Ch 1

1. What is the primary purpose of a database?

Store random data
Efficiently organize and manage logically related data
Create multimedia content
Generate metadata reports
2. What term is used to describe data that has been processed to be useful in decision
making?
Raw data
Metadata
Information
Database
3. What is metadata in the context of databases?
Processed data
Data constraints
Descriptive data about end-user data
Multimedia data
4. Which of the following is a function of a Database Management System (DBMS)?
Create multimedia content
Enforce data constraints
Design hardware components
Build websites
5. What is stored in a database catalog or dictionary?
Raw data
Multimedia files
Metadata
Software applications
6. Which of the following is an example of a traditional database application?
Multimedia databases
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Numeric and Textual databases
Real-time databases
7. What distinguishes multimedia databases from traditional numeric and textual
databases?
They store less data
They support a wider variety of data types
They have slower retrieval times
They don't use metadata

8. What does a real-time database system focus on?

 Storing historical data
Processing data with a delay
Immediate data processing and response
Managing multimedia content
9. Which type of database model is characterized by a tree-like structure?
Hierarchical
Relational
Object-Relational
Network
10. What is the purpose of a database catalog in a DBMS?
Enforce data constraints
Describe the properties of multimedia data
Store metadata
Provide controlled access to databases
11. What is the primary purpose of a primary key in a relational database?
Store descriptive information
Establish relationships between tables
Serve as a unique identifier
Define data types

12. What is a foreign key in a relational database?

A key used for encryption
A unique identifier for a table
The primary key of one table in another table
A field with foreign language characters

13. What is the purpose of a DBMS catalog in a relational database system?

Store user data
Maintain transaction logs
Describe the database structure and constraints
Execute SQL queries

14. What is meant by "program-data independence" in the context of a relational database?

Programs are independent of each other
Changes to data structures don't affect access programs
Programs are stored separately from data
Programs control data access

15. What role do Database Administrators play in a relational database system?

Writing SQL queries
Designing database tables
Authorizing access, monitoring use, and acquiring resources
Creating primary keys

16. What is data abstraction in the context of a relational database?

 Hiding storage details and presenting a conceptual view
Encrypting data for security
Combining tables into one
Storing data in multiple locations

17. What does OLTP stand for in the context of database applications?
On-Load Transaction Protocol
Offline Transaction Processing
Online Transaction Processing

18. Which characteristic of the database approach allows users to see different views of the
data based on their interests?
Data Abstraction
Program-Data Independence
Support of Multiple Views
Self-describing Nature

19. Who is responsible for coordinating and monitoring the use of a relational database?
End-users
Database Designers
Database Administrators
DBMS Catalog Managers

20. What is the unique identifier in a data model that ensures each record is distinct within a
table?
Foreign key
Primary key
Abstraction key

21. What is the primary responsibility of Database Designers?

Managing database backups
Creating user interfaces
Defining database content, structure, constraints, and functions

22. What is the role of End-users in the database environment?

Designing databases
Using data for queries and reports
Maintaining the database

23. What is an advantage of using the database approach in terms of data redundancy?
Controlling redundancy in data storage and development efforts
Increasing redundancy for better performance
Ignoring redundancy for simplicity

24. What is the responsibility of Database Administrators (DBAs) in the DB environment?

Creating entity-relationship models
Maintaining the database
 Designing database applications

25. Which of the following is an advantage of using a Database Management System (DBMS)?
Increasing redundancy
Restricting authorized access
Providing backup and recovery services

26. What is a component of the DB environment responsible for capturing the nature and
relationships among data graphically?
Database Administrators
Application Programs
Data Model

27. What is an Entity in a data model?

Software using the data
A person, place, object, event, or concept in the business environment
Graphical representation of relationships

28. What represents the data captured about an entity in a data model?
User Interface
Attribute
Relationship

29. Which relationships are commonly found in data models?

One-to-many (1:M) and many-to-many (M:N)
One-to-one (1:1) and many-to-one (M:1)
Only one-to-many (1:M)

30. What is the most common representation in data modeling?

Entity-Attribute model
Entity-Relationship model
Relationship-Attribute model

31. What is the primary purpose of the "Feasibility Study of Project" phase in the database
development process?
Implementation of the database
Requirement analysis
Preliminary understanding and justification for new data and databases

