Mạch Phối Hợp Trở Kháng

MATCHING CIRCUITS USING

ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM
University of Hull
M.Sc. Electrical and Electronics Engineering

pratyush ghosh
Abstract

This assessment focuses on matching several circuits, learning in detail about optimization and
how to control the optimized outputs, learning the effects and variation on results (Bandwidth,
gain, magnitude) by the aid of tuning.
The circuits shown will range from basic matching circuits all the wave to matching using a quarter
wave transformer (multi section) and using an open circuit single stub architecture. The entire
assessment is splint into 3 investigations.
The first will deal with basics such as basic tuning, basic optimization, basic matching with only
a load and a source component (mostly resistive for both) and lastly basic microstrip architecture
and there resulting plots and discussions on the plots.
The second will deal with complex architectures where the matching will be done using an open
circuit stub (single stub) and a quarter wave transformer complete with the instance views, the
MLIN variables ,the initial to final schematics and the resulting plots accompanied with their
discussions.
The third and final investigation will deal with a single section and 2 section quarter wave
transformers. This investigation will cover on the equations used to obtain the impedance values
for both the cases and the variation in the results.
These three investigations will be done using the ADS software, in addition to the general
procedure the assessment will focus on different tasks present in each investigation. This entire
report will focus on how the variation of components in each condition or number of conditions
will affect the overall outcome of the entire frequency plot.
The supporting diagrams such as tables showing the variables chosen for optimization, chosen for
tuning and/or chosen for any other untold purpose has been properly uploaded and referenced.
Terms pointing to the advantages, dis-advantages and applications have been informed in brief
and the diagrams for each simulation performed has its own description assuming a few terms and
concepts are known to the user.

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Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Report: Investigation 1 (Design Exercise 1) .................................................................................................. 5
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Procedure for Lumped Element Matching Network................................................................................. 5
Results for Lumped Element Matching Network ...................................................................................... 6
Discussion for Lumped Element Matching Network ................................................................................ 6
Procedure for Schematic and Simulation ................................................................................................. 7
Results for Schematic and Simulation ...................................................................................................... 8
Discussion for Schematic and Simulation ................................................................................................. 8
Procedure for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters..................................................................... 9
Results for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters ........................................................................ 10
Discussion for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters .................................................................. 11
Procedure for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines ........................................ 12
Results for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines ............................................. 13
Discussion for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines ....................................... 14
Procedure for Micro Strip Matching Network ........................................................................................ 14
Results for Micro Strip Matching Network ............................................................................................. 15
Discussion for Micro Strip Matching Network ........................................................................................ 16
Report: Investigation 2 (Design Exercise 2) ................................................................................................ 17
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Procedure for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit stub............................... 17
Results for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit stub.................................... 18
Discussion for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit stub .............................. 19
Procedure for Matching using a single open circuit stub ....................................................................... 20
Results for Matching using a single open circuit stub ............................................................................ 21
Discussion for Matching using a single open circuit stub ....................................................................... 22
Report: Investigation 3 (Design Exercise 3) ................................................................................................ 23
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Procedure for single section quarter wave transformer ........................................................................ 23
Results for single section quarter wave transformer ............................................................................. 24
Discussion for single section quarter wave transformer ........................................................................ 25

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 Procedure for 2-section quarter wave transformer ............................................................................... 26
Results for 2-section quarter wave transformer .................................................................................... 27
Discussion for 2-section quarter wave transformer ............................................................................... 28
References .................................................................................................................................................. 29

Table of Figures
Figure 1 schematic for Lumped Element Matching Network ....................................................................... 5
Figure 2 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] .............................................. 6
Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for Schematic and Simulation Architecture .......................................................... 7
Figure 4 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] .............................................. 8
Figure 5 frequency plot of mag S(1,1) with L1 max tuned,C1 min tuned [left] and L1 min, C1 max tuned
[right] ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 6 Circuit Diagram for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters .................................................. 9
Figure 7 the frequency plots of mag S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] & bandwidth-percentage ............. 10
Figure 8 Optimization Simulation Variables Set-up Window...................................................................... 10
Figure 9 Optimization Cockpit..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 10 circuit diagram for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines .................... 12
Figure 11 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] for Distributed Matching
Network with Ideal Transmission Lines ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 12 Frequency Plot for S(1,1) when TL1 is tunes to a middle value [left] and when TL1 is tuned to
its highest value [right] ............................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 13 optimization cockpit[left] and optimized output[right] ............................................................. 13
Figure 14 Circuit Diagram of Micro Strip Matching Network ..................................................................... 14
Figure 15 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] .......................................... 15
Figure 16 optimization cockpit ................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 17 the optimized frequency plots of mag S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] & bandwidth-
percentage .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 18 Schematic for [left] 1 to 4 GHz and [right] 1 to 7 GHz ................................................................ 17
Figure 19 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 20 Initial design ................................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 21 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 22 Instance view .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 23 Line Calc values for TL2 (middle) and TL1 (right) ........................................................................ 19
Figure 24 Schematic for [left] 1 to 4 GHz and [right] 1 to 7 GHz ................................................................ 20
Figure 25 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 21

