C D

A
The figure shows a street map. A robber escapes from A to B. At each junction, he goes either to the
north or to the east.
(a) Show that there are 35 different paths from A to B that the robber can choose.
(Hint: For each path from A to B, the robber must go to the north at exactly 3 junctions and to
the east at exactly 4 junctions.)
(b) Suppose the robber randomly chooses one of the 35 paths. The police have set a checkpoint at C.
If the robber passes through the checkpoint, the police will arrest him.
(i) Find the probability that the robber is arrested by the police at C.
(ii) Hugo claims that if the checkpoint is moved from C to D, the probability that the police arrest
the robber at the checkpoint will be increased by 50%. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

* 34. In a game, three balls A, B and C are dropped into a device containing nine tubes of different colours
arranged as shown in the figure below.

Suppose each ball randomly falls into one of the tubes. After ball A falls into a tube, ball B will be
dropped. After ball B falls into a tube, ball C will be dropped. Each player of this game adopts one of
the following two options.
Option I: The balls are not allowed to fall into the same tube. If the three balls fall into a straight line
of tubes (a row, a column or a diagonal), the player gets 30 coins. If the three balls fall into
three of the four tubes at the corners, the player gets 45 coins. Otherwise, the player gets no
coins.
Option II: The balls are allowed to fall into the same tube. If the three balls fall into the same tube, the
player gets 120 coins. If the three balls fall into a straight line of tubes (a row, a column or a
diagonal), the player gets 36 coins. If the three balls fall into exactly two of the four tubes
at the corners, the player gets 30 coins. Otherwise, the player gets no coins.

[Examples of a straight line of tubes: , and .]

(a) If a player adopts option I, find the probability of getting no coins.

(b) Which option should a player adopt in order to minimize the probability of getting no coins?
Explain your answer.
(c) A player claims that the expected number of coins got in option I is greater than the expected
number of coins got in option II. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
87
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 5E
13 3 65
1. 21. (a) (b)
276 68 68
2 1 35 108
2. (a) (b) 22. (a) (b)
13 273 143 143
2 11 17
3. (a) (b) (c)
145 203 286
5 4
4. (a) (b) 17 126
9 9 23. (a) (b)
143 143
2
5. 2 81
19 24. (a) (b)
323 323
5
6. 242
22 (c)
323
7 3
7. (a) (b) 7 2
40 20 25. (a) (b)
72 9
7
8. 1 1
29 26. (a) (b)
22 66
60 36
9. (a) (b) 3 1
143 143 27. (a) (b)
140 14
1 29
10. (a) (b) 1 1
2 30 28. (a) (b)
70 35
65 9
11. (a) (b) 1 1
833 238 29. (a) (b)
126 945
15 25
12. (a) (b) 30. (a) a = 0, b = 9, c = 9
77 66
1 1 90
13. (a) (b) (b)
8 56 1 001
1 1 6
14. 31. (a) (b)
72 28 7
1 1
15. (c)
42 14
1 1 1
16. (a) (b) 32. (a)
9 72 15
9 1 1
17. (b) (i) (ii)
10 6 30
3 7 12
18. (a) (b) 33. (b) (i) (ii) yes
104 208 35
201 6
(c) 34. (a) (b) option I
208 7
1 13 (c) no
19. (a) (b)
153 34
21
(c)
34
7 37
20. (a) (b)
44 44
5
(c)
88

88
 F5B: Chapter 6A
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Book Example 1
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Maths Corner Exercise
6A Level 1
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Maths Corner Exercise
6A Level 2
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6A Multiple Choice ○ Problems Signature ( )
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89
 ○ Skipped
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Checked
E-Class Multiple Choice
Self-Test
○ Problems _________
encountered
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90
5B Lesson Worksheet 6.1A (Refer to Book 5B P.6.6)

Objective: To understand direct variations and their graphs.

Direct Variations
y
Suppose y varies directly as x. y = kx
(a) y = kx, where k is a non-zero variation constant. It can be written as y ∝ x.
(b) The graph of y against x is a straight line passing through the origin and its slope = k

slope is the variation constant k. x

O

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Suppose m varies directly as n. When n = 12, m = 60. Suppose p varies directly as q. When q = 18, p = 36.
(a) Express m in terms of n. (a) Express p in terms of q.
(b) Find the value of m when n = 20. (b) Find the value of p when q = 7.
(a) Since m ∝ n, we have m = kn, where k ≠ 0. (a) Since p ∝ q, we have , where k ≠ 0.
When n = 12, m = 60. When q = 18, p = 36.
∴ 60 = k(12) ∴ ( ) = k( )
k=5 k=( )
∴ m = 5n
‘∝’ means ‘varies
directly as’. ∴ Set up an equation
to represent the
relation between p
(b) When n = 20, (b) When q = 7,
and q.
m = 5 × 20 p=( )×( )
= 100 =

1. Suppose w varies directly as v . When v = 4, 2. Suppose r varies directly as s2. When s = 6,

w = 6. r = 24.
(a) Express w in terms of v. (a) Express r in terms of s.
(b) Find the value of v when w = 15. (b) Find the value(s) of s when r = 54.

Ex 6A: 1−5
(a) Since w ∝ v , we have
.

(b) When w = 15,

Put w = 15 into the
result of (a). Then
find the value of v.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

It is given that y ∝ x. When x = 5, y = 15. It is given that y ∝ x. When x = 8, y = 2.
(a) Draw the graph of y against x. (a) Draw the graph of y against x.
(b) Find the variation constant. (b) Find the variation constant.

91
 y
4
(a) y The graph of y against (a)
x is a straight line 2
15 passing through the x
10 origin. 0 2 4 6 8
5
(b) Variation constant =
(b) Variation
0 constant x= slope of the graph
5 10 15 ( )−( )
15 − 0 =
Slope of the graph = ( )−( )
= slope of the line joining
5−0
=3 ( )
(0 , 0) and (5 , 15) =
( )

3. It is given that y varies directly as x. When x = 6, y = 4.
Ex 6A: 10, 11

(a) Does the figure on the right correctly show the graph of y against x? y
If no, draw the graph of y against x in the figure. Does the graph 4
pass through the
(b) Find the variation constant. origin? 2

x
0 2 4 6

4. It is given that y varies directly as x. When x = 10, y = 8. y

(a) Draw the graph of y against x in the figure. 8

(b) Find the value of y when x = 35. 4

x
0 4 8 12

Level Up Question

v3
5. It is given that u ∝ v3. Is a constant? Explain your answer.
u2

92
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5B

6 Variations

Consolidation Exercise 6A

Level 1
1. It is given that a is directly proportional to b. When b = 2, a = 10.
(a) Express a in terms of b. (b) Find the value of a when b = 7.

2. It is given that P ∝ Q. When Q = 4, P = 28.

(a) Express P in terms of Q. (b) Find the value of Q when P = 84.

3. Suppose r varies directly as s. When s = 16, r = 2.

(a) Find the variation constant. (b) Find the value of r when s = 40.
(c) Find the value of s when r = 8.

4. It is given that v ∝ u , where u > 0. When u = 121, v = 33.

(a) Express v in terms of u. (b) Find the value of v when u = 81.

5. It is given that m varies directly as the square of n. When n = 4, m = 80.

(a) Express m in terms of n.
(b) Find the value of m when n = 3.
(c) Find the possible value(s) of n when m = 180.

6. Suppose y varies directly as x. The table shows some values of x and the corresponding values of y.
Without finding the variation constant, find the values of p and q.
x 4 16 q
y p 48 81

7. Suppose p varies directly as q3. When q = 3, p = 189. Without finding the variation constant, find the
value of p when q = 2.

 8. It is given that s varies directly to the cube root of t. When t = 64, s = 20. Without finding the variation
constant, find the value of t when s = 30.

1 1
9. Let g ∝ h2. When h = , g = 1. Without finding the variation constant, find the value of g when h = .
3 6

10. Suppose y varies directly as x. When x = 4, y = 8. Draw the graph of y against x.

93
11. It is given that y is directly proportional to x. When x = 2, y = 5.
(a) Draw the graph of y against x.
(b) Express y in terms of x.
(c) What is the relationship between the variation constant and the slope of the graph obtained in (a)?
Explain your answer.