32. During the "Requirement Analysis" phase, what is the primary deliverable?
Request for project
Decomposed requirements
Conceptual data model

33. What does the "Conceptual Design" phase primarily involve?

Physical database design
Thorough analysis of the business situation
 Implementation of database views

34. Which design phase is focused on identifying data integrity and security requirements?
Conceptual Design
Feasibility Study of Project
Logical Design

35. In the "Logical Design" phase, what is the primary deliverable?

Preliminary understanding
Logical database design
Requirement analysis

36. During the "Physical Design" phase, what aspect of database development is emphasized?
Preliminary understanding
Conceptual data model
Structure of the database (e.g., Hierarchical, Relational)

37. Which phase involves analyzing transactions, forms, displays, and inquiries required by
business functions?
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Maintenance

38. What is the purpose of the "Implementation" phase in the database development process?
Feasibility study
Preliminary understanding
Put the database design into practice

39. What is the primary goal of the "Maintenance" phase in the database development process?
Requirement analysis
Preliminary understanding
Ensure ongoing support and updates for the database

40. During the "Feasibility Study of Project," what is the primary analysis conducted about
current data processing?
Conceptual data model
Analyze current data processing
Implementation of database views

41. What is the primary purpose of the "Physical Design" phase in the database development
process?
Preliminary understanding
Develop technology specifications
Testing and debugging

42. During the "Physical Design" phase, what is the primary deliverable?
Conceptual data model
 Program/data structures, DB technology purchase
Decomposed requirements

43. What is the primary goal of the "Implementation" phase in the database development
process?
Requirement analysis
Preliminary understanding
Testing, training, debugging, installation, documenting

44. What is included in the deliverables of the "Implementation" phase in database

development?
Preliminary understanding
Operational programs, documentation, training materials
Request for project

45. What is the purpose of the "Maintenance" phase in the database development process?
Testing and debugging
Preliminary understanding
Monitor, repair, enhance

46. During the "Maintenance" phase, what is analyzed to ensure evolving information
requirements are met?
Conceptual data model
Database and database applications
Decomposed requirements

47. What is the primary deliverable of the "Maintenance" phase?

Periodic audits
Logical database design
Conceptual data model

48. What is the purpose of reviewing the project at the end of each development phase?
Change project scope
Re-justify the process under new requirements and resources
Skip the testing phase

49. What does the "Implementation" phase involve specifically for database processing
programs?
Requirement analysis
Code and test database processing programs
Decomposed requirements

50. What is the primary purpose of the "Physical Design" phase regarding data organization?
Preliminary understanding
Define physical organization of data
Implement database views
 Ch 2

1. What is the first step in database development?

Database analysis
Data modeling
Business rules development

2. What does a conceptual data model represent?

Data from a technological viewpoint
Data from the viewpoint of the organization
Data independent of any business rules

3. What are business rules in the context of a data model?

Statements defining technical characteristics
Policies and rules about business operations
Constraints on software development

4. What should data names in database development relate to?

Technical characteristics
Business characteristics
Software constraints

5. What is the main purpose of the E-R model during the analysis phase of database
development?
Implementation of software
Communication between designers and end users
Testing and debugging

6. What is an entity in the context of the E-R model?

Link between entity instances
Person, place, object, event, or concept
Property or characteristic of an entity

7. What does the E-R model provide a logical representation of?

Data from a technological viewpoint
Data for an organization or business area
Data independent of any structure

8. What are the basic constructs of the E-R model?

Entities, Relationships, Attributes
Tables, Fields, Records
Views, Procedures, Functions
9. What does an attribute represent in the E-R model?
Link between entity instances
Entity type
Property or characteristic of an entity or relationship type

10. How should data names be composed in database development?

Arbitrary combinations
Words from an approved list and following a standard syntax
Random alphanumeric sequences

11. What defines a strong entity type?

Exists independently of other entity types
Depends on some other entity type
Has a double-lined rectangle representation

12. How is a weak entity type indicated in an E-R diagram?

Single-lined rectangle
Double-lined rectangle
Dotted rectangle

13. What is an entity in the context of database modeling?

An object with many instances in the database
A user of the database system
An output of the database system (e.g., a report)

14. How should entity types be named in the context of database modeling?
Plural noun
Singular noun
Verb phrase

15. What is a composite attribute in the E-R model?

Attribute with a single value
Attribute with meaningful component parts
Attribute that cannot be broken down

