Heaven's Light Is Our Guide

Development Of Phase Detection Meter Using

Stm32f103

A Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfilment for the

requirement of the degree of

Bachelor of Science in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

by
Mehedi Hasan Nahid
Roll No. 1701039

to the
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
September, 2023
 Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Development Of Phase Detection Meter Using
Stm32f103” has been carried out by Mehedi Hasan Nahid under my direct supervision. To the
best of my knowledge this thesis is an original one and has not been submitted anywhere for a
diploma and degree.

Thesis Supervisor

………………………………………

Dr. Md. Masud Rana

Professor

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Development Of Phase Detection Meter Using
Stm32f103” has been corrected according to my suggestion and guidance given as an external.
The quality of this thesis is satisfactory.

External Member

………………………………………

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 Acknowledgement

All praises to Almighty Allah for the strengths and His blessings in completing this thesis. I'd
like to express my heartiest gratitude to my adorable supervisor Dr. Md. Masud Rana,
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of
Engineering & Technology, for his constant guidance, patience, inspiration, and most
importantly for his friendly behavior during this thesis work. I was encouraged not only to
perform the thesis but also to enlighten myself as a self-thinker.

I'd like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to the person who helped me to
complete this thesis by sharing their research ideas and essential materials. Also, my deepest
gratitude to all other respected teachers in my department for their essential counseling and
valuable suggestions and information. I am also grateful to all of my friends for their inspiring
opinions and suggestions.

Most importantly I'm also grateful to my respected parents without whom I am nothing, for
their regular and spontaneous support in every step of my life.

Author
Mehedi Hasan Nahid
Roll No. 1701039
 Abstract
In our project, we embark on the mission to precisely calculate the phase difference between
two signals while concurrently measuring their frequency. This endeavor represents a
significant step in the realm of signal analysis and opens up new possibilities for practical
applications [1].

Central to our project is the utilization of an STM32 LCD display, which serves as the primary
interface for data visualization and user interaction. This display offers real-time insights into
the phase relationship and frequency of the input signals, providing users with valuable
information for their applications.

To ensure a stable and dependable power source, we have incorporated a 220/6 V transformer
and a bridge rectifier into our system. These components work synergistically to convert
pulsating DC into a consistent power supply, ensuring the reliable operation of our signal
analysis module.

A key innovation in our project lies in the precise calculation of the phase difference between
the two input signals. This capability is indispensable in applications where synchronization
and alignment of signals are paramount.

Additionally, our project is equipped to measure the frequency of the input signals with a high
degree of accuracy. This functionality is particularly valuable in scenarios where frequency
monitoring is critical for system stability and control.

In summary, our project focuses on the dual objectives of calculating the phase difference and
measuring the frequency of two input signals. With an STM32 LCD display at its heart and a
robust power supply system, our solution offers a practical and reliable means of signal
analysis. We envision its application in various fields where signal synchronization and
frequency measurement are vital, contributing to advancements in technology and enabling
more precise control and monitoring.

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Contents

Certificate ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Contents 1
List of figures 2
Chapter 1 3
INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 Overview 3
1.2 Literature Review 4
1.3 Motivation 5
1.4 Objectives 7
1.5 Organizations 8
Chapter 2 10
Background and Theory 10
2.1 Electrical Phase Detection 10
2.2 STM32F103 Microcontroller 14
Chapter 3 22
Methodology and Testing 22
3.1 Methodology 22
3.2 Testing and Validity 24
Chapter 4 41
Result and Discussion 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Result 41

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Chapter 5
Conclusion and Discussion 44
5.1 Conclusion 44
5.2 Discussion 44
Chapter 6 45
Future Work 45
References 46

List of figures
Fig.2.1.1: Phase meter .............................................................................................................. 11
Fig.2.1.2: Phase Measurement Using an Oscilloscope ........................................... 12
3. Lock-In Amplifiers:.............................................................................................................. 12
Fig. 2.2.1: STM32F103 Architecture ....................................................................................... 15
Fig. 2.2.2: Programming Workflow in Cube IDE .................................................................... 17
Fig.2.2.3: Pin-out diagram of stm32f103 ................................................................................. 19
Fig.3.2.1: Simple led blinking programming in keil IDE ........................................................ 26
Fig.3.2.2: Simple led blinking .................................................................................................. 27
Fig.3.2.3: Simple led blinking using push button interrupt ..................................................... 40
Fig.4.2.1: Bridge Rectifier Output Explanation ....................................................................... 41
Fig.4.2.2: Zero Cross Output Explanation ............................................................................... 42
Fig.4.2.3: Measurement Frequency .......................................................................................... 42

List of Tables
Table 3.1.1: system architecture .............................................................................................. 22

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
The quest for efficient energy management and power quality has never been more critical than
in today's technology-driven world. Accurate phase detection plays a pivotal role in addressing
these challenges. This chapter introduces the research undertaken to develop a Phase Detection
Meter using STM32F103 microcontroller.

Modern energy management systems rely heavily on the precise measurement and control of
electrical parameters. Among these, phase detection is crucial for ensuring the stability and
efficiency of power distribution networks. Traditional methods have limitations in terms of
accuracy, cost, and adaptability to evolving energy demands [2].

In response to these challenges, this research project explores the potential of the STM32F103
microcontroller, a powerful and versatile platform, to create an advanced Phase Detection
Meter. This device aims to provide real-time, highly accurate phase detection capabilities,
catering to the needs of various applications, including smart grid systems, industrial
automation, and renewable energy sources.

The Phase Detection Meter leverages digital signal processing and microcontroller capabilities
to overcome the limitations of analog methods. It offers improved accuracy, scalability, and
adaptability, making it an ideal solution for modern power management challenges.

This chapter provides an overview of the project's goals, motivation, and the broader context
of phase detection in energy management. Subsequent sections delve into the motivation
behind this research, existing literature in the field, specific objectives, and the organization of
the thesis.

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1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Analog Phase Detection Techniques

Paper1 [3]:

Contribution: This paper presented an analog Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for precise phase
detection in power systems. The PLL demonstrated excellent accuracy but lacked adaptability
to dynamic loads.

Research Gap: While effective, this approach struggled with rapid load variations, urging the
need for more adaptable techniques.

Paper 2 [4]

Contribution: Johnson proposed a synchronous detection method using analog circuits. It

achieved good accuracy but struggled in noisy environments.

Research Gap: Noise resilience remained a challenge, necessitating improvements for real-
world applications.

Paper 3 [5]

Contribution: Introduced an analog phase meter, focusing on grid synchronization for

renewable energy integration. The meter showed promise but required further enhancements.

Research Gap: Addressing the integration of renewable energy sources required more advanced
features for dynamic phase tracking.

1.2.2 Digital Phase Detection Techniques

Paper 4 [6]

Contribution: Garcia's work explored digital Phase-Locked Loops for power quality
monitoring. The digital approach provided better adaptability but needed optimization for real-
time applications.

Research Gap: Real-time power quality monitoring demanded enhanced computational

efficiency and reduced latency.

