Introduction to Internet:- A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized

communication protocols. "the guide is also available on the Internet"

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by
a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a
vast range of information resources and services.

Browsers:

WWW Clients, or "Browser": The program you use to access the WWW is known as a browser
because it "browses" the WWW and requests these hypertext documents. Browsers can be
graphical, allows to see and hear the graphics and audio; text-only browsers (i.e., those with no
sound or graphics capability) are also available. All of these programs understand http and other
Internet protocols such as FTP, gopher, mail, and news, making the WWW a kind of "one stop
shopping" for Internet users.

World Wide Web WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
Internet. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the
medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The
Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit
data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange
business logic, use the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as
Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each
other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.

What is Hypertext?

Hypertext provides the links between different documents and different document types. In a
hypertext document, links from one place in the document to another are included with the text.
By selecting a link, you are able to jump immediately to another part of the document or even to
a different document. In the WWW, links can go not only from one document to another, but
from one computer to another

World Wide Consortium:

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for
the World Wide Web. W3C was created to ensure compatibility and agreement among industry
members in the adoption of new standards. Prior to its creation, incompatible versions of HTML
were offered by different vendors, increasing the potential for inconsistency between web pages.
The consortium was created to get all those vendors to agree on a set of core principles and
components which would be supported by everyone.

Web Page:

A web page is a document or information resource that is suitable for the World Wide Web and
can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This
information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web
pages via hypertext links. Web pages frequently subsume other resources such as style sheets,
scripts and images into their final presentation.

Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server
may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on
the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Web pages may consist of files of static text and other content stored within the web server's file
system (static web pages), or may be constructed by server-side software when they are
requested (dynamic web pages). Client-side scripting can make web pages more responsive to
user input once on the client browser.

Web Site:

A website or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other
digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the
Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform
Resource Locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.
Web sites can be static or dynamic.

Static Website:

A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a
client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language, HTML.

Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or
a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information
to the user.

This may include information about a company and its products and services via text, photos,
animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.

This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out
a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent,
standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make
updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may
require basic website design skills and software.

In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website,
and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.

Dynamic Website:

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based
on certain criteria.

Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is
invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.

The first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly
using active programming language instead of plain, static HTML.

The second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is
displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in
a database

Year List of Web browsers

1991 World Wide Web (Nexus)
1992 Viola WWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba)
1993 Mosaic,Cello,[2] Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0
1994 IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora
(Argo), Minuet
1995 Internet Explorer 1, Internet Explorer 2, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb,
UdiWWW, Grail
1996 Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0,Opera 2.0,
PowerBrowser 1.5,[4] Cyberdog,Amaya 0.9,[5] AWeb,Voyager
1997 Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator 4.0,
Opera3.0,[6] Amaya 1.0[5]
1998 iCab, Mozilla
1999 Amaya 2.0,[5] Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0
2000 Konqueror,Netscape 6, Opera 4,[7] Opera 5,[8] K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0,[5]
Amaya
4.0[5]
2001 Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6,[9] Amaya 5.0[5]
2002 Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0,[5] Amaya 7.0[5]
2003 Opera 7,[10] Apple Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0[5]
2004 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0
2005 Opera8,[11]Apple Safari2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Epiphany 1.8, Amaya
9.0,[5] AOL Explorer 1.0, Maxthon 1.0,Shiira 1.0
2006 Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Internet Explorer 7,Opera 9,[12], SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon
1.0,
 Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Avant11, iCab 3
2007 Apple Safari 3.0, Maxthon 2.0, Netscape Navigator9,NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0,
Conkeror
2008 Google Chrome 1, Mozilla Firefox 3, Opera 9.5,[13], Apple Safari 3.1,
Konqueror 4,
Amaya 10.0,[5] Flock 2, Amaya 11.0[5]
2009 Google Chrome 2–3, Mozilla Firefox 3.5, Internet Explorer 8,Opera 10,[14],
Apple
Safari 4, SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2,surf, Pale Moon 3.0[15]
2010 Google Chrome 4–8, Mozilla Firefox 3.6, Opera 10.50,[16], Opera 11, Apple
Safari 5, K-Meleon 1.5.4,
2011 Google Chrome 9–16, Mozilla Firefox 4-9, Internet Explorer 9,Opera 11.50,
Apple
Safari 5.1, Maxthon 3.0, SeaMonkey 2.1–2.6
2012 Google Chrome 17–23, Mozilla Firefox 10–17, Internet Explorer 10, Opera 12,
Apple Safari 6, Maxthon 4.0, SeaMonkey 2.7-2.14
2013 Google Chrome24–31,Mozilla Firefox 18–26,Internet Explorer 11, Opera 15–
18, Apple Safari 7, SeaMonkey 2.15-2.23
2014 Google Chrome 32–39, Mozilla Firefox 27–34, Opera 19–26, Apple Safari 8
2015 Google Chrome 40–47, Microsoft Edge,Mozilla Firefox 35–43, Opera 27–34,
Vivaldi
2016 Google Chrome 48–55,Mozilla Firefox 44–50,Microsoft Edge 14, Opera35–
42, Apple Safari 10, SeaMonkey 2.24–2.30, Pale Moon 26.0.0[17], Pale Moon
27.0.0[18]
2017 Google Chrome56–60,Microsoft Edge 15,Mozilla Firefox 51–55.0.2, Opera43–
45, Opera Neon
Domain Names, DNS, and URLs:
 IP addresses are not convenient for users to remember easily. So an IP address can be
represented by a natural language convention called a domain name
o Domain name system (DNS) translates domain names into IP addresses. DNS is
the “phone book” for the Internet, it maps between host names and IP addresses.
 A uniform resource locator (URL), which is the address used by a Web browser to
identify the location of content on the Web, also uses a domain name as part of the URL
Syntax: scheme: scheme-depend-part. Example: In http://www.example.com/, the scheme is http.