12. The figure shows the graph of y against x, where y varies directly as x. y

(a) Find the variation constant. 6

(b) Find the value of y when x = 10. 3

(c) Find the value of x when y = 36. x
0 3

13. It is given that s ∝ t. If t increases by 20%, find the percentage change in s.

14. Suppose v varies directly as u. If u decreases by 10%, find the percentage change in v.

Level 2
15. Suppose y varies directly as (6 − x). When x = 4, y = 6.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = −3.

16. It is given that m ∝ (5n + 3). When n = 1, m = 2.

(a) Express m in terms of n.
(b) Find the value of n when m = 32.

17. It is given that r is directly proportional to (2s + 3). When s = 2, r = 14. Without finding the variation
constant, find the value of s when r = 22.

18. Suppose y varies directly as the cube of (x − 1). When x = 3, y = 32. Without finding the variation
constant,
(a) find the value of y when x = 4,
 (b) find the value of x when y = 256.

19. It is given that a varies directly as b. When b = 6, a = 36.

(a) Express a in terms of b.
(b) If b decreases by 2, what is the increase or decrease in a?
(c) If a increases by 1, what is the increase or decrease in b?

20. Suppose (am + 3) ∝ (n + 1), where a is a constant. When n = 8, m = 3. When n = 32, m = 12.
(a) Find the value of a.
m
(b) Is a constant? Explain your answer.
n
94
 21. It is given that y ∝ (x2 + 2). When x = 3, y = 33.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Does y vary directly as x? Explain your answer.
(c) When the value of y is 9 times that of x, find the possible value(s) of x.

22. Suppose y varies directly as x3. If x increases by 10%, find the percentage change in y.

23. It is given that r varies directly as the square of s. If s decreases by 20%, find the percentage change in r.

 24. Suppose y varies directly as the cube root of x. If x increases by 72.8%, find the percentage change in y.

 25. Suppose y ∝ xa, where a is a constant and a rational number. When x decreases by 10%, y decreases
by 27.1%.
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) When x = 2, y = 24. Without finding the variation constant, find the value of x when y = 375.
(c) Find the percentage change in y when
(i) x is doubled, (ii) x is halved.

26. In the figure, the graph of y against x is a straight line. Daisy y

claims that there exists a real number k such that y is directly 3
proportional to (x + k). Do you agree? Explain your answer.
2

x
0 1 2 3 4

* 27. It is given that a varies directly as b and b varies directly as c.

(a) Does a vary directly as c? Explain your answer.
(b) If a ≠ b, does (a − b) vary directly as c? Explain your answer.
(c) When c = 3, a = 18 and b = 6. Find the value of c when a − b = 16.

* 28. It is given that x varies directly as y 3 and y varies directly z2, where y > 0 and z > 0.
(a) Is it true that x ∝ z3? Explain your answer.
x
(b) Is a constant? Explain your answer.
yz

 * 29. Suppose p varies directly as qt, where t is a constant and q > 0. The log3 p

graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log3 q and log3 p.
2
The intercepts on the horizontal axis and the vertical axis of the graph
are −1 and 2 respectively.
log3 q
(a) Find the variation constant and the value of t. −1 0
(b) If p > 36, find the range of values of q.

95
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6A
1. (a) a = 5b (b) 25
(b) 35 17. 4
2. (a) P = 7Q 18. (a) 108
(b) 12 (b) 5
1 19. (a) a = 6b
3. (a)
8 (b) a decreases by 12.
(b) 5 1
(c) b increases by .
(c) 64 6
4. (a) v = 3 u 20. (a) 8
(b) 27 (b) yes
2
5. (a) m = 5n 21. (a) y = 3(x2 + 2)
(b) 45 (b) no
(c) 6, −6 (c) 1, 2
6. p = 12, q = 27 22. +33.1%
7. 56 23. −36%
8. 216 24. +20%
1 25. (a) 3
9.
4 (b) 5
5
11. (b) y = x (c) (i) +700%
2
(c) Their values are equal. (ii) −87.5%
12. (a) 2 26. yes
(b) 20 27. (a) yes
(c) 18 (b) yes
13. +20% (c) 4
14. −10% 28. (a) yes
15. (a) y = 3(6 − x) (b) yes
(b) 27 29. (a) variation constant = 9, t = 2
1 (b) q > 2
16. (a) m = (5n + 3)
4

96
 F5B: Chapter 6B
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6B Level 2
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Maths Corner Exercise
6B Multiple Choice
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97
 ○ Complete and Mark:
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E-Class Multiple Choice
Self-Test
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98
5B Lesson Worksheet 6.1B (Refer to Book 5B P.6.13)

Objective: To understand inverse variations and their graphs.

Inverse Variations
y
Suppose y varies inversely as x. k
y=
k 1 x
(a) y = , where k is a non-zero variation constant. It can be written as y ∝ .
x x
(b) The graph of y against x is a curve which does not pass through the origin. x
O

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Suppose p varies inversely as q. When q = 8, p = 3. Suppose m varies inversely as n. When n = 5, m = 12.
(a) Express p in terms of q. (a) Express m in terms of n.
(b) Find the value of p when q = 2. (b) Find the value of m when n = 10.
1 k 1
(a) Since p ∝ , we have p = , where k ≠ 0. (a) Since m ∝ , we have , where k ≠ 0.
q q n
When q = 8, p = 3. When n = 5, m = 12.

∴ 3=
k
8
‘p ∝
1
q
’ also means ∴ ( )=
(
k
)
k = 24 ‘p varies directly as k=( )
∴ p=
24
q
1
q
’. ∴
(b) When q = 2, (b) When n = 10,
24 ( )
p= = 12 m= =
2 ( )

1. Suppose a varies inversely as b2. When b = 2, 2. Suppose y varies inversely as x . When x = 16,
a = 9. 1
y= .
2
(a) Express a in terms of b.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value(s) of b when a = 1.
(b) Find the value of x when y = 2.
Ex 6B: 1−4
1
(a) Since a ∝ 2 , we have
b
.

(b) When a = ( ),

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

99
 1 1
It is given that y ∝ . When x = 2, y = 1. It is given that y ∝ . When x = 3, y = 4.
x x
(a) Find the variation constant. (a) Find the variation constant.
(b) Draw the graph of y against x. (b) Draw the graph of y against x.
1 k 1
(a) Since y ∝ , we have y = , where k ≠ 0. (a) Since y ∝ , we have , where k ≠ 0.
x x x
When x = 2, y = 1. When x = 3, y = 4.
∴ 1=
k
2
∴ ( )=
(
k
)
k=2 x
∴
0.5 1 2 4 k = ( x) 1 2 3
The variation
y 4constant
2 is 2.1 0.5 ∴ y 3 2
2
(b) y =
yx (y )
The graph does (b) y =
4 not intersect the x
10
two axes.
2 5

x x
0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. It is given that y varies inversely as x. When x = 8, y = 6.
Ex 6B: 9, 10

(a) Express y in terms of x. (b) Draw the graph of y against x.
x 4 8 24
y 4 3
y
10

x
0 5 10 15 20 25

Level Up Question 
1 1
4. It is given that z ∝ and x ∝ . Does z vary inversely as y? Explain your answer.
x y

100
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5B

6 Variations

Consolidation Exercise 6B

Level 1
1. It is given that u varies inversely as v. When v = 6, u = 8.
(a) Express u in terms of v. (b) Find the value of u when v = 12.

2. Suppose m varies inversely as n2. When n = 3, m = 20.

(a) Express m in terms of n. (b) Find the value of m when n = 6.

3. It is given that p varies inversely as the square root of q. When q = 4, p = 12.

(a) Express p in terms of q. (b) Find the value of q when p = 8.

1
 4. It is given that s ∝ . When t = 27, s = 4.
3
t
(a) Find the variation constant. (b) Find the value of s when t = 64.