Paper 5 [7]

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Contribution: Martinez proposed advanced digital signal processing techniques for phase
detection. These methods offered higher accuracy and adaptability.

Research Gap: The computational complexity of these techniques called for energy-efficient
implementations suitable for embedded systems.

1.2.3 Research Gap and Objectives

The reviewed papers underscore the significance of accurate phase detection in power systems.
Analog techniques offer good accuracy but struggle with adaptability to dynamic loads and
noisy environments. Digital methods show promise in adaptability but require optimizations
for real-time applications.

The research aims to bridge these gaps by developing a Phase Detection Meter using the
STM32F103 microcontroller. The objectives include improving accuracy, adaptability to
dynamic loads, noise resilience, and computational efficiency.

This thesis focuses on leveraging the computational power and versatility of STM32F103 to
create an advanced Phase Detection Meter that overcomes the limitations of both analog and
early digital methods.

1.3 Motivation

The motivation behind this research project stems from the critical need for accurate and
efficient phase detection in electrical systems. Electrical energy is the backbone of modern
society, powering homes, industries, and infrastructure. However, the effective utilization of
electrical energy relies heavily on maintaining proper phase synchronization and power factor
correction.

In the current electrical landscape, various factors contribute to phase discrepancies, including
non-linear loads, voltage variations, and grid disturbances. These discrepancies can lead to
inefficiencies, increased energy consumption, and even damage to electrical equipment. As
such, there is a pressing demand for precise phase detection meters that can monitor and rectify
phase deviations in real-time.

This project seeks to address these challenges by developing an advanced Phase Detection
Meter based on the STM32F103 microcontroller. The STM32F103 microcontroller offers a
powerful and versatile platform for implementing real-time monitoring and control solutions.
Leveraging its capabilities, we aim to design a phase detection system that is not only highly
accurate but also cost-effective and adaptable for various applications.

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Furthermore, the motivation for this research also lies in the opportunity to bridge the gap
between analog and digital phase detection methods. By exploring and integrating both
traditional analog techniques and modern digital signal processing, we aim to create a
comprehensive solution that combines the strengths of both approaches.

In summary, this project is motivated by the critical importance of precise phase detection in
electrical systems, the need for efficient energy management, and the potential to harness the
capabilities of the STM32F103 microcontroller to develop an innovative and practical solution.

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1.4 Objectives

The primary objectives of this research project are:

• Design and Develop a Phase Detection Meter: Create a robust and accurate phase
detection meter based on the STM32F103 microcontroller that can effectively monitor
electrical phase parameters.

• Integration of Analog and Digital Techniques: Investigate and integrate both traditional
analog and modern digital phase detection techniques to enhance the accuracy and
reliability of the meter.

• Real-time Monitoring and Reporting: Implement real-time data acquisition and

reporting capabilities to provide instantaneous feedback on phase deviations and power
quality.

• User-friendly Interface: Develop a user-friendly interface that allows users to configure

and control the Phase Detection Meter easily, facilitating seamless integration into
various electrical systems.

• Cost-effectiveness: Ensure that the designed phase detection meter is cost-effective,

making it accessible to a wide range of applications and industries.

• Testing and Validation: Conduct extensive testing and validation of the Phase Detection
Meter under various operating conditions to assess its performance and reliability.

• Documentation and Knowledge Sharing: Create comprehensive documentation and

knowledge resources to facilitate the understanding and adoption of the Phase Detection
Meter by researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of electrical engineering.

• Identification of Research Gaps: Identify gaps in existing phase detection techniques

and propose innovative solutions to address these gaps, contributing to the advancement
of knowledge in the field.

• Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: Explore opportunities to improve the energy

efficiency of electrical systems through phase synchronization and power factor
correction, contributing to sustainable energy practices.

• Future Expansion: Design the Phase Detection Meter with scalability in mind, allowing
for future upgrades and expansions to accommodate evolving electrical system
requirements.

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These objectives collectively aim to develop a comprehensive and adaptable Phase Detection
Meter that can significantly enhance the precision and efficiency of electrical energy
management while addressing research gaps in the field of phase detection.

1.5 Organizations

Chapter 1: This chapter is entitled “Introduction”. In this chapter basic introduction of

development of phase detection meter is introduced and then the evolution of phase
detection meter is described in the subsection named Literature review. This chapter also
discusses the motivation and goals of this research project.

Chapter 2: This chapter is called Background and Theory.

2.1 Electrical Phase Detection

• Explain the fundamentals of phase detection in electrical systems.

2.2 STM32F103 Microcontroller

• Provide an overview of the STM32F103 microcontroller and its capabilities.

Chapter 3: This chapter is called Methodology.

3.1 Design and Development

• Describe the process of designing and developing the Phase Detection Meter.

3.2 Integration of Analog and Digital Techniques

• Explain how analog and digital methods were integrated.

3.3 Real-time Monitoring

• Discuss real-time data acquisition and reporting mechanisms.

3.4 User Interface

• Describe the user-friendly interface design.

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.

Chapter 4: This chapter is called Implementation.

4.1 Hardware Components

• Detail the hardware components used in Phase Detection Meter.

4.2 Software Implementation

• Describe about the software architecture and coding.

Chapter 5: This chapter is called Testing and Validation

5.1 Test Procedures
Explain the testing methodologies employed.
5.2 Results and Analysis
Present test results and analyze their implications.
Chapter 6: Discussion
6.1 Interpretation of Results
• Discuss the significance of the findings.
Chapter 7: Conclusion
• Summarize the key findings and contributions of this research.
Chapter 8: Future Work
• Suggestion of potential areas for future research and improvements.

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 Chapter 2
Background and Theory

2.1 Electrical Phase Detection

2.1.1 Introduction to Electrical Phase
Electrical phase is a critical concept in the world of alternating current (AC)
electricity. It refers to the timing relationship between sinusoidal waveforms,
indicating how they align in time. Phase is measured in degrees or radians,
representing a fraction of a full cycle. When two waveforms are perfectly in
sync, they have the same phase, while a 180-degree phase difference means they
are completely out of phase. Understanding electrical phase is fundamental in
applications like power distribution, motor control, and signal processing, where
precise timing is crucial for efficiency, safety, and functionality in AC systems.
[8] [9]

2.1.2 Importance of Phase in Electrical Systems

The phase in electrical systems plays a pivotal role in ensuring the proper
functioning and efficiency of various devices and networks. Understanding its
importance is crucial for optimizing electrical systems. Here are some key
aspects of its significance:
1. Power Factor Correction: Proper phase management helps in
achieving a high power factor, which is essential for reducing energy
wastage in alternating current (AC) circuits. A low power factor results
in increased electricity costs and reduced system efficiency.
2. Voltage Regulation: Phase control is vital for maintaining stable voltage
levels in distribution systems. Fluctuations in phase can lead to voltage
imbalances, affecting the performance and lifespan of connected devices.
3. Synchronization: In AC power generation and distribution, precise
phase synchronization is required to ensure that power sources and loads
are operating in harmony. This prevents disruptions, voltage surges, and
frequency deviations.
4. Motor Control: Phase control is essential in motor applications. By
controlling the phase angle of voltage applied to a motor, its speed and
direction can be managed effectively, enabling various industrial
processes.
5. Power Quality: Phase imbalances and distortions can lead to poor power
quality, resulting in voltage sags, harmonics, and other issues that can

