Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
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Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
Name: Track/Strand:
Teacher: Grade Level:
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION – NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Second Quarter/ Week 3/ Day 2
OBJECTIVE: Classify the different quantitative data collection techniques
YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY!
Planning your research is indispensable for a successful study. After formulating good research
questions for your title, the question of how are you going to gather necessary data emerges. What
data collection techniques are you going to use? How are you going to establish the reliability and
validity of these techniques you are going to use? For you to be able to know the appropriate
techniques such as interview, survey, observation, and document review, which you will use in
your research, read carefully the lesson below. Data Collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to
answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes (Wikipedia).
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Quantitative data collection is commonly used for gathering data of large population. What do you think are the
pros and cons of each type of data collection?
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Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
Name: Track/Strand:
Teacher: Grade Level:
WHAT’S NEW!
Factors to be considered before collection of data
• Objectives and scope of the inquiry (research question)
• Sources of information (type, accessibility)
• Quantitative expression (measurement, scale)
• Techniques of data collection
• Unit of collection
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
Interview Observation Document Review
Survey/
Interviews conducted Researchers collect Document review is a
Questionnaires
to collect quantitative quantitative data through process used to collect
The surveys are systematic observations by data after reviewing the
data are more
designed in a using techniques like counting existing documents. It is
structured wherein
manner to the number of people present an efficient and effective
the researchers ask legitimize way of gathering data as
at the specific event at a
only a standard set of behavior and trust documents are
specific time and at a specific
questionnaire of the respondents. venue or number of people manageable and are the
(interview schedule) attending the event in a practical resource to get
and nothing more designated venue. qualified data from the
than that. past.
3 Major Types of Interviews
o Telephone interviews
▪ For years telephone interviews ruled the charts of data collection methods. However, nowadays
there is a significant rise in conducting video interviews using the internet, Skype or similar online
video calling platforms.
o Face-to-face interviews
▪ It is a proven technique to collect data directly from the participants. It helps in acquiring quality
data as it provides a scope to ask detailed questions and probing further to collect rich and
informative data.
o Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)
▪ It is nothing but a similar setup of the face-to-face interview where the interviewer carries a
desktop or laptop along with him at the time of interview to upload the data obtained from the
interview directly into the database.
2 major types of survey questionnaires are used to collect online data
o Web-based questionnaire
▪ This is one of the ruling and most trusted methods for internet-based research or online research. In
a web-based questionnaire the receive an email containing the survey link, clicking on which takes
the respondent to a secure online survey tool from where he/she can take the survey or fill in the
survey questionnaire.
o Mail Questionnaire
▪ In a mail questionnaire the survey is mailed out to a host of sample population enabling the
researcher to connect with the wide range of audience. The mail questionnaire typically consists of
a packet containing a cover sheet that introduces the audience about the type of research and reason
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Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
why it is being conducted along with a prepaid return to collect data online.
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Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
Types of Questionnaires
o Open – unlimited responses
o Closed – limits the scope of responses
o Combination – combination of open and closed questionnaires
4 Types of Questions
o Multiple Choice
▪ Allows respondents to select answer/s from the list
o Ranking
▪ Asks respondents to rank the given items
o Scales
▪ Respondents to give his/her degree of agreement to a statement
o Open – ended Essay Type
▪ Single line input, etc.
Features of a good questionnaire
1. It should contain a good letter to the respondents which states
a. the purpose of the survey
b. an assurance of confidentiality
c. the name of the researcher or writer of the questionnaire
2. There is a descriptive title/name of the questionnaire
3. It is designed to achieve objectives
4. The directions are clear
5. It is designed for easy tabulation
6. It avoids the use of double negatives
7. It also avoid double-barrelled questions
8. It phrases questions well for all respondents
Note
A self – made questionnaire by the researcher should be content validated by experts, as well as be tested as the
samples in one’s study. On the other hand, permission form the author should be sought if validated
questionnaires will be used.
2 Types of Observation
o Naturalistic observation
▪ needs keen observations skills and senses for getting the numerical data about the “what” and not
about “why” and ”how”.
o Structured observation
▪ In this type of observation method the researcher has to make careful observations of one or more
specific behaviors in a more comprehensive or structured setting compared to naturalistic or
participant observation.
3 primary document types that are being analyzed for collecting supporting quantitative research data
o Public Records
▪ Under this document review, official, ongoing records of an organization are analyzed for further
research.
• Example: annual reports policy manuals, student activities, game activities in the university,
etc.
o Personal Documents
▪ deals with individual personal accounts of individuals actions, behavior, health, physique, etc.
• Example, the height, and weight of the students, distance students are traveling to attend the
school, etc.
o Physical Evidences
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Name: Track/Strand:
Teacher: Grade Level:
▪ Physical evidence or physical documents deal with previous achievements of an individual or of
an organization in terms of monetary and scalable growth.
▪ Examples of Document Review
• Course syllabi • Strategic plans
• Faculty journals • Newspapers
• Meeting minutes
Generalization
Interview • Questions are given in a specific order and a same way to the
interviewees.
• It possesses three major parts (1) the opening; (2) the body; (3) the
closing.
Survey • Surveys can be researcher – made, validated by their teacher and
experts in the field
• Surveys can be adapted, published and validated by experts, and
used in other researches
Observation • Non – responsive sample subjects are a non – issue
• Analysis may rely heavily on experts who must know what to
observe
ANSWER THIS AS PART OF YOUR REVIEW
Direction: Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong.
1. Interview schedule is a list of questions you are going to ask during your interview.
2.A structured Interview is when there are no specific set of predetermined questions.
3. In quantitative data collection using the interview, the interviewers (researchers) can change the
questions at any time and ask follow – up questions to the interviewee’s responses.
4. Consistency of data collection in the interview can be increased by asking the same set of questions
to the interviewees in the same order in the exact same way.
5. Reliability of the interview is established by following the standard, the format, and the specific
order of questions.
6. In a structured observation, researchers gathered data with direct involvement with the participants.
7. Structured observation has high validity when participants know they are being watched.
8. Naturalistic observation is more reliable because there is no manipulation of variables.
9. Questionnaire is more applicable to use rather than observation and interview when your research
concerns about the demographic profile of students in Pasay City South High School.
10. Interview can be used in experimental research.
11. Open ended questions are more on quantitative data.
12. If the researchers become too involved they may lose the objectivity and become bias. This
reducing validity.
13. Group interviews are less reliable as they use open questions and may deviate from the interview
schedule.
14. The questionnaires are standardized. All respondents are asked exactly the same questions on the
same order. Easy to check its reliability.
15. Unstructured interview has increased validity because it gives the interviewer the opportunity to
probe for a deeper understanding, ask clarification and allow the interviewee to steer the direction of the
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interview.
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Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D4
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