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Figure 26 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 27 Initial design ................................................................................................................................ 22
Figure 28 instance view .............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 29 Line Calc values for TL1 (middle) and TL2 (right) ........................................................................ 22
Figure 30 Circuit diagram for single section quarter wave transformer [right] for range 1 to 7 GHz, [left]
for range 1 to 3 GHz .................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 31 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 32 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 33 Line Calc value for Width ............................................................................................................ 25
Figure 34 Circuit diagram for 2-section quarter wave transformer [right] for range 1 to 7 GHz, [left] for
range 1 to 3 GHz.......................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 35 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 36 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage
.................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 37 Line calc values for width of TL1 [right] and TL2 [left] ................................................................ 28

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Report: Investigation 1 (Design Exercise 1)
Introduction
This report will focus and talk about the result on 5 basic experiments using ADS, they are,
1) Lumped Element Matching Network
2) Schematic and Simulation Training
3) Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters
4) Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines
5) Micro Strip Matching Network
the tasks performed for each of the experiments performed above are,

• Design for each section ( L s ,Ws and position Ws ), using a Smith chart once. Confirm using
ADS for all parts.
• Measure |S11| as a function of frequency from 1 to 4 GHz.
• Estimate the % bandwidth for a return loss of 20 dB. Note: Return loss = −20log10 11 ( S ).
• Compare the advantages, disadvantages and applications of different sections.
From these experiments the expectation is to see the variation of the graph in the event of tuning
and/or optimization. The variation of the S11 parameter in terms of dB and magnitude. And lastly
the advantages, dis-advantages and applications of each case.

Procedure for Lumped Element Matching Network

For the Lumped Element Matching Network, the following schematic is used.

Figure 1 schematic for Lumped Element Matching Network

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The applications, advantages and dis-advantages are,
Applications: A Matching network is used in between two not similar components (preferably
impedances) solely for the purpose of maximum power to be transferred.
Dis-advantages: Unfortunately, Lumped Circuits do not provide any kind of flexibility over the
circuit that is a function of the source as well as load impedance (htt2). The higher the ratio of the
source and load impedance higher will be the Q factor leading to a narrow bandwidth
Advantages: this type of architecture has an increased power transfer, better handling of power
because of less VSWR, Helps an RF amplifier to operate with minimum noise. For a resistive
lumped using L and C section it will have Low loss and a simple design.

Results for Lumped Element Matching Network

the first result will be

Figure 2 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right]

In the above two cases the circuit is simulated from a frequency 1GHz to 4GHz. For a given value
of S(1,1) in 20dB there is only one value of frequency hence for bandwidth percentage is 0%.

Discussion for Lumped Element Matching Network

From the resulting diagrams it is seen that as the frequency increases the value of gain also
increases and then evens out presumably after 4GHz. That is exactly one of the advantages of this
architecture to increase the power transfer aka to increase the gain. The magnitude of S1,1 is
decreasing with increase in the frequency this means that the reflection power or the power lost
due to reflection is reducing again it as per the advantages where it will have Low loss.

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 Procedure for Schematic and Simulation
For this architecture the following schematic is used,

Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for Schematic and Simulation Architecture

The applications, advantages and dis-advantages are,

Applications: The ADS allow the tuning by changing one or more of the component parameter
values and side by side and observe the variation on the outputs without having to start all over
again from scratch. This enables the engineers to study various simulations in different conditions.
Advantages: With the help of tuning the variation in the chosen component values be it the
resistance, the inductance or the capacitance is easily noticeable. This helps in finding the perfect
value of the components before the hardware components are decided.
Dis-advantages: In the industrial applications the tuning for a quarter amplitude damping response
can overshoot and oscillate a bit (htt3). It will leave the entire loop with minimum robustness
causing a loop instability (htt3). If the procedure is a dead-time dominant, then these will give a
poor response (htt3).