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 damage sensitive electronic equipment. Proper phase management
enhances power quality.
6. Energy Efficiency: Achieving phase balance reduces energy losses,
which is critical for improving energy efficiency and lowering
operational costs in industrial and commercial settings.
7. Grid Stability: In large-scale power grids, maintaining phase coherence
is essential for grid stability and preventing cascading failures during
disturbances.
8. Renewable Energy Integration: In modern power systems with
renewable energy sources like wind and solar, phase control is necessary
to integrate these intermittent sources seamlessly into the grid.
Understanding the importance of phase in electrical systems is fundamental to
designing, operating, and maintaining reliable and efficient electrical networks
and equipment. It ensures the optimal use of electrical energy and minimizes
disruptions, contributing to sustainable and resilient power systems. [10] [11]

2.1.3 Phase Measurement Techniques

Phase measurement techniques are fundamental in understanding the behavior
of alternating current (AC) signals and are essential in various applications.
These techniques allow us to determine the phase difference between two AC
waveforms accurately. Here, we discuss several common phase measurement
methods:

1. Phase Meters:
• Description: Phase meters are specialized instruments designed to
measure the phase angle between two AC signals precisely. They often
use a variety of techniques such as bridge circuits or digital signal
processing.

Fig.2.1.1: Phase meter [12]

2. Oscilloscopes:
• Description: Digital oscilloscopes equipped with dual-channel
capabilities can display two waveforms simultaneously, making it
possible to measure phase differences directly on the screen.

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 Fig.2.1.2: Phase Measurement Using an Oscilloscope [13]

3. Lock-In Amplifiers:
• Description: Lock-in amplifiers are used to extract and measure the
amplitude and phase of a signal at a specific reference frequency. They
are particularly useful in detecting weak AC signals in the presence of
noise.

4. Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs):

• Description: VNAs are versatile instruments commonly used in RF and
microwave applications. They can measure the magnitude and phase of
signals across a range of frequencies.
5. Digital Signal Processing (DSP):
• Description: DSP techniques can be applied to digitized signals to
calculate phase information. These methods are highly flexible and can
be implemented in software or hardware.

6. Power Analyzers:
• Description: Power analyzers are used in power quality analysis and
energy monitoring applications. They can measure phase angles between
voltage and current waveforms to calculate power factors.

These phase measurement techniques find applications in various fields,

including electronics, telecommunications, power distribution, and scientific
research. The choice of method depends on factors such as measurement
accuracy, frequency range, and the specific requirements of the application.
Accurate phase measurements are crucial for optimizing system
performance and ensuring the efficient operation of AC circuits. [10] [14]
[15]

2.1.4 Challenges and Limitations

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 While phase measurement techniques are invaluable for understanding AC
signals, they come with certain challenges and limitations that researchers
and engineers must consider:

1. Frequency Range:
• Challenge: Many phase measurement instruments have limited
frequency ranges. Some techniques are optimized for low frequencies,
while others excel at high frequencies.
• Limitation: Extending phase measurements to a broader frequency
spectrum may require specialized equipment.
2. Signal Amplitude:
• Challenge: Weak signals or those buried in noise can be challenging to
measure accurately.
• Limitation: Obtaining precise phase information from low-amplitude or
noisy signals may necessitate the use of lock-in amplifiers or
sophisticated DSP algorithms.
3. Instrument Calibration:
• Challenge: Precise phase measurements often require frequent
instrument calibration.
• Limitation: Calibration procedures can be time-consuming and may
introduce errors if not performed correctly.
4. Complexity of Measurement Setup:
• Challenge: Some techniques, such as vector network analyzers, involve
complex measurement setups.
• Limitation: Complex setups can be cumbersome and may require
expertise to operate effectively.
5. Accuracy and Uncertainty:
• Challenge: Achieving high accuracy in phase measurements can be
challenging, particularly in non-ideal conditions.
• Limitation: Uncertainty in phase measurements can affect the reliability
of results, especially in critical applications.
6. Limited Phase Resolution:
• Challenge: Certain instruments may have limited phase resolution,
making it difficult to distinguish small phase differences.
• Limitation: High-resolution phase measurements may necessitate
specialized equipment with enhanced capabilities.
7. Non-Sinusoidal Signals:

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 • Challenge: Phase measurement techniques are typically designed for
sinusoidal signals.
• Limitation: Extending phase analysis to non-sinusoidal or distorted
waveforms can introduce complexities and inaccuracies.
8. Cost and Availability:
• Challenge: Advanced phase measurement instruments can be expensive,
limiting accessibility.
• Limitation: Budget constraints may impact the choice of equipment
available for phase analysis.
9. Real-Time Requirements:
• Challenge: Some applications, such as control systems, demand real-
time phase measurements.
• Limitation: Ensuring real-time capability can be technically demanding
and may require dedicated hardware. [16] [17] [18]

2.2 STM32F103 Microcontroller

2.2.1 Introduction to STM32F103

The STM32F103 microcontroller, part of the STM32 family by
STMicroelectronics, is a powerful and versatile embedded system solution. It
features a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 core, offering high computational
performance and a rich set of peripherals. The STM32F103 series is known for
its wide range of memory options, extensive connectivity interfaces, and support
for various communication protocols. With its low power consumption and
robust development ecosystem, the STM32F103 microcontroller is widely
adopted in diverse applications, from industrial control systems to consumer
electronics, making it a popular choice for embedded systems development. [19]

2.2.2 STM32F103 Architecture

The STM32F103 microcontroller's architecture is based on the ARM Cortex-M3
core, offering a well-structured and efficient design. It includes the following
key components:
1. ARM Cortex-M3 Core: At the heart of the STM32F103 lies the ARM
Cortex-M3 processor. This 32-bit core provides excellent performance
with low power consumption, making it ideal for embedded applications.
2. Flash Memory: The microcontroller includes a Flash memory module
for program storage. The amount of Flash memory varies among
different STM32F103 variants, allowing developers to choose the one
that suits their application needs.

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 3. SRAM: It features Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) for data
storage, providing fast and efficient memory access.
4. Peripherals: The microcontroller is equipped with a wide range of
peripherals, including GPIO pins, timers, UART, SPI, I2C, and more.
These peripherals enhance its capabilities and make it adaptable to
various applications.
5. Clock and Reset Control: The Clock Control Unit (RCC) allows precise
clock management, crucial for synchronization and power efficiency.
The Reset Control Unit (RST) ensures system stability.
6. Advanced Interrupt Controller (NVIC): NVIC manages interrupt
requests efficiently, enabling the microcontroller to respond to external
events promptly.
7. I/O Ports: GPIO pins provide flexible input and output options, allowing
connections to external sensors, displays, and other devices.
8. Communication Interfaces: STM32F103 supports UART, SPI, I2C, and
CAN interfaces, enabling seamless communication with other devices.
9. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): Some variants feature a high-
resolution ADC for analog signal conversion, useful in applications like
sensor interfacing.
10. Debugging and Programming: Debugging and programming interfaces,
such as Serial Wire Debug (SWD) and JTAG, facilitate development and
testing.
Figure 2.2.1 illustrates the architectural overview of the STM32F103
microcontroller.