1
5. It is given that a ∝ . The table below shows some values of b and the corresponding values of a.
b
b 3 5 q
a p 12 4
Without finding the variation constant, find the values of p and q.

6. It is given that r is inversely proportional to s. When s = 12, r = 7. Without finding the variation
constant, find the value of r when s = 3.

7. Suppose that y varies inversely as x . When x = 9, y = 16. Without finding the variation constant,
(a) find the value of y when x = 36, (b) find the value of x when y = 24.

9
8. It is given that a varies inversely as the cube of b. When b = 2, a = . Without finding the variation
5
constant,
1
(a) find the value of a when b = 3,  (b) find the value of b when a = .
15

1
9. Let q ∝ . When p = 2, q = 3. Without finding the variation constant,
p2
(a) find the value of q when p = 4, (b) find the value(s) of p when q = 12.

101
10. Suppose y varies inversely as x. When x = 2, y = 8.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Complete the following table. Hence, draw the graph of y against x.
x 1 2 8
y 8 4 1

11. The figure shows the graph of y against x, where y varies inversely as x. y
The graph passes through (5 , 6).
(5 , 6)
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 0.5.
(c) Find the value of x when y = 15. x
O

12. It is given that m is inversely proportional to n. If n decreases by 50%, find the percentage change in m.

13. Suppose a varies inversely as b. If b increases by 60%, find the percentage change in a.

Level 2
1
14. It is given that y ∝ . When x = 2, y = 16.
3x + 4
(a) Express y in terms of x. (b) Find the value of y when x = 12.

15. Suppose u varies inversely as (v − 2). When v = 5, u = 6.

6
(a) Express u in terms of v. (b) Find the value of v when u = .
5

7
16. It is given that p is inversely proportional to (3q − 1). When q = , p = 4. Without finding the variation
6
constant, find the value of p when q = 7.

17. Suppose s varies inversely as t. When t = 4, s = 8 − a. When t = 10 + a, s = 2. Without finding the

variation constant, find the value of the constant a.

18. Suppose y varies inversely as the square root of x. When x = 4, y = 9 − a. When x = 9, y = a + 1.

(a) Find the value of the constant a.
(b) Express y in terms of x.
(c) Find the value of x when y = 2.

19. It is given that y varies inversely as the square of x. When x = 2, y = 24.

(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Let a and b be constants. When x = a, y = 63. When x = 9, y = b. Find a2 : b.
 (c) If x : y = 2 : 3, find the values of x and y.
20. It is given that y varies inversely as (x + c), where c is a constant. When x = 3, y = 4. When x = 5, y = 3.
102
 (a) Find the value of c.
(b) Express y in terms of x.
(c) Find the value of y when x = 9.

21. It is given that p varies inversely as (cq + 3), where c is a constant. When q = 1, p = 9. When q = 3, p = 5.
(a) Find the value of c.
(b) Find the value of p when q = 6.
(c) When p is an even number, is it possible that q is an integer? Explain your answer.

22. It is given that s varies inversely as the cube of t.

(a) If t is doubled, find the percentage change in s.
(b) If t is halved, find the percentage change in s.

1
 23. It is given that y ∝ .
x
(a) If x decreases by 36%, find the percentage change in y.
(b) If x increases by 56.25%, find the percentage change in y.

 1  1
* 24. It is given that  a +  varies inversely as  b +  , where the variation constant is greater than 2.
 b  a
(a) Show that (ab + 1)2 ∝ ab.
(b) Show that (a2b2 + 1) ∝ ab.
(c) Hence, show that (a2b2 + 1) ∝ (ab + 1)2.

* 25. Suppose y varies inversely as x. When x = 4, y = 2(1 + a2). When x = a + 2, y = 16.

(a) Find the possible values of the constant a.
 (b) Take a as the smaller value obtained in (a). Denote the variation constant by k. It is given that
1
x = tn, where n is a constant. When t : k = 1 : 4, y = . Find the value of n.
16

 * 26. It is given that y varies inversely as xn, where x > 0, y > 0 and n is a positive constant. In Fig. I, the
 9
graph of y against x passes through  2 ,  . The graph in Fig. II shows the linear relation between
 2
log6 x and log6 y. The intercept on the vertical axis of the graph in Fig. II is 2.
log6 y
y

 9 2
2, 
 2

x log6 x
O Fig. I 0 Fig. II

(a) Express y in terms of x.

(b) Find the slope of the graph in Fig. II.

103
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6B
48 18
1. (a) u = 15. (a) u =
v v−2
(b) 4 (b) 17
180 1
2. (a) m = 2 16.
n 2
(b) 5
17. 2
24
3. (a) p =
q
(b) 9
18. (a) 3
4. (a) 12
12
(b) 3 (b) y =
x
5. p = 20, q = 15
(c) 36
6. 28 96
19. (a) y =
7. (a) 8 x2
(b) 4 (b) 9 : 7
8 (c) x = 4, y = 6
8. (a)
15 20. (a) 3
(b) 6
24
3 (b) y =
9. (a) x+3
4
(c) 2
(b) 1, −1
21. (a) 2
16
10. (a) y = (b) 3
x
(b) x 1 2 4 8 16 (c) no
y 16 8 4 2 1 22. (a) −87.5%
30
11. (a) y = (b) +700%
x
(b) 60 23. (a) +25%

(c) 2 (b) −20%

12. +100% 25. (a) −1, 3

13. −37.5% (b) 4

160 36
14. (a) y = 26. (a) y =
3x + 4 x3
(b) 4 (b) −3

104
 F5B: Chapter 6C
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6C Multiple Choice
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105
5B Lesson Worksheet 6.2A (Refer to Book 5B P.6.20)

Objective: To understand joint variations.

Joint Variations
When a variable varies directly as the product of two or more variables, their relation is a joint variation.
Moreover, a joint variation can involve both direct and inverse variations.
e.g. (a) If z varies jointly as x2 and y, then z ∝ x2y, i.e. z = kx2y, where k ≠ 0.
x kx
(b) If z varies directly as x and inversely as y , then z ∝ , i.e. z = , where k ≠ 0.
y y

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Suppose z varies jointly as x and y. When x = 2 and Suppose p varies jointly as q and r2. When q = 8 and
y = 5, z = 30. r = 3, p = 432.
(a) Express z in terms of x and y. (a) Express p in terms of q and r.
(b) Find the value of z when x = 6 and y = 7. (b) Find the value of p when q = 4 and r = 5.
(a) Since z ∝ xy, we have z = kxy, where k ≠ 0. (a) Since p ∝ qr2, we have , where k ≠ 0.
When x = 2 and y = 5, z = 30. When q = 8 and r = 3, p = 432.
∴30 = k(2)(5) ∴ ( ) = k( )( )
k=3 k=( )
∴z = 3xy
‘z ∝ xy’ is equivalent to
∴
(b) When x = 6 and y = 7, ‘z varies directly as xy’. (b) When q = 4 and r = 5,
z=3×6×7 p = ( )( )( )
= 126 =

1. Suppose u varies jointly as v and w3. When 2. It is given that r varies jointly as s2 and t .
v = 9 and w = 2, u = 360. When s = 6 and t = 25, r = 720.
(a) Express u in terms of v and w. (a) Express r in terms of s and t.
(b) Find the value of v when w = 3 and (b) Find the value of t when s = 2 and r = 64.
u = 540.
Ex 6C: 1−4

(a) Since u ∝ vw3, we have

.

(b) When w = ( ) and u = ( ),

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Suppose a varies directly as b and inversely as c. Suppose x varies directly as y2 and inversely as z.
When b = 24 and c = 8, a = 21. When y = 5 and z = 4, x = 50.
(a) Express a in terms of b and c. (a) Express x in terms of y and z.