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 Results for Schematic and Simulation
the first result is shown below,

Figure 4 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right]

Since the value of the S(1,1) gain does not reach 20dB there is no bandwidth at 20dB, hence the
bandwidth percentage at 20dB is 0%. While tuning if the value of L1 is tuned to its max value
and the C1 value is tuned to its min we get a tuned result shown below, also while tuning if the
value of L1 is tuned to its min value and the value of C1is tuned to its max we get a tuned result
of Figure 5 shown below.

Figure 5 frequency plot of mag S(1,1) with L1 max tuned,C1 min tuned [left] and L1 min, C1 max tuned [right]

Discussion for Schematic and Simulation

Since the base of this architecture is similar to that of a lumped design architecture the initial part
will be the same as in the previous case that is from the resulting diagrams, it is seen that as the
frequency increases the value of gain also increases and then evens out presumably after 4GHz.
That is exactly one of the advantages of this architecture to increase the power transfer aka to
increase the gain. The magnitude of S1,1 is decreasing with increase in the frequency this means
that the reflection power or the power lost due to reflection is reducing again it as per the
advantages where it will have Low loss. However, in this we have an addition of using Inductive
and Capacitive components as well the above figures have shown that even though the basic shape
of the curve is not that different the value of the magnitude corresponding to the frequency is

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different. For example, if an engineer wants to for a hardware and expect a magnitude of 0.85 for
a frequency of 2.5GHz he will use the max value of C1 and the min value of L1, On the other
hand, if he expects a magnitude of again 0.85 for a frequency of 3GHz he will use a combination
of max value for L1 and a min value for C1. This is where tuning comes in to give a better
understanding of which component value to use for getting a specific result with respect to
frequency here.

Procedure for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters

For this experiment the following schematic is used,

Figure 6 Circuit Diagram for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters

The applications, advantages and dis-advantages are,

Applications: The software will automatically compute the values that will meet the performance
goal set up by the user in the best way (htt6). The optimization feature is generally used to
determine the perfect system design to meet the goals (htt7).
Advantages: With the help of optimization, engineers can support the tactical and strategic
planning decision and can provide a single best solution to a given condition. Optimization is
helpful even if the input is mathematical equations without much variability (htt7).
Dis-advantages: The optimized solution will need more assumptions when it comes to handling
the values of the inputs or more external power to deal with the various variables to calculate the
best possible answer to a goal (htt7).

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 Results for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters
the first result will be

Figure 7 the frequency plots of mag S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] & bandwidth-percentage

The resulting bandwidth is 7474

74%
The optimization variable set up window is

Figure 8 Optimization Simulation Variables Set-up Window

The optimization cockpit is,

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 Figure 9 Optimization Cockpit

Discussion for Optimization of Circuit Element Parameters

Since the base of this architecture is similar to that of a lumped design architecture the initial part
will be the same as in the previous case that is from the resulting diagrams, it is observed that as
the frequency increases the value of gain also increases and then evens out presumably after 4GHz.
That is exactly one of the advantages of this architecture to increase the power transfer aka to
increase the gain. The magnitude of S1,1 is decreasing with increase in the frequency to a certain
value of the design frequency here it is believed to be 2.7GHz also known as the threshold and
then we see a slight reduction in the power transfer, and it continues further than 4 GHz. this is
happening because we have set up a goal of Mag S(1,1) like S(1,1) magnitude graph which also
changes behaviour at around 2.7 GHz which is the goal we have used the optimization of the
components from the figure 12 for L1 and C1.
After optimizing, the optimization cockpit which as the name suggests will help modify the
component parameters depending on the complexity of the goal.
Also, here because of the optimized value there is a bandwidth obtained at around 20dB.
Where the bandwidth percentage of 74%

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 Procedure for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines
For this architecture the following schematic is used,

Figure 10 circuit diagram for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines

The applications, advantages and dis-advantages are,

Applications: generally, this design is used at microwave frequencies where notable components
are difficult to implement (htt9). After the war these designs were famous in military, space and
broadcasting applications. Currently in addition to these areas this design is found in mobile
phones (htt9).
Advantages: the distributed elements are cheaper and comparatively easier to make in various
formats. Engineers will choose this specific architecture even if there is a lumped component at
the same frequency because of improved quality of outputs obtained. This architecture is also
favoured because of its ability of having higher power handling capacity (htt9).
Disadvantages: this unfortunately will take up more space than the previously compared lumped
element network, This will cause discomfort in hand-held electronic devices where the space
occupied and the size is very important (htt9).