Fig. 2.2.1: STM32F103 Architecture [19]

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2.2.3 Programming STM32F103
Programming the STM32F103 microcontroller involves writing code in the C
or C++ programming languages and then flashing it onto the microcontroller's
Flash memory. Here are the essential steps and tools involved in programming
the STM32F103:
1. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): To write and compile code
for STM32F103, developers typically use an IDE like Keil,
STM32CubeIDE, or PlatformIO. These IDEs provide a user-friendly
interface and essential development tools.
2. HAL Library: STMicroelectronics provides the Hardware Abstraction
Layer (HAL) library, which simplifies low-level hardware interaction.
The HAL library includes functions for configuring GPIO, setting up
timers, and handling communication interfaces.
3. Peripheral Configuration: Developers configure the microcontroller's
peripherals like GPIO pins, timers, UART, and more according to their
application requirements. This involves setting pin modes, enabling
interrupts, and configuring communication protocols.
4. Application Code: The core of the program is the application code,
written to perform specific tasks or functions. Developers write this code
in C/C++, utilizing the HAL library and available peripherals.
5. Compilation: The IDE compiles the code into machine-readable binary
files, such as .bin or .hex, suitable for microcontroller Flash memory.
6. Flashing: Using a programmer or debugger like ST-Link, the compiled
code is loaded onto the microcontroller's Flash memory. This step
requires connecting the microcontroller to the programmer/debugger via
SWD or JTAG interfaces.
7. Debugging: Debugging tools in the IDE assist developers in finding and
fixing issues in their code. They can set breakpoints, inspect variables,
and step through the code to identify and rectify errors.
8. Testing: After programming, the microcontroller can be tested in a real-
world environment. Testing may involve connecting external sensors,
displays, or other peripherals to verify the functionality of the
application.
9. Iterative Development: Developers often go through multiple iterations
of code development, debugging, and testing to ensure the desired
functionality and performance.
10. Documentation: It's essential to maintain thorough documentation of the
code, including comments and descriptions, to facilitate future
maintenance and collaboration.

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Programming the STM32F103 microcontroller offers flexibility and versatility
for a wide range of applications, from simple LED blinking to complex control
systems and IoT devices.

Fig. 2.2.2: Programming Workflow in Cube IDE [20]

2.2.4 Integration of STM32F103

The integration of the STM32F103 microcontroller into an embedded system
involves several key considerations and steps. This section outlines the
integration process, highlighting the aspects that engineers and developers need
to address when designing applications around this microcontroller.
1. Hardware Integration:
• Power Supply: Ensure a stable and adequate power supply to the
STM32F103, adhering to its voltage and current requirements.
• Clock Configuration: Set up the microcontroller's clock system,
including the choice of the system clock source and the
configuration of PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) settings for clock
multiplication.

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 • Peripherals and Sensors: Connect and interface with external
components, such as sensors, actuators, displays, and
communication modules, through GPIO pins, serial interfaces
(SPI, I2C, UART), and timers.
• PCB Design: Create a well-designed printed circuit board (PCB)
layout that considers signal integrity, power distribution, and
noise mitigation.

2. Software Integration:
• Device Drivers: Implement device drivers for the peripherals
used in the application. These drivers enable communication and
control of external components.
• RTOS (Real-Time Operating System): If the application requires
multitasking or real-time capabilities, integrate an RTOS like
FreeRTOS to manage tasks and scheduling.
• Communication Protocols: Configure and integrate
communication protocols like UART, SPI, I2C, or Ethernet for
data exchange with other devices or systems.
• Firmware Updates: Plan for firmware updates and integrate
mechanisms for over-the-air (OTA) updates or other means of
updating the microcontroller's firmware in the field.
3. Software Development:
• Application Code: Write and debug the application-specific code
that defines the system's behavior, processes data, and interacts
with external peripherals.
• Error Handling: Implement error-handling mechanisms to
address unexpected conditions and failures gracefully.
4. Testing and Validation:
• Unit Testing: Verify the functionality of individual software
components, drivers, and modules through unit testing.
• Integration Testing: Test the interaction between various software
and hardware components to ensure seamless operation.
• Validation: Validate the entire system's performance against the
defined requirements and specifications.
5. Power Management:
• Implement power-saving features and strategies to optimize
energy consumption, especially in battery-powered applications.

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 6. Security Considerations:
• If required, integrate security measures to protect data and ensure
system integrity. This may include encryption, secure boot, and
secure firmware updates.
7. Certification and Compliance:
• Depending on the application domain, ensure compliance with
industry-specific standards and regulations.
8. Documentation:
• Maintain comprehensive documentation, including system
architecture, schematics, software design, and user manuals.
9. Field Testing and Deployment:
• Field testing involves deploying the integrated system in the
intended environment to validate its performance under real-
world conditions.
• Address any issues or improvements identified during field
testing.
10. Lifecycle Management:
• Plan for the entire product lifecycle, including maintenance,
updates, and end-of-life considerations.
Effective integration of the STM32F103 microcontroller requires a
multidisciplinary approach, involving hardware design, software development,
testing, and project management. Thorough planning and attention to detail at
each stage contribute to the successful deployment of embedded systems based
on the STM32F103.

Fig.2.2.3: Pin-out diagram of stm32f103 [19]

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2.2.5 Advantages of Using STM32F103
The utilization of the STM32F103 microcontroller in embedded systems offers
various advantages, making it a preferred choice for a wide range of
applications. These advantages contribute to the popularity and success of the
STM32F103 series. Here are some key benefits:
1. Rich Peripheral Set: The STM32F103 series provides a diverse set of
peripherals, including GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C, timers, and analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs). This extensive peripheral set simplifies
interfacing with external components and sensors.
2. Performance: Powered by the ARM Cortex-M3 core, the STM32F103
microcontroller family delivers high processing power, efficient
execution, and real-time performance. It can handle demanding tasks and
complex algorithms effectively.
3. Memory Options: With various memory configurations available,
including Flash memory and SRAM sizes, developers can choose the
STM32F103 variant that best matches their application's memory
requirements.
4. Rich Development Ecosystem: STMicroelectronics provides a
comprehensive development ecosystem, including the STM32CubeMX
configuration tool, STM32CubeIDE integrated development
environment, HAL/LL libraries, and extensive documentation. This
ecosystem accelerates the development process.
5. Low Power Modes: The microcontroller offers multiple low-power
modes, enabling efficient power management. Developers can optimize
power consumption for battery-operated or energy-efficient applications.
6. Robust and Reliable: STM32F103 microcontrollers are designed for
reliability, featuring advanced reset and clock control mechanisms,
watchdog timers, and hardware safety features. These ensure stable and
dependable operation.
7. Extensive Connectivity: The microcontroller supports various
communication interfaces, such as UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, USB, and
Ethernet, facilitating connectivity with other devices and networks.
8. Cost-Effective: STM32F103 microcontrollers offer a balance between
performance and cost, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications, from consumer electronics to industrial control systems.
9. Scalability: STMicroelectronics offers a range of STM32F103 variants
with different features and peripherals, allowing developers to choose
the most suitable microcontroller for their specific needs.
10. Community and Support: The STM32 community is active and
vibrant, with a wealth of online resources, forums, and user groups. This