106
(b) Find the value of a when b = 8 and c = 4. (b) Find the value of x when y = 6 and z = 12.
b kb y2
(a) Since a ∝ , we have a = , where k ≠ 0. (a) Since x ∝ , we have , where k ≠ 0.
c c z
When b = 24 and c = 8, a = 21. When y = 5 and z = 4, x = 50.
∴ 21 =
k (24)
8
∴ ( )=
k( )
( )
k=7
k=( )
∴ a=
7b
c
∴
(b) When b = 8 and c = 4, (b) When y = 6 and z = 12,
7(8)
a= = 14
4

3. It is given that p varies directly as q and

inversely as r3. When q = 54 and r = 3, p = 4. It is given that z varies directly as x and
2
4. inversely as y . When x = 16 and y = 1, z = 60.
(a) Express p in terms of q and r. (a) Express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value of q when p = 1 and (b) Find the value of x when y = 5 and z = 3.
r = 2.
Ex 6C: 5−8

q
(a) Since p ∝ , we have
r3
.

(b) When p = ( ) and r = ( ),

Level Up Question

5. Suppose f varies jointly as g3 and h. If g increases by 30% and h decreases by 20%, will the
percentage increase in f be greater than 70%? Explain your answer.

107
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5B

6 Variations

Consolidation Exercise 6C

Level 1
1. Suppose z varies jointly as x and y. When x = 2 and y = 3, z = 30.
(a) Express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value of z when x = 6 and y = 3 .

2. It is given that r varies jointly as p and q4. When p = 7 and q = 1, r = 14.

(a) Express r in terms of p and q.
(b) Find the value of r when p = 4 and q = 2.

3. It is given that c ∝ ab . When a = 2 and b = 18, c = 18.

(a) Express c in terms of a and b.
(b) Find the value of c when a = 24 and b = 6.

4. It is given that r varies jointly as s2 and t . When s = 1 and t = 4, r = 12.

(a) Find the value of r when s = 3 and t = 9.
(b) Find the value of t when r = 3 and s = 0.25.

5. It is given that z varies directly as x and inversely as y. When x = 15 and y = 9, z = 10.

(a) Express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value of z when x = 4 and y = 3.

6. It is given that w varies directly as u and inversely as v. When u = 45 and v = 5, w = 3.

(a) Express w in terms of u and v.
(b) Find the value of u when v = w = 4.

7. It is given that p varies directly as q and inversely as r2. When q = 6 and r = 2, p = 54.
(a) Express p in terms of q and r.
(b) Find the value of r when p = 9 and q = r, where q ≠ 0 and r ≠ 0.

8. It is given that c varies directly as a and inversely as b . When a = 7 and b = 9, c = 28.

(a) Find the value of c when a = 5 and b = 16.
(b) Find the value of b when a = 2 and c = 6.

9. Suppose z varies directly as x3 and inversely as y. When x = 10 and y = 8, z = 50. Find the value of yz
when x = 4.

108
10. Suppose z varies jointly as x and y.
(a) If x increases by 30% and y decreases by 30%, find the percentage change in z.
(b) If x decreases by 10% and y decreases by 10%, find the percentage change in z.

11. Suppose p varies directly as q and inversely as w.

(a) If q increases by 30% and w increases by 25%, find the percentage change in p.
(b) If p decreases by 5% and w increases by 20%, find the percentage change in q.
(c) If p increases by 25% and q remains unchanged, find the percentage change in w.

Level 2
1
12. Suppose z varies jointly as x2 and . When x = 6 and y = 2, z = 27.
y3
(a) Express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value of z when x = y = 3.
(c) Find the value(s) of x when y = 6 and z = 9.

13. It is given that c varies jointly as the cube of a and the square root of b. When a = 2 and b = 9, c = 48.
(a) Find the value of b when a = 3 and c = 18.
(b) Does c vary jointly as a and b? Explain your answer.

14. Suppose u varies directly as v2 and inversely as the square root of w. When v = 5 and w = 9, u = 25.
(a) Find the value of u when v = 6 and w = 4.
 (b) Find the value of w when u = 81 and v = w, where v > 0 and w > 0.

15. Suppose r varies directly as p3 and inversely as q2. When p = 3 and q = 1, r = 12.
(a) Express r in terms of p and q.
(b) Find the values of p and q when p : q = 1 : 2 and r = 2.

16. It is given that s varies directly as uv and inversely as w. When u : w = 3 : 5 and v = 2, s = 6.

(a) Find the value of s when v : w = 2 : 5 and u = 2.
(b) Find the value of w when s = 3u and v = 6, where u ≠ 0.
(c) If s, u, v, w are positive numbers, is the value of uv greater than that of sw? Explain your answer.

17. Suppose z ∝ (x + a)y, where a is a constant. When x = 5 and y = 4, z = 12. When x = 4 and y = 14, z = 35.
(a) Find the value of z when x = 7 and y = 8.
(b) Find the value of z when the values of x, y and z are equal and non-zero.
(c) If x > 3 and y > 8, does the value of z exceed 15? Explain your answer.

18. When y remains as a constant, z varies directly as xn, where n is a constant and it is an integer. When x
remains as a constant, z varies inversely as y. When x = 3 and y = 2, z = 18. When x = 6 and y = 12, z = 12.
 (a) Find the value of n. Hence, express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value(s) of x when y = 5 and z = 20.
109
 19. Suppose z varies directly as x2 and inversely as y. Find the percentage change in z in each of the
following cases.
(a) x reduces to half of its original value and y increases to 2 times its original value.
3
(b) x increases to 1.5 times its original value and y reduces to of its original value.
4
(c) The values of x and y are doubled.

 20. Suppose w varies directly as the square root of u and inversely as the square of v.
(a) If u increases by 44% and v increases by 25%, find the percentage change in w.
(b) If v decreases by 50% and w increases 60%, find the percentage change in u.

3 2 p3
21. (a) If r varies directly as p and inversely as q , show that 2 is a constant.
q r
a + b6c 2
(b) If c varies directly as the square root of a and inversely as the cube of b, show that is a
b 6c 2
constant.

* 22. It is given that z varies jointly as xa and yb, where a, b are constants and they are rational numbers.
1
When x = y = 1, z = . When x = 2 and y = 3, z = 36. When x = 3 and y = 2, z = 54.
2
 (a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) If y varies inversely as the square root of x, show that z varies directly as the square of x.

 * 23. Suppose r varies jointly as p and q, where r, p and q are positive numbers. log2 r

The graph in the figure shows the linear relation between log2 (pq) and
log2 r. The intercept on the horizontal axis of the graph is −3.
(a) Express r in terms of p and q.
log2 (pq)
(b) Find the value of q when r : p = 12 : 5. −3 0

* 24. It is given that y varies jointly as (x − p)2 and t, where p is a constant.

When x = 3 and t = 1, y = 18. When x = 5 and t = 2, y = 4.
(a) Express y in terms of x and t.
1 y
 (b) Suppose t = and p is an integer. Then y becomes a function of x,
2 y = f(x)
denoted by f(x). The figure shows the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x),
where the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by reducing the graph of A y = g ( x)
1 B
y = f(x) to of the original along the y-axis. Both graphs have the
2
x
same vertex at V. O V
(i) Find g(x).
(ii) The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) cut the y-axis at A and B
respectively. If R is a point on the graph of y = f(x) such that the
areas of △VAB and △ORV are the same, find the two possible
x-coordinates of R, correct to 3 significant figures.
110
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6C
1. (a) z = 5xy 14. (a) 54
(b) 90 (b) 9
2. (a) r = 2pq 4
4 p3
15. (a) r =
(b) 128 9q 2
3. (a) c = 3 ab (b) p = 18, q = 36
(b) 36
4. (a) 162
(b) 64 16. (a) 4
6x (b) 10
5. (a) z =
y (c) no
(b) 8 17. (a) 32
u
6. (a) w= (b) 1
3v
(c) yes
(b) 48
36q 4x 2
7. (a) p= 2 18. (a) 2, z =
y
r
(b) 4 (b) 5, −5
8. (a) 15 19. (a) −87.5%
(b) 16 (b) +200%
128 (c) +100%
9.
5 20. (a) −23.2%
10. (a) −9% (b) −84%
(b) −19% 22. (a) a = 3, b = 2
11. (a) +4% 23. (a) r = 8pq
(b) +14% 3
(b)
(c) −20% 10
2
6x 2  9
12. (a) z = 3 24. (a) y = 2(x − 6)2t, y = 8  x −  t
y  2
(b) 2 1
(b) (i) (x − 6)2
2
(c) 18, −18
(ii) 10.2, 1.76
1
13. (a)
9
(b) no

111
 F5B: Chapter 6D
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112
5B Lesson Worksheet 6.2B (Refer to Book 5B P.6.26)

Objective: To understand partial variations.