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 Results for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines
The below diagram is obtained when simulating without any tuning and/or optimization.

Figure 11 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal
Transmission Lines

It is seen that there is no wave that will extend all the way to 20dB. So here the bandwidth
percentage is 0%. After tuning based on criteria the following diagrams are obtained,

Figure 12 Frequency Plot for S(1,1) when TL1 is tunes to a middle value [left] and when TL1 is tuned to its highest value [right]

Figure 13 optimization cockpit[left] and optimized output[right]

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 Discussion for Distributed Matching Network with Ideal Transmission Lines
Before optimizing and/or tuning the values a look at the frequency plots is recommended for the
magnitude and gain of S(1,1) respectively. Here it can also be seen that the variation is achieved
by the tuning of the TL1 values alone. From the optimized result the plot is based on the variation
of values given to TL1 and TL2 and it is according to the goal and equation mentioned in the given
command which is the VSWR. With the help of tuning the engineers can accordingly know which
value of TL1 to use to get the waveform required.
With trial and error regardless of the load the value of dB S(1,1) will not reach 20dB in the given
conditions.
If further notice is given to the optimal plot in figure 13, it is seen that the plot is frequency plot of
optimgoal1 that is the goal condition upto which the software is expected to optimize the circuit
presented to it.

Procedure for Micro Strip Matching Network

For this architecture the following schematic is used,

Figure 14 Circuit Diagram of Micro Strip Matching Network

Applications: These lines are used in high-speed PCB designs, where signals must go from one
part to another with minimum noise and radiation (htt10).
Dis-advantages: these designs have lower power handling capacity and have high loss. And since
it not enclosed this architecture is prone to crosstalk and radiation (htt12).

Advantages: This architecture can be used along with lumped elements to increase efficiency
(htt16). It is cheaper and lighter in design and weight (htt17).

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 Results for Micro Strip Matching Network
The first result will be

Figure 15 the frequency plots of magnitude S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right]

After optimization the result obtained is,

Figure 16 optimization cockpit

Our next result will be

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 Figure 17 the optimized frequency plots of mag S(1,1) [left] and dB S(1,1) [right] & bandwidth-percentage

Where it is seen that the Bandwidth at 20dB is 40.1%

Discussion for Micro Strip Matching Network

In this case before and after optimization as per the goal the central frequency is somewhere around
3.5 GHz. assuming because the ratio of the goal will cause a fluctuation around 3.5GHz after which
instead of increasing the gain the gain starts to decrease. And this occurs both before and after
optimization. The bandwidth percentage is however a value of 40.1% at 20dB.

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Report: Investigation 2 (Design Exercise 2)
Introduction
In design exercise 2, the report will focus on the result of 2 slightly complex experiments using
ADS,
1) Match a 100-ohm resistor to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit stub;
2) Matching using a single open circuit stub
I shall be taking a note of 4 tasks for each of the experiments performed above,

• Design for each section ( L s, Ws and position Ws ), using a Smith chart once. Confirm using
ADS for all parts.
• Measure |S11| as a function of frequency from 1 to 4 GHz and further upto 7 GHz
• Estimate the % bandwidth for a return loss of 20 dB. Note: Return loss = −20log10 11 ( S ).
• Compare the advantages, disadvantages and applications of different transmission line for
instance quarter wave lines and stubs for matching.
From these experiments it is expected to see the variation of the graph in the event of tuning and/or
optimization. The variation of the S11 parameter in terms of dB and magnitude.

Procedure for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit
stub
For this architecture the following schematic is used,

Figure 18 Schematic for [left] 1 to 4 GHz and [right] 1 to 7 GHz

while comparing the advantages and dis-advantages of the open stub and a quarter wave
transformer it should be known that a quarter wave transformer is used generally for real matching
only, A stub, however, can be used for only imaginary (htt18). The open stub is so far the better
choice because it can make use of only 1 transmission line for the main line and the stub.
For the open circuit stub,
Applications: the open circuit stub is famous for matching the fixed impedances at microwave
frequencies as well as for the matching of the complex load (htt19).

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Advantages: the open stub is far superior because it needs only one transmission line (htt20).