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 support network can be invaluable for developers seeking assistance and
sharing knowledge.
11. Long-Term Availability: STMicroelectronics ensures the long-term
availability of its microcontrollers, providing a stable platform for
product development and maintenance.
12. Security Features: Some STM32F103 variants offer built-in security
features, including hardware encryption and secure boot options,
enhancing data protection and system security.
The advantages of using the STM32F103 microcontroller extend to various
application domains, including industrial automation, IoT (Internet of Things),
robotics, medical devices, and automotive systems. The combination of
performance, versatility, and a rich development ecosystem makes the
STM32F103 a compelling choice for embedded system designers. [19]

21
 Chapter 3
Methodology and Testing
3.1 Methodology
In this chapter, the methodology employed for the development of the Phase Detection Meter
using the STM32F103 microcontroller is discussed in detail. This chapter outlines the step-by-
step approach taken to achieve the project objectives and design a functional phase detection
meter. The methodology encompasses several key subparts, each contributing to the successful
realization of the project.
In the field of electrical engineering, two fundamental techniques are pivotal for the precise
analysis of alternating current (AC) signals. These techniques, the Zero Crossing Detection
Technique and the Frequency Measurement Technique, play a critical role in understanding
AC signal behavior.

In the forthcoming sections, we will delve into these techniques, beginning with the Zero
Crossing Detection Technique, which enables accurate phase angle determination and
frequency measurement. Subsequently, we will explore the Frequency Measurement
Technique, showcasing its significance in unraveling the oscillatory nature of AC signals.
These techniques, when employed with modern electronic components and microcontrollers,
offer a deeper understanding of AC signal dynamics and find valuable applications in various
domains of electrical engineering.

3.1.1 System Architecture

signals Zero cross Timers for Measure time Get phase shift
detectors measure difference between two
frequency between each signals
signals
Table 3.1.1: system architecture

3.1.2 Working Principle Of A Phase Detection Meter

The core of this project lies in the STM32F103 microcontroller, which serves as the brain of
the phase detection meter. Electrical signals from the system under observation are fed into the
microcontroller, where sophisticated algorithms come into play. These algorithms meticulously

22
calculate the phase angles between these signals with utmost precision. The measured phase
angles are then seamlessly transmitted to the 16x2 LCD display via the I2C module, providing
a clear and real-time visual representation of the data for users. To ensure consistent and
reliable operation, the project incorporates a stable power supply system consisting of a 6V
transformer and an LM7805 voltage regulator. This regulated power is critical for the
microcontroller's operation and the overall stability of the system. Additionally, optocouplers
are strategically placed to detect zero sequence pulses within the electrical signals, significantly
enhancing the accuracy of phase analysis. The use of capacitors and resistors in the circuit aids
in signal conditioning, filtering out noise, and providing the necessary impedance matching.
Lastly, the I2C module enables seamless communication between the microcontroller and other
components, allowing for efficient data exchange and real-time updates on the LCD display.
In essence, this project combines sophisticated algorithms and a range of components to create
a dependable phase detection meter capable of delivering precise phase angle measurements
in electrical systems, making it an invaluable asset in the field of electrical engineering. [19]

3.1.3 Description of the components of Phase Detection Meter

1. STM32F103C6 Microcontroller: This microcontroller serves as the project's central

processing unit, responsible for executing phase detection algorithms, interfacing with other
components, and controlling the overall functionality.
2. I2C Module: The I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) module is used for communication between
various components, allowing data exchange and control between the microcontroller and
connected devices.

3. 16x2 LCD: This Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module provides a visual interface for real-
time data presentation, allowing users to view phase angle measurements and other relevant
information.

4. Diode: Diodes may be used for various purposes within the project, such as rectifying or
protecting against reverse voltage.

5. Transformer (6V): The transformer steps down voltage, converting it from a higher voltage
to a stable 6V supply, which is essential for the project's power requirements.

6. Optocoupler: Optocouplers are employed for zero sequence pulse detection, enhancing the
accuracy of phase analysis by isolating and capturing specific pulses in electrical signals. [21]

7. Capacitors and Resistors: These passive components are crucial for filtering, signal
conditioning, and ensuring the stability of the power supply and various circuits in the project.

8. LM7805 Voltage Regulator: The LM7805 regulates the voltage output to ensure a stable
and consistent power supply, often used to power the microcontroller and other components.

These components work in concert to create the "Development of Phase Detection Meter
using STM32F103," enabling accurate phase detection and real-time data presentation for
comprehensive electrical system analysis. [19]

23
3.1.4 Zero Crossing Development
In the pursuit of enhancing phase detection accuracy and frequency measurement in electrical
engineering applications, the Zero Crossing Technique stands as a pivotal component of this
project's development. The primary objective is to precisely identify the points within an
alternating current (AC) waveform where the voltage crosses the zero-volt threshold. This
technique is crucial in accurately measuring phase angles and frequencies, facilitating
improved synchronization and control in AC circuits. The core components utilized encompass
a PC817 optocoupler, a 220/6V step-down transformer, and a bridge rectifier. The optocoupler
acts as the sensory gateway, isolating the AC voltage from the STM32 microcontroller,
ensuring safety and accurate signal transfer. This project opens the door to precise frequency
calculations, allowing for the determination of AC frequency based on the time intervals
between zero crossings, which can greatly benefit applications in electrical engineering, power
systems, and automation. [21]

3.1.5 LCD Interface

To integrate an I2C module with a 16x2 LCD and display frequency and phase angle data,
follow these steps. Connect the I2C module to the STM32 microcontroller using SDA and SCL
pins. Power the LCD module with a regulated 5V supply from an LM7805 voltage regulator.
Initialize the I2C peripheral on the STM32, specifying the bus and clock speed. Configure the
LCD module, set its I2C address, and initialize its settings. Write code to send commands and
data to the LCD via I2C, including positioning the cursor. Obtain frequency and phase angle
data from your system or sensors and format them as strings. Display the data on the LCD,
updating it regularly. By following these steps, you can integrate the I2C module with the LCD,
communicate effectively, and provide stable power to the LCD for displaying your data. [22]
[19]

3.2Testing and Validation

3.2.1 Test Procedures
This chapter delves into the rigorous testing procedures undertaken to evaluate the Phase
Detection Meter's performance and reliability. The following testing methodologies were
employed.
LED Blinking Test
In this section, I will conduct a basic LED blinking test to validate the functionality of our
Phase Detection Meter's hardware and software components. This test will serve as a
foundational step in ensuring that the microcontroller is properly configured and capable of
controlling external hardware elements. [19] [20]
1. Hardware Setup
Before conducting the LED blinking test, ensure that the following hardware components are
properly connected:
• STM32F103 microcontroller board.
• LED connected to a GPIO pin (e.g., PC13).