Partial Variations
A variation which consists of the sum of two or more parts is called a partial variation.
e.g. Let k1 and k2 be non-zero constants.
Equation
(a) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as y. z = k 1x + k 2y
k
(b) z is partly constant and partly varies inversely as x. z = k1 + 2
x
k2
(c) z partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely as y. z = k 1x +
y

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

u is partly constant and partly varies directly as v. y is partly constant and partly varies inversely as x.
When v = 2, u = 12 and when v = 4, u = 22. When x = 3, y = 11 and when x = 6, y = 9.
(a) Express u in terms of v. (a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of u when v = 6. (b) Find the value of y when x = 4.
(a) From the question, u = k1 + k2v, where k1 and (a) From the question,
k2 are non-zero constants.
When v = 2, u = 12.
∴
.
12 = k1 + k2(2) When x = 3, y = ( ).
12 = k1 + 2k2 ............... (1)
When v = 4, u = 22. ( ) = k1 + ∴ k2

∴ 22 = k1 + k2(4)
( )
( ) = ( )k1 + k2 .............. (1)
22 = k1 + 4k2 ............... (2) When x = 6, y = ( ).
(2) − (1): 10 = 2k2
k2 = 5 ( ) = k1 + ∴ (
k2
)
Substitute k2 = 5 into (1).
12 = k1 + 2(5) ( ) = ( ) k 1 + k 2 .............. (2)
k1 = 2 (2) − (1): ( ) = ( )k1
∴ u = 2 + 5v
Substitute k 1= (
k1 = ( )
) into (1).
(b) When v = 6,
u = 2 + 5(6) ( ) = ( )( ) + k2
= 32 k2 = ( ) Solve the

∴ simultaneous
equations for
k1 and k2.
(b) When x = ( ),
Do not express the
relation as u ∝ (k1 + v). ( )
y=( )+
In fact, we should avoid ( )
expressing any relation
of partial variation using
=
the symbol ∝.

113
1. a is partly constant and partly varies directly 2. It is given that one part of u varies directly as v
as b . When b = 4, a = 16 and when b = 49, and the other part varies directly as v2. When v = 3,
a = 61. u = 15 and when v = 6, u = 12.
(a) Express a in terms of b. (a) Express u in terms of v.
(b) Find the value of b when a = 43. (b) Find the value(s) of v when u = 7.

Ex 6D: 1−9
(a) From the question,
.
Set up two equations
to solve for the two
variation constants.

(b) When a = ( ),

Level Up Question

3. p partly varies directly as q and partly varies directly as r3. When q = 7 and r = 1, p = 25. When
q = 5 and r = 2, p = 47. Find the value of p when q = 4 and r = 3.

114
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5B

6 Variations

Consolidation Exercise 6D

Level 1
1. s is partly constant and partly varies directly as t. When t = 2, s = 11 and when t = 5, s = 23.
(a) Express s in terms of t.
(b) Find the value of s when t = 4.

2. y is partly constant and partly varies directly as x2. When x = 2, y = 21 and when x = 4, y = 9.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 3.

3. q is the sum of two parts. One part is a constant and the other part varies inversely as p. When p = 2,
q = 8 and when p = 4, q = 5.
(a) Express q in terms of p.
(b) Find the value of q when p = 6.

4. One part of v is a constant and the other part varies inversely as u . When u = 4, v = 11 and when u
= 9, v = 7.
(a) Express v in terms of u.
(b) Find the value of v when u = 36.

5. It is given that one part of m varies directly as n and the other part varies directly as n2. When n = 1,
m = 1 and when n = 2, m = 8.
(a) Express m in terms of n.
(b) Find the value of m when n = 3.

6. It is given that y consists of two parts. One part varies inversely as x and the other part varies inversely
as x3. When x = 1, y = 72 and when x = 3, y = 8.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 6.

7. y partly varies directly as x and partly varies inversely as x. When x = 1, y = 101 and when x = 4,
y = 27.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 25.

8. One part of P is a constant and the other part varies inversely as Q2. When Q = 1, P = 43 and when Q
= 3, P = 11.
(a) Express P in terms of Q.
(b) Find the values of Q when P = 8.
115
9. w is the sum of two parts. One part varies directly as the cube of u and the other part varies directly as
the square of u. When u = 2, w = 4 and when u = 3, w = 27.
(a) Express w in terms of u.
(b) Find the values of u when w = 0.

10. It is given that y partly varies directly as x and partly varies directly as the square root of x. When x = 9,
y = 3 and when x = 25, y = 15.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
 (b) By letting u = x , find the value of x when y = 24.

Level 2
11. c partly varies directly as a and partly varies directly as b . When a = 3 and b = 4, c = 5. When a = 5
and b = 9, c = 9.
(a) Express c in terms of a and b.
(b) Find the value of c when a = 9 and b = 16.
(c) Find the value of b when a = 5 and c = 5.

12. z is the sum of two parts. One part varies directly as x2 and the other part varies inversely as y. When
x = 2 and y = 3, z = −2. When x = 4 and y = 4, z = 5.
(a) Express z in terms of x and y.
(b) Find the value of z when x = 8 and y = 6.
(c) Find the value of y when x = 6 and z = 21.

13. w is the sum of two parts. One part varies directly as the square of u and the other part varies inversely
as the square root of v. When u = 2 and v = 4, w = 13. When u = 4 and v = 1, w = 34.
(a) Express w in terms of u and v.
(b) Find the value of w when u = 3 and v = 9.
(c) Find the value(s) of u when v = 36 and w = 7.

14. It is given that y consists of two parts. One part varies directly as x2 and the other part varies directly
as x. When x = 2, y = −4 and when x = 3, y = 3.
(a) Express y in terms of x.
(b) Find the value of y when x = 4.
(c) Find the value(s) of x when y = 60.

15. r partly varies directly as p, and partly varies jointly as p and q. When p = 2 and q = 3, r = 4. When p
= 4 and q = 5 , r = −8.
(a) Express r in terms of p and q.
(b) Find the value of r when p = 4 and q = 2.
(c) Find the value(s) of p when r = −64 and q = 3p.

116
 16. w partly varies directly as u and partly varies inversely as v. When u = v = 2, w = 8. When u = 3 and v
= 4, w = 10.
(a) Express w in terms of u and v.
(b) If u increases by 25% and v decreases by 20%, find the percentage change in w.
(c) If u : w = 1 : 5, find the value of uv.

17. It is given that s consists of two parts. One part varies directly as t2 and the other part varies inversely
as t2. When t = 2, s = 17 and when t = 6, s = 73.
(a) Express s in terms of t. (b) Find the value of s when t = 3.
41
 (c) Find the value(s) of t when s = .
2

18. It is given that the polynomial f(x) is the sum of three parts. The first part varies directly as x3. The
second part varies directly as x2. The third part is a constant. f(0) = −25, f(2) = 7 and x + 5 is a factor
of f(x).
(a) Find f(x).
(b) Someone claims that all the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are integers. Do you agree? Explain
your answer.
 (c) Is there any integral value of x satisfying the inequality f(x) < x3 + 18x − 37? Explain your answer.

* 19. It is given that f(x) consists of three parts. The first part varies directly as x2. The second part varies
directly as x. The third part is a constant. f(0) = f(2) = 5 and the equation f(x) = 5x − 5 has one double
real root.
(a) Find f(x).
 (b) Using the method of completing the square, find the minimum value of f(x).
 (c) Let R be the vertex of the graph of y = 1 − f(x).
(i) Using the result of (b), find the coordinates of R.
(ii) The coordinates of the circumcentre of a triangle with the origin O and R as two of the
vertices are (2 , k). Find the value of k.