16. What is a multivalued attribute in the E-R model?

Attribute that may take on more than one value
Attribute with square brackets
Derived attribute

17. What is an identifier (key) in the context of an E-R model?

Attribute uniquely identifying instances of an entity type
Composite attribute
Multivalued attribute
18. What does a derived attribute in an E-R diagram indicate?
Unique identifier
Value can be calculated from related attribute values
Attribute with meaningful component parts

19. What is the degree of a relationship in the E-R model?

Number of instances
Number of entity types participating in it
Number of attributes

20. What does a ternary relationship in the E-R model involve?

One entity related to another of the same type
Entities of two different types related to each other
Entities of three different types related to each other

21. What does cardinality of relationships in the E-R model refer to?
The name of the relationship
The number of instances of one entity associated with each instance of another entity
The degree of the relationship

22. What does "One-to-One" cardinality in relationships mean?

Each entity can have many related entities
Each entity will have exactly one related entity
Entities on both sides can have many related entities

23. In a "One-to-Many" relationship, what can entities on one side have?

Many unrelated entities
Many related entities
Exactly one related entity

24. What characterizes a "Many-to-Many" relationship in the E-R model?

Entities on both sides can have many related entities on the other side
Each entity will have exactly one related entity
An entity on one side can have many related entities, but an entity on the other side will
have a maximum of one related entity

25. What do cardinality constraints in relationships specify?

The name of the relationship
The number of instances of one entity associated with each instance of another entity
The degree of the relationship

26. What does minimum cardinality in relationships specify?

Specifies if associations are optional or mandatory
Determines the maximum number of instances
Identifies unique instances
27. How are candidate identifiers defined in the context of an E-R model?
As mandatory attributes
As attributes that could be a key
As derived attributes

28. What is a composite identifier in the E-R model?

Identifier consisting of a single attribute
Identifier consisting of a composite attribute
Identifier consisting of a derived attribute

29. When choosing identifiers, what should be considered?

Constant value
May change in value
Not changing in value and not being null

30. What should be substituted for long, composite keys in database modeling?
Constant value
Derived attributes
New, simple keys

31. What is the purpose of maximum cardinality in relationships?

Determines if associations are optional or mandatory
Identifies unique instances
Specifies the maximum number of instances

32. In the context of modeling relationships, what is a unary relationship?

One entity related to another of the same entity type
Entities of two different types related to each other
Entities of three different types related to each other

33. What entities are involved in a binary relationship?

Three different types
Two different types
One entity related to another of the same entity type

34. What is the purpose of minimum cardinality in relationships?

Specifies if associations are optional or mandatory
Identifies unique instances
Determines the maximum number of instances

35. What does a derived attribute in an E-R diagram indicate?

Unique identifier
Value can be calculated from related attribute values
Attribute with meaningful component parts
 Ch 3

1. What does EER stand for in the context of data modeling?

Entity and Entity-Relationship
Enhanced Entity-Relationship
Extended Entity-Relationship
Efficient Entity-Relationship

2. What additional modeling concepts does the Enhanced ER (EER) model include?
Subclasses/superclasses
Specialization/generalization
Categories (UNION types)
ALL

3. What is a Supertype in the context of EER modeling?

A specific entity type
A generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypes
A special attribute
A type of relationship

4. How does a Subtype differ from a Supertype in EER modeling?

Subtype is a specific entity type, while Supertype is a generic entity type
Subtype has a relationship with one or more entities, while Supertype does not
Subtype is a subgrouping with distinct attributes, while Supertype is a generic
entity type
Subtype does not inherit attributes, while Supertype inherits attributes from
subtypes

5. What does the U-shaped symbol connecting a subtype of the supertype represent?
A constraint
A unique attribute
A shared relationship
The direction of the subtype/supertype relationship

6. How is attribute inheritance represented in EER modeling?

Supertype entities have unique attributes
Subtype entities inherit values of all attributes of the Supertype
Supertype inherits attributes from subtypes
No attribute inheritance in EER modeling

7. When is the supertype/subtype relationship used in EER modeling?

When there are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity
type
When the instances of a subtype participate in a relationship unique to that
subtype
 When all entities have the same attributes
A&B

8. What instances participate in a relationship unique to a subtype in EER modeling?

Only instances of the supertype
Instances of the subtype
Instances of both the supertype and subtype
Instances of neither the supertype nor subtype