24
 • Appropriate power supply and connections.
2. Software Configuration
The Keil IDE will be used to write, compile, and flash the code onto the STM32F103
microcontroller. Make sure that the IDE is set up correctly and that the microcontroller is
recognized.
Next, create a new Keil project with the necessary device and toolchain settings. Write a simple
C code program to toggle the state of the LED connected to a GPIO pin, resulting in blinking.
Here's a sample code snippet for the LED blinking test:
#include "stm32f10x.h" // Device header
int main()
{
RCC->APB2ENR |=(1<<4);
GPIOC->CRH |=((1<<20)|(1<<21));
GPIOC->CRH &= ~((1<<22)|(1<<23));
while(1)
{
GPIOC->BSRR=(1<<13);
for(int i=0;i<=5000000;i++);
GPIOC->BSRR=(1<<(13+16));
for(int i=0;i<=5000000;i++);
}
}

25
 Fig.3.2.1: Simple led blinking programming in keil IDE
3.Test Execution
Load the compiled program onto the STM32F103 microcontroller using Keil's programming
and debugging tools. Ensure that the program is successfully flashed.
Observe the LED connected to PC13 on the microcontroller board. It should blink with a certain
frequency determined by the delay loop in the code. [19]
4. Test Results and Observations
By doing all these steps correctly, led will blink. This basic LED blinking test helps verify the
proper functioning of the microcontroller and the correctness of the software setup.

26
This section demonstrates a simple yet crucial step in the development process, ensuring that
the hardware and software components work together as expected. It serves as a foundation
for more advanced testing and the eventual implementation of the Phase Detection Meter's
functionality.

Fig.3.2.2: Simple led blinking

LED Blinking Test Using Push Button

1. LED Blinking Test with Push Button and Interrupt
In this section, we will conduct a more advanced LED blinking test, incorporating a push button
and interrupts. This test will showcase the use of interrupts to respond to external events, such
as a button press.
2. Hardware Setup
Before conducting the LED blinking test with a push button and interrupt, ensure that the
following hardware components are properly connected:
• STM32F103 microcontroller board.
• LED connected to a GPIO pin (e.g., PC13).

27
 • Push button connected to another GPIO pin (e.g., PA1).
• Appropriate power supply and connections.

3 Software Configuration
The Keil IDE will be used to write, compile, and flash the code onto the STM32F103
microcontroller. Make sure that the IDE is set up correctly and that the microcontroller is
recognized.
Create a new Keil project with the necessary device and toolchain settings. Write a C code
program that uses an interrupt to toggle the LED state when the push button is pressed.
Here's a sample code snippet for the LED blinking test with a push button and interrupt:
Creating Header File(.h file):
#ifndef ipb.h //ipb means interrupt using push button;
#define ipb.h
#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include<stdint.h>
#define LOW 0
#define HIGH 1
#define PORTA GPIOA
#define PORTB GPIOB
#define PORTC GPIOC
#define PORTD GPIOD
#define OUTPUT_MODE ((uint32_t) 0X01)
#define INPUT_MODE ((uint32_t) 0x02)
#define INPUT_ANALOG ((uint32_t) 0x00)
#define INPUT_FLOATING ((uint32_t) 0x01)
#define INPUT_PU_PD ((uint32_t) 0x02)
#define OUTPUT_GEN_PURPOSE ((uint32_t) 0X00)
#define OUTPUT_OD ((uint32_t) 0X01)
#define OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION ((uint32_t) 0X02)
#define OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION_OD ((uint32_t) 0X03)
#define SPEED_2MHZ ((uint32_t) 0X02)
#define SPEED_10MHZ ((uint32_t) 0X01)
#define SPEED_50MHZ ((uint32_t) 0X03)
#define GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_ALT_FUNC (RCC->APB2ENR |=(1<<0))
#define GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTA (RCC->APB2ENR |=(1<<2))
#define GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTB (RCC->APB2ENR |=(1<<3))
#define GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTC (RCC->APB2ENR |=(1<<4))

28
 #define CNF_POS_BIT1 (PINPOS[pinNumber]+2)
#define CNF_POS_BIT2 (PINPOS[pinNumber]+3)
typedef struct
{
GPIO_TypeDef *port;
uint32_t pin;
uint32_t mode;
uint32_t mode_type;
uint32_t pull;
uint32_t speed;
uint32_t alt_func;
} GPIO_TYPE;

static void config_pin(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint32_t mode_type);

static void config_pin_speed(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint32_t

pinSpeed,uint32_t mode);

void gpio_write (GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint8_t state);

void gpio_toggle (GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber);

void gpio_init(GPIO_TYPE gpio_type);

//interrupt functions and data types structure

typedef enum
{
RISING_EDGE,
FALLING_EDGE,
RISING_FALLING_EDGE,
} edge_select;

void configure_gpio_interrupt(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,edge_select edge);

void enable_gpio_interrupt(uint32_t pinNumber,IRQn_Type irqNumber);

void clear_gpio_interrupt(uint32_t pinNumber);

#endif

29
Creating user .c file:

#include<stdint.h>
#include"ipb.h"

uint32_t PINPOS[16] = {0x00,

0x04,
0x08,
0x0C,
0x10,
0x14,
0x18,
0x1C,
0x00,
0x04,
0x08,
0x0C,
0x10,
0x14,
0x18,
0x1C } ;

static void config_pin(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint32_t mode_type)

{
if(pinNumber>=8) //configure high register
{
switch(mode_type)
{
case OUTPUT_GEN_PURPOSE | INPUT_ANALOG :
port -> CRH &=
~((1<<CNF_POS_BIT1)|(1<<CNF_POS_BIT2));
break;
case OUTPUT_OD | INPUT_FLOATING :
port->CRH &= ~(1<<CNF_POS_BIT2);
port->CRH |=(1<<CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
case OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION | INPUT_PU_PD :

30
 port->CRH
|=OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION<<(CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
case OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION_OD:
port->CRH
|=OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION_OD<<(CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
}//end switch
}
else //configure low register
{
switch(mode_type)
{
case OUTPUT_GEN_PURPOSE | INPUT_ANALOG :
port -> CRL &=
~((1<<CNF_POS_BIT1)|(1<<CNF_POS_BIT2));
break;
case OUTPUT_OD | INPUT_FLOATING :
port->CRL &= ~(1<<CNF_POS_BIT2);
port->CRL |=(1<<CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
case OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION | INPUT_PU_PD :
port->CRL
|=OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION<<(CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
case OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION_OD:
port->CRL
|=OUTPUT_ALT_FUNCTION_OD<<(CNF_POS_BIT1);
break;
}//end switch
}
} //end of first function