* 20. It is given that f(x) is the sum of two parts. One part varies directly as x
and the other part varies directly as x2. f(2) = 4 and f(5) = −5.
(a) Find the value of f(1).
(b) The figure shows the graph of y = f(x). The graph of y = f(x) cuts the y
x-axis at O and Q. P is a point on the graph and P lies in quadrant I. y = f(x)
P
R is the foot of perpendicular from P to the x-axis.
(i) When area of △OPR : area of △PRQ = 1 : 3, find the area of
△OPQ.
(ii) When the area of △OPQ attains its maximum, find the area of O R Q
x

△OPQ.
(iii) A(1 , a) and B(3 , b) are points lying on the graph of y = f(x).
Find the area of △ABC, where C is a point lying on the x-axis.
117
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6D
1. (a) s = 3 + 4t (c) 2, −2
(b) 19
2. (a) y = 25 − x2
(b) 16
12 14. (a) y = 3x2 − 8x
3. (a) q = 2 +
p (b) 16
(b) 4 10
(c) − , 6
24 3
4. (a) v = −1 +
u 15. (a) r = 8p − 2pq
(b) 3 (b) 16
2
5. (a) m = −2n + 3n 8
(c) − , 4
(b) 21 3
18 54 4
6. (a) y = + 16. (a) w = 3u +
x x3 v
13 (b) +25%
(b)
4 (c) 2
100 36
7. (a) y = x + 17. (a) s = 2t2 +
x t2
(b) 9 (b) 22
36 3 3
8. (a) P = 7 + 2 (c) ,− ,2 2,− 2 2
Q 2 2
(b) 6, −6 18. (a) x3 + 6x2 − 25
9. (a) w = 2u3 − 3u2 (b) no
3 (c) no
(b) 0,
2 5 2
19. (a) x − 5x + 5
10. (a) y = x − 2 x 2
(b) 36 5
(b)
11. (a) c = 3a − 2 b 2
 3
(b) 19 (c) (i) 1 , − 
 2
(c) 25
1
x 2 12 (ii)
12. (a) z = − 4
2 y 20. (a) 3
(b) 30 (b) (i) 6
(c) −4 (ii) 8
2 18
13. (a) w = u + (iii) 3
v
(b) 15

118
 F5B: Chapter 6E
Date Task Progress
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Checked
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encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 15
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Book Example 17
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encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 18
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encountered
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○ Complete
Book Example 19
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encountered
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Checked
Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems
encountered
○ Skipped (Full Solution)
○ Complete and
Checked ___________
Maths Corner Exercise
6E Level 1
○ Problems Teacher’s
Signature
( )
encountered
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6E Level 2
○ Problems Teacher’s
Signature
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encountered
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Checked ___________
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○ Problems Signature ( )
119
 encountered
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Checked
E-Class Multiple Choice
Self-Test
○ Problems _________
encountered
○ Skipped

120
 5B Lesson Worksheet 6.3 (Refer to Book 5B P.6.33)

Objective: To apply direct, inverse, joint and partial variations in solving real-life problems.

Real-life Applications of Variations

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

The production cost ($C) of a plastic bottle varies The distance travelled (d m) by a falling object varies
directly as its capacity (V cm3). The production cost directly as the square of the time taken (t s). A falling
of a plastic bottle with capacity 700 cm3 is $3.5. object takes 4 s to travel 80 m.
(a) Express C in terms of V. (a) Express d in terms of t.
(b) Find the production cost of a plastic bottle with (b) Find the distance travelled when an object falls
capacity 1 200 cm3. for 3 s.
(a) Since C ∝ V, we have C = kV, where k ≠ 0. (a) Since d ∝ , we have d = , where k ≠ 0.
When V = 700, C = 3.5. When t = ( ), d = ( ).
∴ 3.5 = k(700) ∴ ( ) = ( )( )
k = 0.005 k=( )
∴ C = 0.005V ∴
(b) When V = 1 200, (b) When t = ( ),
First set up an
C = 0.005(1 200) equation to represent ( ) = ( )( )
=6 =( )
∴
the relation between
The required productionvariables.
cost is $6. ∴

1. The cost ($C) of a pen varies inversely as the (a) Express f in terms of ℓ .
number of pens (N) produced. When 8 000 pens (b) Find the frequency of a swinging pendulum
are produced, the cost of a pen is $3. with length 0.25 m.
Ex 6E: 1−10

(a) Express C in terms of N.

(b) Find the cost of a pen if 6 000 pens are
produced.

(a) Since C ∝ , we have C = ,

where k ≠ 0.

3. The selling price ($P) of a gold pyramid

varies jointly as its base area (A cm2) and its
(b)
height (h cm). A gold pyramid with base area
4 cm2 and height 6 cm is sold at $5 760.
2. The frequency (f s−1) of a swinging pendulum
(a) Express P in terms of A and h.
varies inversely as the square root of the
(b) Find the height of a gold pyramid if its
length ( ℓ m) of the pendulum. A pendulum with
base area is 3 cm2 and it is sold at $3 600.
length 0.16 m swings at a frequency of 1.25 s−1.

121
 replace 8 tracks in 4 hours.
(a) Express t in terms of n and N.
(b) Do 18 workers take more than 3 hours to
replace 9 tracks? Explain your answer.

4. The time (t h) needed for replacing tracks in a

train station varies directly as the number (n) of
tracks to be replaced and inversely as the
number (N) of workers. Suppose 12 workers can

Level Up Question

5. In a city, the household electricity charge ($C) in a month is divided into two parts. One part is a
constant and the other part varies directly as the energy consumed (E kWh). When E = 575, C = 500
and when E = 800, C = 680.
(a) Express C in terms of E.
(b) Michael claims that the electricity charge is doubled if the energy consumed is doubled. Do you
agree? Explain your answer.

122
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5B

6 Variations

Consolidation Exercise 6E

Level 1
1. The rent ($S) of a flat in a region varies directly as the area (A m2) of the flat. When A = 60,
S = 12 000.
(a) Express S in terms of A.
(b) Find the rent of the flat in the region if its area is 40 m2.

2. The cost ($C) of making a cylindrical cake with fixed height varies directly as the square of its base
radius (r cm). When the base radius of a cylindrical cake is 18 cm, its cost is $54.
(a) Express C in terms of r.
(b) If the base radius of a cylindrical cake is 12 cm, find the cost of the cake.

3. The weight (W g) of a spherical balloon varies directly as the cube of its diameter (d cm). It is given
that the weight of a spherical balloon with radius 4 cm is 16 g.
(a) Express W in terms of d.
(b) If d decreases by 10%, find the percentage change in W.

4. The kinetic energy (E units) of an object varies directly as the square of its velocity (v m/s).
(a) If the velocity of the object decreases by 40%, find the percentage change in its kinetic energy.
(b) If the velocity of the object increases by 30%, find the percentage change in its kinetic energy.

5. The number of days (T) required to build a monument varies inversely as the number of workers (n) to
work in a construction site. It is given that 8 workers build a monument in 30 days.
(a) Express T in terms of n.
(b) How many workers are needed if a monument is required to be built in 12 days?
(c) Can 10 workers build a monument within 3 weeks? Explain your answer.

6. The longest time (T hours) that a battery can be used after fully recharged varies inversely as the
square root of n, where n is the number of months elapsed since it has been produced. When n = 4, T
= 12.
(a) Express T in terms of n.
(b) If a battery was produced 9 months ago, find the longest time that it can be used after fully
recharged.
(c) If a battery can be used for at most 4 hours after fully recharged, find the number of months
elapsed since it has been produced.

123
7. The height (h cm) of a conical container of fixed capacity varies inversely as the square of its base
radius (r cm). When the base radius of the container is 3 cm, the height of the container is 36 cm.
(a) Express h in terms of r.
(b) If the base radius of the container is 4.5 cm, find the height of the container.
(c) If the base radius of the container increases by 25%, find the percentage change in its height.