Dis-advantages: it is bad for variable impedances. Any change in the load will also change the
length as well as location of the stub which is difficult to comeback from (htt21).
For the Quarter wave transformer,
Applications: it can be used to match 2 lines with variable impedances (htt22). In a filter it can
be used as an inverter as it gives the inverse of an impedance (htt23).
Advantages: it provides a simpler way of matching any real loads, they can be extended to give a
broader bandwidth (htt24).
Dis-advantages: it can only be used for matching a real load, and it can provide a perfect match
at only one frequency. This methods requires a special line characteristics called a Zox impedance
for every load to be matched (htt25)

Results for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit stub
This is the result obtained for a frequency of 1 to 4 GHz

Figure 19 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

Figure 20 Initial design

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This is the result obtained for a frequency of 1 to 7 GHz

Figure 21 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

The centre or design frequency used here is 3 GHz,

Figure 22 Instance view

Discussion for Match a 100-ohm load to a 50-ohm line using an open circuit
stub
From the Line values obtained below it is seen that,

Figure 23 Line Calc values for TL2 (middle) and TL1 (right)

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In this experiment the bandwidth percentage is of value 27% in both frequency ranges. As it Is
a single stub architecture where a sharp increase is seen on the the gain of S(1,1) till upto 60dB.
And then since the design or the centre frequency is 3 GHz it starts getting reduced from that.
From the line calc values in figure above it is seen that the measurements for L and W for both the
MLIN components and these do not change with change in frequency. If a complex load had been
used as well as as the resistive the obtained result woud be very different because the loads react
differently to matching based on what matching mehod is used. From the above figure the
following result is obtained
W to be 0.247 mm for the TL2 and TL1 component and
L to be 6.013 mm for the TL2 and 15.896 for the TL1 component

Procedure for Matching using a single open circuit stub

Quite like the previous experiment here the schematic used is,

Figure 24 Schematic for [left] 1 to 4 GHz and [right] 1 to 7 GHz

For the open circuit stub,

Applications: the open circuit stub is famous for matching the fixed impedances at microwave
frequencies as well as for the matching of the complex load (htt19).
Advantages: the open stub is far superior to the latter because it needs only one transmission line
(htt20).

Dis-advantages: it is bad for variable impedances. Any change in the load will also change the
length as well as location of the stub which is difficult to comeback from (htt21).
For the Quarter wave transformer,
Applications: these are helpful in impedance matching; it can be used to match 2 lines with
variable impedances (htt22). In a filter it can be used as an inverter as it gives the inverse of an
impedance (htt23).
Advantages: it provides a simpler way of matching any real loads, they can be extended to give a
broader bandwidth (htt24).

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Dis-advantages: it can only be used for matching a real load, and it can provide a perfect match
at only one frequency. This methods requires a special line characteristics called a Zox impedance
for every load to be matched (htt25)

Results for Matching using a single open circuit stub

For the frequency range of 1 to 4 GHz, the result obtained is

Figure 25 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

For the frequency range of 1 to 7 GHz, the result obtained is

Figure 26 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

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 Figure 27 Initial design

Here centre or design frequency used is 2 GHz,

Figure 28 instance view

Discussion for Matching using a single open circuit stub

From the Line values obtained below it can be seen that,

Figure 29 Line Calc values for TL1 (middle) and TL2 (right)

In this experiment the bandwidth percentage obtained is 19% in both frequency ranges. As it is
a single stub architecture a sharp increase is seen in the gain of S(1,1) till upto 60dB. Since the
design or the centre frequency is 2 GHz it starts getting reduced from that. From the line calc
values it can be seen that the measurements for L and W for both the MLIN components do not
change with change in frequency. From the above figure the following result is obtained,
W to be 0.247 mm for the TL2 and TL1 component and
L to be 9.026 mm for the TL2 and 23.859 mm for the TL1 component

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Report: Investigation 3 (Design Exercise 3)
Introduction
This investigation will cover four tasks, they are

• Design a single section quarter wave transformer using for a design frequency of 2 GHz. Use
the RF Toolbox to determine the width of the quarter wave line and then to simulate the whole
device i.e. 50 Ω line, quarter wave line and 100 Ω load.
• Measure |S11| as a function of frequency from 1 to 3 GHz and further up to 7GHz.
• Estimate the percentage bandwidth for a return loss of 20 dB.
• Design a two-section quarter wave transformer and repeat steps 1 to 3.
This experiment will give the frequency plot of mag S(1,1) for two frequency ranges for two
different quarter wave architectures, along with the basic calculation on how the values for the
components have been calculated and concluding with the bandwidth percentage for each of the
two quarter wave transformers.