//start of 2nd function configuring pin speed

static void config_pin_speed(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint32_t
pinSpeed,uint32_t mode)
{
if(pinNumber>=8)
{
if (mode==INPUT_MODE) //SET CRH TO I/P MODE
port->CRH &= ~(1<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]) |
1<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]+1));

31
 else
port ->CRH |= (pinSpeed<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]));
}
else
{
if (mode==INPUT_MODE) //SET CRL TO I/P MODE
port->CRL &= ~(1<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]) |
1<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]+1));
else
port ->CRL |= (pinSpeed<<(PINPOS[pinNumber]));
}

} //end of 2nd function

/// GPIO USER FUNCTIONS FOR WRITE AND TOGGLING A PIN

void gpio_write (GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,uint8_t state)
{
if(state)
port->BSRR=(1<<pinNumber);
else
port->BSRR=(1<<pinNumber+16);
}

void gpio_toggle (GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber)

{
port->ODR ^=(1<<pinNumber);
}
// clock initialization function gpio_init
void gpio_init(GPIO_TYPE gpio_type)
{
if(gpio_type.port == PORTA)
GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTA;
if(gpio_type.port == PORTB)
GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTB;
if(gpio_type.port == PORTC)
GPIO_CLOCK_ENABLE_PORTC;
config_pin(gpio_type.port,gpio_type.pin,gpio_type.mode_type);
config_pin_speed(gpio_type.port,gpio_type.pin,gpio_type.speed,gpio_type.mode);
}
//interrupt functions
void configure_gpio_interrupt(GPIO_TypeDef *port,uint32_t pinNumber,edge_select edge)
{

32
RCC->APB2ENR |= RCC_APB2ENR_AFIOEN ; //
if(port==PORTA)
{
switch(pinNumber)
{
case 0:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI0_PA;
break;
case 1:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI1_PA;
break;
case 2:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI2_PA;
break;
case 3:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI3_PA;
break;
case 4:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI4_PA;
break;
case 5:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI5_PA;
break;
case 6:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI6_PA;
break;
case 7:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI7_PA;
break;
case 8:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI8_PA;
break;
case 9:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI9_PA;
break;
case 10:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI10_PA;
break;
case 11:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI11_PA;
break;
case 12:

33
 AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI12_PA;
break;
case 13:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI13_PA;
break;
case 14:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI14_PA;
break;
case 15:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI15_PA;
break;
} //END SWITCH
} //END PORTA
if(port==PORTB)
{
switch(pinNumber)
{
case 0:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI0_PB;
break;
case 1:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI1_PB;
break;
case 2:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI2_PB;
break;
case 3:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI3_PB;
break;
case 4:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI4_PB;
break;
case 5:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI5_PB;
break;
case 6:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI6_PB;
break;
case 7:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI7_PB;
break;
case 8:

34
 AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI8_PB;
break;
case 9:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI9_PB;
break;
case 10:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI10_PB;
break;
case 11:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI11_PB;
break;
case 12:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI12_PB;
break;
case 13:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI13_PB;
break;
case 14:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI14_PB;
break;
case 15:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI15_PB;
break;
} //END SWITCH
} //END PORTB
if(port==PORTC)
{
switch(pinNumber)
{
case 0:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI0_PC;
break;
case 1:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI1_PC;
break;
case 2:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI2_PC;
break;
case 3:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI3_PC;
break;
case 4:

35
 AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI4_PC;
break;
case 5:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI5_PC;
break;
case 6:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI6_PC;
break;
case 7:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI7_PC;
break;
case 8:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI8_PC;
break;
case 9:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI9_PC;
break;
case 10:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI10_PC;
break;
case 11:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI11_PC;
break;
case 12:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI12_PC;
break;
case 13:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI13_PC;
break;
case 14:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI14_PC;
break;
case 15:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI15_PC;
break;
} //END SWITCH
} //END PORTC
if(port==PORTD)
{
switch(pinNumber)
{
case 0:

36
 AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI0_PD;
break;
case 1:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI1_PD;
break;
case 2:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI2_PD;
break;
case 3:
AFIO->EXTICR[0]=AFIO_EXTICR1_EXTI3_PD;
break;
case 4:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI4_PD;
break;
case 5:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI5_PD;
break;
case 6:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI6_PD;
break;
case 7:
AFIO->EXTICR[1]=AFIO_EXTICR2_EXTI7_PD;
break;
case 8:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI8_PD;
break;
case 9:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI9_PD;
break;
case 10:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI10_PD;
break;
case 11:
AFIO->EXTICR[2]=AFIO_EXTICR3_EXTI11_PD;
break;
case 12:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI12_PD;
break;
case 13:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI13_PD;
break;
case 14:

37
 AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI14_PD;
break;
case 15:
AFIO->EXTICR[3]=AFIO_EXTICR4_EXTI15_PD;
break;
} //END SWITCH
} //END PORTD
if(edge== RISING_EDGE)
EXTI->RTSR |= 1<<pinNumber;
if(edge== FALLING_EDGE)
EXTI->FTSR |= 1<<pinNumber;
if(edge== RISING_FALLING_EDGE)
EXTI->RTSR |= 1<<pinNumber;
EXTI->FTSR |= 1<<pinNumber;
}

void enable_gpio_interrupt(uint32_t pinNumber,IRQn_Type irqNumber)

{
EXTI->IMR |= 1<<pinNumber;
NVIC_EnableIRQ(irqNumber);
}

//clearing the interrupt

void clear_gpio_interrupt(uint32_t pinNumber)
{
EXTI->PR |= 1<<pinNumber;
}

Creating Main.c file for pushbutton interrupt:

#include "stm32f10x.h" // Device header

#include"ipb.h"
int main()
{
GPIO_TYPE inputGPIO,outputGPIO;
outputGPIO.port=PORTC;
outputGPIO.pin=13;
outputGPIO.mode=OUTPUT_MODE;
outputGPIO.mode_type=OUTPUT_GEN_PURPOSE;
outputGPIO.speed= SPEED_50MHZ;
gpio_init(outputGPIO);
/*inputGPIO.port=PORTA;

38
 inputGPIO.pin=1;
inputGPIO.mode=INPUT_MODE;
inputGPIO.mode_type=INPUT_PU_PD;
gpio_init(inputGPIO);*/
configure_gpio_interrupt(PORTA,1,RISING_EDGE);
enable_gpio_interrupt(1,EXTI1_IRQn);
while(1)
{
gpio_toggle(PORTC,13);
for(int i=0;i<500000000;i++);
}

void EXTI1_IRQHandler()
{
clear_gpio_interrupt(1);
}

3 Test Execution
Load the compiled program onto the STM32F103 microcontroller using Keil's programming
and debugging tools. Ensure that the program is successfully flashed.
Observe the LED connected to PC13 on the microcontroller board. Press and release the push
button connected to PA0. The LED should toggle its state (on/off) with each button press. [19]
[20]

4 Test Results and Observations

Document the behavior of the LED and push button during the test. Note how the interrupt
responds to the button press, allowing the LED to change its state. This advanced LED blinking
test demonstrates the use of interrupts for event-driven operations.