9. What is the process of defining a more general entity type from a set of more specialized
entity types?
Generalization
Specialization
Discrimination
Supertyping

10. How is the generalization process typically initiated?

By defining subtypes first
By identifying several classes with common features
By forming subtype relationships
By creating specific attributes

11. In the specialization process, what is the term for the process of defining one or more
subtypes of the supertype?
Specialization
Generalization
Discrimination
Supertyping

12. What is an example of generalization?

CAR and TRUCK specialized into VEHICLE
{SECRETARY, TECHNICIAN} is a specialization of EMPLOYEE
VEHICLE generalized into CAR and TRUCK
EMPLOYEE specialized into {SECRETARY, TECHNICIAN}

13. What constraint specifies that the subtypes of the specialization must be disjoint sets?
Disjointness Constraint
Completeness Constraint
Discrimination Constraint
14. What does the Disjointness Constraint mean in the context of specialization/generalization?
An entity can be a member of at most one of the subtypes
An entity must belong to all subtypes
An entity cannot belong to any subtype
An entity must belong to more than one subtype
15. How is the Disjoint Rule related to the Disjointness Constraint?
An instance of the supertype can be only ONE of the subtypes
An instance of the supertype could be more than one of the subtypes
An instance of the supertype cannot be any of the subtypes
An instance of the supertype must belong to all subtypes

16. What does the Completeness Constraint specify?

Total specifies that every entity in the supertype must be a member of at least
one subtype
Partial allows an entity not to belong to any of the subtypes
Total allows an entity not to belong to any of the subtypes
Partial specifies that every entity in the supertype must be a member of at least
one subtype

17. How is the Completeness Constraint represented in EER diagrams?

Shown by a double line
Shown by a single line
Shown by a dashed line
Shown by a solid line

18. What is a Subtype Discriminator in the context of specialization/generalization?

An attribute that distinguishes between disjoint and overlapping subtypes
A composite attribute whose subparts pertain to different subtypes
An attribute of the supertype whose values determine the target subtype(s)
An attribute used for indexing subtypes in the database

Ch 4
1. What does the relational data model represent data in?
Tables
Graphs
Trees
Matrices

2. What is the primary purpose of normalization in the relational data model?

Simplifying data structures
Structuring data for sound database processing
Enhancing data visualization
Improving data retrieval speed

3. What is a relation in the context of the relational data model?

A connection between tables
A named, two-dimensional table of data
A graph representing data relationships
A collection of records
4. What are the requirements for a table to qualify as a relation in a database?
Each relation has a unique name
An entry at the intersection of each row and column is atomic
Every row must be unique
All

5. What is the main purpose of primary keys in the relational data model?
Unique identifiers of the relation
Non-unique identifiers of the relation
Identifiers for foreign keys
Unique names for attributes

6. What is a schema in the context of the relational data model?

A set of keys
A description of the overall logical structure of the database
A subset of relations
A primary key for a relation

7. How can a schema be expressed?

Short text statements with relation names and attributes
A graphical representation with rectangles containing attributes
Using a domain definition
A&B

8. What are the three main types of constraints in the relational model?
Domain constraints
Entity integrity constraints
Referential integrity constraints
All

9. What does the entity integrity rule ensure in the relational model?
Every attribute is unique
Every relation has a foreign key
Every relation has a primary key
Every attribute is null

10. What is the purpose of the referential integrity rule?

Foreign key values must match primary key values
Primary key values must match foreign key values
All attributes must have data
Attributes must be from the same domain.
11. What are the basic operations for changing the database in the relational model?
INSERT, DELETE, MODIFY
CREATE, UPDATE, DROP
JOIN, GROUP BY, ORDER BY
SELECT, FROM, WHERE

12. How are regular entities represented in the relational data model?
Rectangles with a single line
Rectangles with a double line
Rectangles with rounded corners
Circles with a dashed line

13. What is the representation of weak entities in the relational data model?
Rectangles with a single line
Rectangles with a double line
Rectangles with rounded corners
Circles with a dashed line

14. How are associative entities represented in the relational data model?
Rectangles with a single line
Rectangles with a double line
Rectangles with rounded corners
Circles with a dashed line

15. What happens to multivalued attributes in the relational data model?

They are discarded.
They become a separate relation with a foreign key.
They become the primary key.
They are merged with composite attributes.

