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Image Analysis 6 Image Histogram

The document discusses image histograms, which represent the frequency distribution of gray levels in digital images. It covers concepts such as normalized histograms, cumulative histograms, and histogram equalization, which redistributes gray levels to enhance contrast. Additionally, it mentions histogram specification as a method to achieve a desired histogram shape rather than a flat distribution.

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Al-Amin Bhuiyan
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19 views7 pages

Image Analysis 6 Image Histogram

The document discusses image histograms, which represent the frequency distribution of gray levels in digital images. It covers concepts such as normalized histograms, cumulative histograms, and histogram equalization, which redistributes gray levels to enhance contrast. Additionally, it mentions histogram specification as a method to achieve a desired histogram shape rather than a flat distribution.

Uploaded by

Al-Amin Bhuiyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Histogram

lecture 5

Md. Al-Amin Bhuiyan


Dept. of Computer Engineering
King Faisal University
Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 1
Histogram
 The histogram of an image records the
frequency distribution of gray levels in
that image.
 The histogram of a digital image with
gray levels in the rage [0, L-1] is the
discrete function h(rk) = nk where rk is
the k-th gray level and nk is the number
of pixels in the image having gray level
rk.
 Normalized histogram
pr(rk) = nk/n, for k = 0,1,…, L-1
 p(rk) gives the estimates of the
probability of occurrence of gray level
rk.
 A plot p(rk) versus rk is called the
Histogram
 Several effects of histograms are shown
at the right side.
March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 2
Cumulative Histogram
Records the cumulative
frequency distribution of
gray levels in an image.
k
n
sk  T ( r )   k
j 0 n
The cumulative frequency of a gray
level, i, is the number of times that a
gray level less than or equal to i
occurs in an image.

March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 3


Histogram Equalization
Redistribution of gray levels: an attempt to
flatten the frequency distribution.
The probability of occurrence of gray level rk,
pr(rk) = nk/n, for k = 0,1,…, L-1;
where n is the total number of pixels, rk is the
k-th gray level and nk is the number of pixels
having gray level rk.
Then the Histogram Equalization or Histogram
Linearization transformation function: More gray levels are allocated
k k nj
sk  T (rk )   pr (rj )   ; where there are most pixels,
j 0 j 0 n fewer gray levels where there
for k = 0,1,2,..,L-1 fewer pixels.
This tends to increase contrast in
The function s can be considered as cumulative
the most heavily populated
sum of pr(rk)
regions of the histogram.
March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 4
Histogram Equalization
Histogram equalization
becomes histogram
specification, if instead
of requiring a flat
histogram, we specify
a particular shape
explicitly.

March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 5


Histogram Equalization …

March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 6


Histogram Equalization …
 A gray-level transformation method that forces the transformed gray
level to spread over the entire intensity range.
– Data dependent,
– (usually) Contrast enhanced
 Usually, the discrete-valued histogram equalization algorithm does not
yield exact uniform distribution of histogram.
 In practice, one may prefer “histogram specification”

March 7, 2023 Dr. Al-Amin Bhuiyan [email protected] 7

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