39
 Fig.3.2.3: Simple led blinking using push button interrupt
This section showcases the integration of a push button and interrupts, providing a more
interactive test scenario for your STM32 microcontroller-based project.

40
 Chapter 4
Result and Discussion

4.1 Introduction
The Results section of this research project provides a comprehensive overview of the
outcomes and findings obtained through the implementation of the phase angle and frequency
measurement system utilizing an STM32 microcontroller. This section presents a detailed
analysis of the data collected during experimentation and simulation, shedding light on the
system's performance, accuracy, and capabilities.

Throughout this section, we will delve into the Bridge Rectifier's output, offering insights into
the rectified AC signal and its role in phase angle measurement. Additionally, we will explore
the Zero Cross Output, explaining its significance in accurately determining phase angles.
Finally, the Measurement Frequency will be discussed, outlining the system's ability to
precisely calculate frequencies within AC power signals.

4.2 Result

1. Bridge Rectifier Output Explanation: The bridge rectifier in the circuit plays a
crucial role in converting the incoming alternating current (AC) signal into pulsating
direct current (DC). It utilizes diodes to rectify the AC voltage. The output of the bridge
rectifier is a series of voltage pulses that are unidirectional, meaning they only allow
the flow of current in one direction. These pulses are then smoothed and regulated to
provide a stable DC voltage, which serves as the basis for further processing within
the circuit.

Fig.4.2.1: Bridge Rectifier Output Explanation

2. Zero Cross Output Explanation: The zero-crossing detector, implemented using the
PC817 optocoupler, is responsible for detecting the points in time when the AC signal

41
 crosses zero voltage. This is a crucial reference point, especially for phase angle
measurement. The output of the zero-crossing detector provides a signal to the
microcontroller (STM32F103) indicating these zero-crossing instances. By precisely
measuring the time intervals between zero crossings, the microcontroller can
determine phase angles and, in conjunction with frequency measurement, gain
valuable insights into the characteristics of the AC signal.

Fig.4.2.2: Zero Cross Output Explanation

3. Measurement Frequency: Frequency measurement is a fundamental parameter for

analyzing AC signals. In this project, the STM32-based system is capable of accurately
measuring the frequency of the incoming AC signal. Frequency is typically expressed
in Hertz (Hz) and represents the number of cycles or oscillations per second in the AC
waveform. The measurement frequency can be customized based on the specific
application but is generally in the range of 50 Hz for standard power systems. The
STM32 microcontroller, utilizing its Timer/Counter module, precisely calculates this
frequency and makes it available for monitoring and analysis.

Fig.4.2.3: Measurement Frequency

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These components—bridge rectifier, zero-crossing detector, and frequency measurement—
work together seamlessly to enable the system to determine both phase angles and frequency,
providing valuable data for monitoring and controlling AC power systems.

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 Chapter 5
Conclusion and Discussion
5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, this research project has successfully designed and implemented a phase angle
and frequency measurement system using an STM32 microcontroller. The system's ability to
accurately measure phase angles and frequencies in AC power signals holds significant
promise for various applications, including power system monitoring, industrial automation,
and smart grid technologies.

Through the utilization of a bridge rectifier and zero-crossing detection technique, the project
achieved precise phase angle measurements. The microcontroller's capabilities, coupled with
appropriate algorithms, enabled accurate frequency calculations.

The project also provided valuable insights into the importance of reliable phase and frequency
data in power systems. These measurements serve as the foundation for maintaining power
quality, ensuring efficient energy distribution, and identifying potential faults or anomalies.

However, this project represents just the beginning of the journey towards more advanced and
integrated AC power monitoring systems. There is ample room for improvement and
expansion of the current system. Future work may include enhancing measurement accuracy,
integrating real-time monitoring and control, supporting a wider frequency range, and
exploring machine learning techniques for predictive analysis.

As the world continues to rely on electricity for various applications, the need for robust,
accurate, and adaptable AC power measurement systems remains crucial. This project's
findings contribute to the ongoing development of technologies that will shape the future of
electrical power systems, making them more efficient, reliable, and responsive to the ever-
growing demands of modern society.

5.2 Discussion
The development of the phase detection meter using the STM32F103 microcontroller presents
numerous advantages and applications. The system's accuracy and versatility make it suitable
for a wide range of industries, including power systems, electronics, and automation. By
leveraging the processing power and hardware peripherals of the STM32F103 microcontroller,
the phase detection meter achieves precise and real-time phase angle measurements.
One of the key advantages of this system is its adaptability to different electrical systems and
signal types. It can accommodate both single-phase and three-phase systems, making it a
valuable tool for engineers and technicians working in diverse environments. The user-friendly
interface simplifies the configuration process, allowing users to customize the system
according to their specific requirements.
The successful implementation of phase measurement techniques and algorithms ensures
reliable and consistent results. By analyzing the acquired data, users can gain insights into the
behavior of electrical signals, aiding in fault detection and system optimization.

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 Chapter 6
Future Work
6.1 Future Work
• Improved Accuracy: Continuously strive to enhance the accuracy of phase angle and
frequency measurements. This could involve utilizing advanced signal processing
algorithms, higher-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and improved
filtering techniques.

• Real-Time Monitoring: Develop a real-time monitoring and control system for AC

power systems. This would involve integrating the phase angle and frequency
measurement into a larger system capable of making rapid adjustments based on the
acquired data.

• Communication Interfaces: Implement communication interfaces such as Wi-Fi,

Ethernet, or IoT protocols to enable remote monitoring and control of AC power
systems. This would facilitate the integration of these measurements into smart grid
applications.

• Harmonics Analysis: Expand the system's capabilities to analyze harmonic content

within the AC signal. Harmonic analysis is critical for diagnosing issues related to
power quality and efficiency.

• Fault Detection: Incorporate fault detection algorithms that can identify and react to
anomalies in the AC power system, such as short circuits or voltage sags. This would
enhance the system's reliability and safety.

• Energy Management: Develop energy management features to optimize power

consumption based on phase angle and frequency data. This could be particularly
useful in industrial and renewable energy applications.

• Machine Learning Integration: Explore the integration of machine learning techniques

to predict future phase angle and frequency behavior based on historical data. This
can help in proactive maintenance and fault prediction.

• Wide Frequency Range Support: Extend the system's frequency measurement

capabilities to cover a broader range of frequencies, including both low-frequency
applications (e.g., audio systems) and high-frequency applications (e.g., radio
communication).

• Miniaturization: Work on miniaturizing the hardware components and making the

system more portable and suitable for various applications, including handheld
frequency and phase meters.

45
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