Procedure for single section quarter wave transformer

For the single section quarter wave transformer, the following schematic has been used for the
frequency range 1 to 3 GHz and for 1 to 7 GHz.

Figure 30 Circuit diagram for single section quarter wave transformer [right] for range 1 to 7 GHz, [left] for range 1 to 3 GHz

The value of the impedance of TL1 is found using the equation,

𝐑(𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝) 𝟏
𝐙𝟏 = 𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞) ∗ ( )𝟐𝐍
𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞)
Where R(source) is 50 Ohm, R(load) is 100 Ohm and N =1 as it is a single section quarter wave
transformer
𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝒁𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎 ∗ ( ) = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟕 𝛀
𝟓𝟎

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 Results for single section quarter wave transformer

Figure 31 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

The above result is for the frequency range 1 to 3 GHz having a design frequency 2 GHz. The
below result shows the same for the frequency range 1 to 7 GHZ also having a design frequency
of 2 GHz.

Figure 32 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

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For the frequency range 1 to 3 GHz the resulting bandwidth percentage is 77.5%, For the
frequency range 1 to 7 GHz, there are two bandwidths obtained for 20dB, they are BW1 = 77.5%
and BW2 = 75%, the average value turns out to be 76.25%,
It can be concluded that the bandwidth percentage is approximately 77.5%,
the width of the quarter wave line(single) is

Figure 33 Line Calc value for Width

Width(TL1) = 0.106353 mm,

Discussion for single section quarter wave transformer

In this experiment there are two bandwidths for the value of 20dB in the frequency range of 1 to 7
GHz, the result was chosen as an average of the two results and range of the answer was given
instead. Being a quarter wave transformer, it can only be used for real cases and so complex load
will not do any good.
For a single section transformer, the calculation for Z value of the TL1 TLIN value has turned out
to be 70.7 Ohm. The equations used have been mentioned.
so has the value of width of the component used in the quarter wave line.

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 Procedure for 2-section quarter wave transformer
For the 2-section quarter wave transformer, the following schematic has been used for the
frequency range 1 to 3 GHz and for 1 to 7 GHz,

Figure 34 Circuit diagram for 2-section quarter wave transformer [right] for range 1 to 7 GHz, [left] for range 1 to 3 GHz

The value of the impedance of TL1 and TL2 is found using the equations,
𝐑(𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝) 𝟏
𝐙𝟏 = 𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞) ∗ ( )𝟐𝐍
𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞)
And,
𝐑(𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝) 𝟑
𝐙𝟐 = 𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞) ∗ ( )𝟐𝐍
𝐑(𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞)
Where R(source) is 50 Ohm, R(load) is 100 Ohm and N =2 as it is a 2-section quarter wave
transformer, which gives the values,
𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝒁𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎 ∗ ( ) = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 𝛀
𝟓𝟎
And
𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝒁𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 ∗ ( ) = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝛀
𝟓𝟎

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 Results for 2-section quarter wave transformer

Figure 35 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

The above result is for the frequency range 1 to 3 GHz having a design frequency 2 GHz. The
below result shows the same for the frequency range 1 to 7 GHZ also having a design frequency
of 2 GHz.

Figure 36 frequency plots of [left] dB S(1,1) and [right] mag S(1,1) as well as the bandwidth percentage

For the frequency range 1 to 3 GHz the resulting bandwidth percentage is 145%,For the frequency
range 1 to 7 GHz, there are two bandwidths obtained for 20dB, they are BW1 = 145% and BW2
= 145.6%, the average value turns out to be 145.3%,

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It can be concluded that the bandwidth percentage is approximately 145%
the width of the quarter wave line(single) for components TL1 and TL2 is,

Figure 37 Line calc values for width of TL1 [right] and TL2 [left]

Width(TL1) = 0.167582 mm
Width(TL2) = 0.061722 mm

Discussion for 2-section quarter wave transformer

In this experiment there are two bandwidths again for the value of 20dB in the frequency range of
1 to 7 GHz, the result was chosen as an average of the two results and range of the answer was
given instead. Being a quarter wave transformer, it can only be used for real cases and so complex
load will not do any good.
For a 2-section transformer, the calculation for Z value of the TL1 TLIN value has turned out to
be 59.46 Ohm and the Z value for TL2 TLIN value has been shown to be 84.098 Ohm. The
equations used have been mentioned, so has the values of width of both the components used in
the quarter wave line.

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