16. What is the purpose of the subtype discriminator in the relational data model?
It defines the primary key.
It specifies disjointness.
It determines the target subtype(s).
It controls completeness.

17. What is the significance of disjointness in subtype relationships?

It allows an instance of the supertype to be more than one subtype.
It specifies that an entity can be a member of at most one subtype.
It defines the primary key.
It allows overlapping subtypes.

18. How is overlapping specified in EER diagrams for subtype relationships?

By d
By o
 By a double line
By a single line

19. What is the purpose of foreign keys in the relational data model?
They are primary identifiers.
They define the overall logical structure.
They enable a dependent relation to refer to its parent relation.
They are used for data visualization.

20. What is the role of the primary key in the relational data model?
It is a unique identifier of the relation.
It is a non-unique identifier of the relation.
It is an identifier for foreign keys.
It is a unique name for attributes.

21. What does the primary key for weak entities in the relational model consist of?
Partial identifier of weak entity and primary key of identifying relation
Composite attributes of weak entity
Foreign key of another weak entity
Randomly generated value

22. How is a unary One-to-Many relationship mapped in the relational model?

By adding a composite key
By using a recursive foreign key
By creating a separate relation
By merging attributes

23. What is a recursive foreign key in the context of a unary relationship?

A key that changes its values randomly
A foreign key in the same relation referencing its primary key
A foreign key that links two different relations
A key that changes its values based on user input

24. How is a ternary (and n-ary) relationship mapped in the relational model?
By using a composite key
By creating a separate relation for each entity
By merging attributes
One relation for each entity and one for the associative entity

25. What is the purpose of mapping supertype/subtype relationships in the relational model?
To create composite keys
To represent each entity type with separate relations
To merge all attributes into a single relation
To introduce overlapping subtypes
26. When mapping a unary One-to-Many relationship, what is added to the same relation?
Primary key
Composite key
Recursive foreign key
Super key

27. In the mapping of ternary (and n-ary) relationships, how many relations are created?
One
Two
Three (one for each entity and one for the associative entity)
Four

28. What does the primary key of weak entities include in the relational model?
Partial identifier of weak entity
Composite attributes of weak entity
Foreign key of another weak entity
Randomly generated value

29. How is a recursive foreign key different from a regular foreign key?
It references the primary key values in the same relation.
It links two different relations.
It changes its values randomly.
It is not used in mapping unary relationships.

30. What is the purpose of creating a separate relation for each entity and one for the
associative entity in the mapping of ternary relationships?
To simplify the database structure
To represent each entity type individually
To create a composite key
To introduce overlapping subtypes

31. What is data normalization?

The process of increasing data redundancy
The process of duplicating data
The process of decomposing relations to produce smaller, well-structured relations
A&C

32. What is a formal process for deciding which attributes should be grouped together in a
relation to remove anomalies?
Data Duplication
Referential Integrity
Data Normalization
Data Redundancy
33. What are the main goals of normalization?
Minimize data redundancy
Simplify the enforcement of referential integrity constraints
Make it easier to maintain data
All

34. What is the insertion anomaly in normalization?

Adding new rows simplifies data maintenance
Adding new rows forces the user to create duplicate data
Adding new rows has no impact on the database
Adding new rows removes referential integrity constraints

35. What is the goal of avoiding anomalies in normalization?

To increase data redundancy
To ensure efficient data modification
To avoid loss of data during deletion
B&C

36. What is a functional dependency in normalization?

A constraint between two unrelated attributes
A constraint between two attributes or sets of attributes
A constraint between primary and foreign keys
A constraint between data and referential integrity

37. What is a determinant in a functional dependency?

A non-atomic attribute
The attribute on the left side of the arrow
A foreign key
The result of a functional dependency

38. What is a candidate key in normalization?

A key used for encryption
A key used for data duplication
An attribute or combination of attributes uniquely identifying a row
A primary key

39. In the steps of normalization, what is the focus of the first normal form?
No multivalued attributes
Removal of transitive dependencies
Removal of partial functional dependencies
Removal of atomic attributes

40. What does the third normal form focus on in the steps of normalization?
Removal of multivalued attributes
Removal of partial functional dependencies
 Removal of transitive dependencies
Removal of atomic attributes