8. The number of pairs of scissors (S) manufactured in a factory varies jointly as the number of machines
operated (M) and the operation time (t hours) of each machine. If each of 13 machines is operated for
4 hours, 312 pairs of scissors are manufactured.
(a) Express S in terms of M and t.
(b) If each of 16 machines is operated for 3 hours, find the number of pairs of scissors manufactured.

9. When a bicycle travels at a speed of v m/s in a circular path of radius r m, the centripetal force (F units)
acting on the bicycle varies directly as the square of v and inversely as r. When the speed of the bicycle
is 2 m/s and the radius of the path is 3 m, the centripetal force acting on the bicycle is 16 units.
(a) Express F in terms of v and r.
(b) If the bicycle travels at a speed of 8 m/s in a circular path of radius 24 m, find the centripetal
force acting on the bicycle.
(c) If the bicycle travels at a speed of 36 km/h in a circular path of radius 30 m, find the centripetal
force acting on the bicycle.

10. Water is pumped through a pipe into a water tank by a water pump. The water tank is initially empty.
The volume (V cm3) of water in the water tank varies jointly as the square of the diameter (d cm) of the
pipe and the operation time (t minutes) of the water pump. If water is pumped through a pipe of diameter
30 cm for 20 minutes, the volume of water in the water tank is 4 500 000 cm3.
(a) Express V in terms of d and t.
(b) The diameter of a pipe is 12 cm. Find the longest operation time of the water pump such that the
volume of water in the water tank is not greater than 900 000 cm3.

11. W is an efficiency indicator of a basketball player who plays t minutes on the court and gets x points
in a match. It is given that W varies directly as x and inversely as t. If the playing time of a basketball
player on the court decreases by 20% and the points that he gets remains unchanged as compared with
last match, find the percentage change in the efficiency indicator of the player.

12. A telecom provides a service plan with monthly fee $P. It is given that P is the sum of two parts. One
part is a constant and the other part varies directly as the airtime (t minutes) used. When the airtime used
is 300 minutes, the monthly fee is $67. When the airtime used is 700 minutes, the monthly fee is $87.
(a) Express P in terms of t.
(b) Find the corresponding monthly fee if the airtime used is 450 minutes.

124
13. The cost of printing each copy of a book is $C. It is given that C is partly constant and partly varies
inversely as the number of copies (N) printed, where N ≥ 1. When 10 copies are printed, the cost of
printing each copy is $124. When 15 copies are printed, the cost of printing each copy is $116.
(a) Express C in terms of N.
(b) If the cost of printing each copy is $106, find the number of copies printed.

14. The Fahrenheit temperature and the Celsius temperature are two of the temperature scales to measure
the temperature of an object. It is given that the Fahrenheit temperature (f °F) of an object is partly
constant and partly varies directly as the Celsius temperature (c°C). When c = 25, f = 77 and when c
= 35, f = 95.
(a) Express f in terms of c.
(b) If the Celsius temperature of an object is 30°C, find the Fahrenheit temperature of the object.
(c) If the Fahrenheit temperature of an object is 102.2°F, find the Celsius temperature of the object.

15. The time (T minutes) required to roast a duck is partly constant and partly varies directly as the
weight (W kg) of the duck. It takes 60 minutes to roast a duck with weight 2 kg, and 92 minutes to
roast a duck with weight 4 kg.
(a) Express T in terms of W.
(b) Find the time required to roast a duck with weight 5 kg.
(c) A restaurant will open at 11:00 a.m. The chef of the restaurant will start to roast a duck with
weight 5 kg at 9:15 a.m. He claims that he can finish roasting the duck before the restaurant opens.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.

Level 2
16. The cost ($C) of making a spherical souvenir varies directly as the square of its radius (r cm). It is
given that the cost of making a spherical souvenir of radius 12 cm is $54.
(a) Find the cost of making a spherical souvenir of diameter 48 cm.
(b) If the cost of making a spherical souvenir is $294, find its radius.

17. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with initial speed u m/s. The maximum height (h m)
of the ball from the ground varies directly as the square of u.
(a) If the initial speed of the ball is halved, find the percentage change in the maximum height of the
ball from the ground.
 (b) If the maximum height of the ball from the ground increases by 44%, find the ratio of the new
initial speed to the original initial speed of the ball.

18. The intensity (S units) of the sound from a loudspeaker varies inversely as the square of the distance
(d m) from the loudspeaker. The intensity of the sound is 5 units when the sound is measured 6 m
from the loudspeaker.
(a) Find the intensity of the sound if the sound is measured 5 m from the loudspeaker.
(b) If the intensity of the sound measured at a sofa is 20 units, how far is the sofa from the loudspeaker?
125
19. In a research, a researcher models the number of salmon in a river. He finds that the number of
salmon (S) in the river in the Tth month since the start of the research varies inversely as T, where T
(≥ 1) is an integer. The number of salmon in the river is 4 000 when T = 8.
(a) Find the decrease in the number of salmon in the river from T = 1 to T = 2.
(b) If the number of salmon in the river in a month is less than 3 000, that month is said to be bad.
Which month since the start of the research is the first bad month?

20. Assume that the amount of gas and the temperature inside a spherical balloon remain unchanged. The
volume (V cm3) of a spherical balloon varies inversely as the pressure (P units) inside the balloon.
(a) If the pressure inside a spherical balloon increases by 60%, find the percentage change in the
volume of the balloon.
2
(b) If the volume of a spherical balloon reduces to of its original volume, by what percentage does
3
the pressure inside the balloon increase?
(c) If the surface area of a spherical balloon increases by 56.25%, is it possible that the pressure
inside the balloon is halved? Explain your answer.

21. The return ($S) received from an investment varies jointly as the annual return rate (r%) and the
period of investment (T years). If a sum of money is invested for 3 years at an annual return rate of
6%, the return received will be $9 000.
(a) Express S in terms of r and T.
(b) Originally, a sum of money is planned to be invested for 5 years. Now, the annual return rate
decreases by 25% due to the economic slowdown. If the return received remains unchanged, will
the new period of investment be more than 7 years? Explain your answer.

22. The selling price ($S) of each postcard varies directly as the area (A cm2) of each postcard and
inversely as the square of the number of postcards (n) produced.
(a) If the area of each postcard increases by 35% and the number of postcards produced decreases by
40%, find the percentage change in the selling price of each postcard.
(b) If the selling price of each postcard increases by 10% and the number of postcards produced
increases by 10%, find the percentage change in the area of each postcard.

23. The price ($C) of an Osaka trip package is the sum of the airfare and
the hotel charge. The airfare is a fixed price. The hotel charge varies Osaka trip package
directly as the number of nights (n) stayed in the trip. The information 5 days 4 nights: $6 360
about the trip package is shown on the right. 7 days 6 nights: $7 640

(a) Express C in terms of n.

(b) Find the price of an Osaka trip package with 3 days 2 nights.
(c) If Jenny spends at most $10 000 on the trip package, find the
maximum number of nights that she can stay in the trip.

126
24. The cost ($C) of producing a projector consists of two parts. One part is a constant and the other part
varies inversely as the number of projectors (N) produced, where N ≥ 1. When N = 300, C = 720 and
when N = 800, C = 470.
(a) If 1 500 projectors are produced, find the cost of producing a projector.
(b) If the cost of producing a projector cannot be more than $560, find the minimum number of
projectors produced.

25. The monthly salary ($S) of a salesman consists of two parts. One part S
is the fixed basic salary and the other part varies directly as the 15 000
number of items (N) that he sells in a month, where N is an integer.
10 000
The figure shows the graph of S against N.
(a) Express S in terms of N. 5 000

(b) The monthly salary of the salesman this month is $17 500. N
0 10 20 30
(i) Find the number of items that he sells this month.
(ii) If the salesman wants his monthly salary next month to
increase by more than 15%, find the minimum number of
items that he should sell next month.
(c) The salesman claims that his monthly salary in a certain month
can be $21 550. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

26. The parking fee ($S) in car park A consists of two parts. One part is a constant and the other part varies
directly as the parking time (T hours) of a car, where T is an integer and parking for less than 1 hour will
be calculated as 1 hour. If a car is parked in car park A for 2 hours, the parking fee is $82. If a car is
parked in car park A for 5 hours, the parking fee is $100.
(a) Express S in terms of T.
(b) If the parking fee in car park A is at most $148, find the longest parking time of a car.
(c) The parking fee ($F) in car park B varies directly as the parking time (m hours) of a car, where m
is a multiple of 0.5 and parking for less than 30 minutes will be calculated as 30 minutes. If a car is
parked in car park B for 3 hours, the parking fee is $51. Michael wants to park his car for 6.5
hours. Which car park, car park A or car park B, should he choose in order to save money?
Explain your answer.