Ch 5

1. What is the primary purpose of the physical database design process?

Develop logical data models
Translate logical data descriptions into technical specifications
Optimize database security

2. What is the goal of physical database design?

Create logical data models
Ensure adequate performance and database integrity, security, and recoverability
Optimize data entry processes

3. What information is needed for physical file and database design?

Normalized relations
Definitions and physical specifications for each attribute
Descriptions of data usage and expectations for response time, security, backup,
recovery, retention, and integrity
Technologies used for implementing the database

4. What does the physical design process involve in terms of attribute definitions?
Only logical specifications
Physical specifications such as maximum possible length
No attribute specifications required

5. Which aspect is considered in the physical design process related to data usage?
Where and when data are used in various ways
Why data are used
Who uses the data

6. What is a crucial consideration in the physical design process for file organization?
Optimizing storage space
Increasing data redundancy
Ignoring retrieval speed

7. In the context of physical database design, what does "data type" refer to?
Logical data models
Storage format for attributes
Database security measures

8. What is the significance of choosing structures in physical design?

Irrelevant to data storage
Influences efficiency in storing and connecting files
 Affects logical data models

9. Why is preparing strategies for handling queries essential in physical design?

To optimize performance
To increase data redundancy
To minimize security measures

10. Why is selecting structures for storing and connecting files crucial in physical design?
Define logical data models
Optimize efficiency of retrieving related data
Enhance user interfaces

11. What is a field in a database?

A complete record
The smallest unit of data
A complex attribute

12. What does field design involve?

Choosing data type
Coding, compression, encryption
Controlling data integrity
ALL

13. What is the purpose of choosing data types in field design?

Represent all possible values
Improve data integrity
Support all data manipulations
ALL

14. How can data integrity be controlled in the physical structure of fields?
Enforcing constraints on data types
Ignoring data types
Randomizing data types

15. What does the data type enforce in terms of data integrity control?
Unlimited data types
Limiting the type and length of field values
Randomizing data types

16. What is a potential data integrity control in field design?

Default value
Range control
Null value control
ALL
17. What does referential integrity control in field design?
Default values
Range control
Null values
ALL and Foreign-key to primary-key match-ups

18. How can missing data be handled in field design?

Substitute an estimate of the missing value
Trigger a report listing missing values
Perform sensitive analysis
All and Ignore missing data unless significant

19. What can triggers be used for in field design?

Denormalization
Data encryption
Compression
All and Coding

20. Which operation involves triggers in field design?

Denormalization
Normalization
Encryption
Compression

21. What is the purpose of denormalization?

Improve efficient processing of data
Quick access to stored data
Normalize relations
All

22. What benefits can be achieved through denormalization?

Improved performance (speed)
Reduction in the number of tables
Quick access to stored data
Enhanced data integrity/consistency

23. What are the common denormalization opportunities?

One-to-one relationship
Many-to-many relationship with non-key attributes
Reference data (1:N relationship where 1-side has data not used in any other
relationship)
ALL

24. What is a Physical File?

A named portion of secondary memory allocated for storing physical records
 A logical storage unit
An attribute in a database table

25. What is a Tablespace?

A named logical storage unit for storing data from multiple tables/views/objects
A physical record in a database
A primary key in a table

26. What are the components of a Tablespace?

Segment – a table, index, or partition
Extent – contiguous section of disk space
Data block – smallest unit of storage
Normalization unit

27. What is the purpose of file organizations?

Physically arranging records of a file on secondary storage
Logical arrangement of tables
Data retrieval strategy

28. What are the types of file organizations?

Sequential
Indexed
Hashed
Normalized

29. What factors should be considered when selecting file organization?

Fast data retrieval and throughput
Efficient storage space utilization
Protection from failure and data loss
All

30. What is an index in file organizations?

A table or data structure to locate individual records
A physical record in a file
A normalization technique

31. What is the purpose of using indexes?

Improve data retrieval speed
Locate records based on certain conditions
Support ORDER BY and GROUP BY commands
All

32. What is the hash algorithm used for in indexed file organizations?
Determine the record's position
Normalize data
 Compress data
Encrypt data

33. When should indexes be used?

On larger tables
Index the primary key of each table
Only when there are <30 values
A&B
All

34. What should be avoided when using indexes?

Avoid use of indexes for fields with long values
Be cautious of indexing attributes with null values
Index all fields in a table
Index attributes with short values only