27. Let $P be the cost of painting a circular cone of curved surface area A m2. It is given that P is the sum
of two parts. One part is a constant and the other part varies directly as A. When A = 3, P = 57 and
when A = 7, P = 77.
(a) Find the cost of painting a circular cone of curved surface area 18 m2.
(b) The curved surface area of circular cone X is 3 times that of circular cone Y while the cost of
painting X is twice that of Y. Find the curved surface area of Y.
(c) There are 18 smaller cones and each of them is similar to the cone described in (a). If the height
1
of each smaller cone is of that of the cone described in (a), is it possible that all the 18 smaller
3
cones are painted within a budget of $1 000? Explain your answer.
127
 28. The price of a drink is $x. The sale revenue ($R) of the drink in a month is the sum of two parts. One
part varies directly as x and the other part varies directly as the square of x. When x = 9, R = 13 500
and when x = 11, R = 14 300.
(a) Express R in terms of x.
 (b) When R ≥ 12 800, find the range of values of x.
 (c) Can the total sale revenue of the drink in a year exceed $175 000? Explain your answer.

29. The income ($S) of Candy in a month is the sum of three parts. The
To Candy:
first part is the fixed basic salary of $9 500. The second part varies
Income in March
directly as n and the third part varies directly as n2, where n (≥ 0) is the
Number of dresses sold: 40
number of dresses that she sells in that month. The receipts on the right
Income in March: $10 060
show the incomes of Candy in March and April.
(a) Express S in terms of n.
To Candy:
(b) The numbers of dresses that Candy sold in June and July are 75
Income in April
and 85 respectively. Find the increase in her income from June to
Number of dresses sold: 80
July.
Income in April: $11 260
(c) If the income of Candy in a month is $12 100, find the number of
dresses that she sells in that month.
 (d) If the income of Candy in a month is not more than $10 175, how
many possible values of n are there? Explain your answer.

30. (a) Let f(x) = x3 − 50x2 + 12 000. Find the value of f(20).
(b) The selling price ($P) of a model of the Earth consists of two parts. One part varies directly as
the square of the diameter (d cm) of the model and the other part varies directly as the cube of the
diameter of the model, where 10 ≤ d ≤ 30. The selling prices of the models with diameters 10 cm
and 15 cm are $80 and $157.5 respectively.
(i) Find the selling price of a model with diameter 25 cm.
(ii) If the selling price of a model is $240, find the diameter of the model.
(iii) Is there any model with d : P = 2 : 9? Explain your answer.

* 31. John subscribes to a certain mobile phone data plan. The relation between the monthly fee ($F) and
the monthly data usage (D Mb) is given as follows:
I. For a fixed basic monthly fee of $S, John is entitled to 5 000 Mb of monthly data usage.
II. When the monthly data usage exceeds 5 000 Mb, the monthly fee is the sum of two parts. One
part is the fixed basic monthly fee of $S and the other part varies directly as the portion of the
monthly data usage which exceeds 5 000 Mb.
It is given that John’s data usages in April and May were 5 200 Mb and 5 800 Mb respectively, and the
corresponding monthly fees were $135 and $225 respectively.
(a) Express F in terms of D.
(b) If the data usage in a month is 5 020 Mb, find the monthly fee.
(c) If the total monthly fee of John in three months is $381, can his data usage in any one of the three
months exceed 5 500 Mb? Explain your answer.
128
* 32. The quality control department of a catering group sets up an indicator to monitor the quality (Q) of a
bottle of certain kind of sauce. When other conditions remain the same, the quality of the sauce
depends on the cooking time (t minutes) and the weight (W g) of the main ingredient. It is found that
Q = 1 000 + P, where P consists of two parts with one part varying jointly as W and t, and the other
part varying directly as the square of t. The table below shows 2 sets of values of t, W and Q.
t W Q
Set 1 20 30 3 400
Set 2 10 40 3 100
The greater the value of Q, the better the quality of the sauce.
(a) Find the value of Q when the cooking time is 30 minutes and the weight of the main ingredient is
60 g.
(b) If the weight of the main ingredient is reduced to 50 g, is it possible to achieve the same value of
Q in (a) by changing the cooking time? Explain your answer.
 (c) Suppose the weight of the main ingredient is 120 g. Using the method of completing the square,
find the cooking time in order to achieve the best quality of the sauce.

* 33. Fig. I shows a solid of height 12 cm. It is cut into two portions A and B along a plane parallel to its
base. The height and the volume of B are h cm and V cm3 respectively, where 0 ≤ h ≤ 12.

12 cm
h cm
B

Fig. I Fig. II

It is given that V consists of two parts. One part varies directly as h and the other part varies directly
23π
as h2. When h = 1, V = and when h = 2, V = 22π.
2
(a) (i) Express V in terms of h and π.
(ii) Find the volume of the solid in terms of π.
(b) The solid in Fig. II is formed by drilling a solid identical to A from the top of B, where the height
of A is less than that of B.
(i) If the volume of the solid in Fig. II is 56π cm3, find the value of h.
 (ii) Find the range of values of h when the volume of the solid in Fig. II is less than 50π cm3.
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
(c) The solid in Fig. II is placed inside a container with capacity 500 cm3. Water is then poured into the
container until the container is fully filled. If the solid in Fig. II is totally immersed in the water, can
the volume of water in the container be less than 270 cm3? Explain your answer.

129
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 6E
1. (a) S = 200A 15. (a) T = 28 + 16W
(b) $8 000 (b) 108 minutes
r2 (c) no
2. (a) C =
6 16. (a) $216
(b) $24 (b) 28 cm
d3 17. (a) −75%
3. (a) W =
32
(b) 6 : 5
(b) −27.1%
18. (a) 7.2 units
4. (a) −64%
(b) 3 m
(b) +69%
19. (a) 16 000
240
5. (a) T = (b) the 11th month
n
(b) 20 20. (a) −37.5%
(c) no (b) 50%
24 (c) no
6. (a) T =
n 21. (a) S = 500rT
(b) 8 hours (b) no
(c) 36 22. (a) +275%
324 (b) +33.1%
7. (a) h = 2
r
23. (a) C = 3 800 + 640n
(b) 16 cm
(b) $5 080
(c) −36%
(c) 9
8. (a) S = 6Mt
24. (a) $400
(b) 288
(b) 500
12v 2
9. (a) F = 25. (a) S = 9 500 + 100N
r
(b) 32 units (b) (i) 80
(c) 40 units (ii) 107
10. (a) V = 250d2t (c) no
(b) 25 minutes 26. (a) S = 70 + 6T
11. +25% (b) 13 hours
t (c) car park B
12. (a) P = 52 +
20 27. (a) $132
(b) $74.5 (b) 8.4 m2
240
13. (a) C = 100 + (c) yes
N
28. (a) R = 2 400x − 100x2
(b) 40
9 (b) 8 ≤ x ≤ 16
14. (a) f = 32 + c (c) no
5
(b) 86°F
(c) 39°C
130
 (b) $108
n2 (c) no
29. (a) S = 9 500 + 6n +
5 32. (a) 9 100
(b) $380 (b) no
(c) 100 (c) 120 minutes
(d) 46 π 2
33. (a) (i) V = 12πh − h
30. (a) 0 2
(b) (i) $312.5 (ii) 72π cm3
(ii) 20 cm (b) (i) 8
(iii) no (ii) 6 < h < 7.31
31. (a) F (c) no
105 if 0 ≤ D ≤ 5 000

= 3
105 + 20 ( D − 5 000) if D > 5 000

131