Hypertext protocol: http://www.aucegypt.edu

File Transfer Protocol: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu
Telnet Protocol: telnet://pac.carl.org
News Protocol: news:alt.rock-n-roll.stones
HTTP:
 HTTP is based on the request-response communication model:
o Client sends a request
o Server sends a response
o HTTP is a stateless protocol: where the protocol does not require the server to
remember anything about the client between requests.
 Normally implemented over a TCP connection (80 is standard port number for HTTP)
 The following is the typical browser-server interaction using HTTP:
1. User enters Web address in browser
2. Browser uses DNS to locate IP address
3. Browser opens TCP connection to server
4. Browser sends HTTP request over connection
5. Server sends HTTP response to browser over connection
6. Browser displays body of response in the client area of the browser window
What are Domains? Domains divide World Wide Web sites into categories based on the nature
of their owner, and they form part of a site's address, or uniform resource locator (URL).
Common top-level domains are:

.com—commercial enterprises .mil—military site

org—organization site (non-profits, etc.) int—organizations established by
international treaty
.net—network .biz—commercial and personal
.edu—educational site (universities, schools, etc.) .info—commercial and personal
.gov—government organizations .name—personal sites
Additional three-letter, four-letter, and longer top-level domains are frequently added.
Each country linked to the Web has a two-letter top-level domain, for example .fr is France, .ie is
Ireland.

Hypertext Transport Protocol: HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the
underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are
formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to
various commands.
HTTPS: A similar abbreviation, HTTPS means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure. Basically,
it is the secure version of HTTP. Communications between the browser and website are
encrypted by Transport Layer Security (TLS), or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-
mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
POP: In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard
protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP
connection.
The Web Programmer‟sToolbox:
 HTML - a markuplanguage
o To describe the general form and layout ofdocuments
 HTML is not a programming language - it cannot beused describe
computations.
o An HTML document is a mix of content and controls
Controls are tags and theirattributes
Tags often delimit content and specify something about how the content should
be arranged in the document For example, <p>Write a paragraph here </p> is an element.
Attributes provide additional information about the content of a tag For
example, <img src = "redhead.jpg"/><font color ="Red"/>
 Plugins
o Integrated into tools like word processors, effectively converting them to WYSIWYG
HTML editors

Filters
o Convert documents in other formats to HTML
 Advantages of both filters and plug-ins:
o Existing documents produced with other tools can be converted to HTML documents
o Use a tool you already know to produce HTML
 Disadvantages of both filters and plug-ins:
o HTML output of both is not perfect - must be fine tuned
o HTML may be non-standard
o You have two versions of the document, which are difficult to synchronize
 XML
o A meta-markup language (a language for defining markup language)
o Used to create a new markup language for a particular purpose or area
o Because the tags are designed for a specific area, they can be meaningful
 JavaScript
o A client-side HTML-embedded scripting language
o Provides a way to access elements of HTML documents and dynamically change them
 Flash
o A system for building and displaying text, graphics, sound, interactivity, and
animation(movies)
o Two parts:
1. Authoring environment
2. Player
Supports both motion and shape animation
PHP
A server-side scripting language
Great for form processing and database access through the Web
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript + XML
No new technologies or languages
Much faster for Web applications that have extensive user/server interactions
Uses asynchronous requests to the server
Requests and receives small parts of documents, resulting in much faster responses
Java Web Software
Servlets – server-side Java classes
 Java Server Pages (JSP) – a Java-based approach to server-side scripting
Java Server Faces – adds an event-driven interface model on JSP
ASP.NET
Does what JSP and JSF do, but in the .NET environment
Allows.NET languages to be used as server-side scripting language
Ruby
A pure object-oriented interpreted scripting language
Every data value is an object, and all operations are via method calls
Both classes and objects are dynamic
Rails
A development framework for Web-based applications
Particularly useful for Web applications that access databases
Written in Ruby and uses Ruby as its primary user language

Client/Server Computing:
 A model of computing in which powerful personal computers are connected in a network
together with one or more servers
 Client is a powerful personal computer that is part of a network; service requester
 Server is a networked computer dedicated to common functions that the client computers on
the network need; service provider
 Web is based on client/server technology. Web servers are included as part of a larger package
of internet and intranet related programs for serving e-mail, downloading requests for FTP files
and building and publishing web pages. Typically the e-commerce customer is the client and the
business is the server. In the client/ server model single machine can be both client and the server
The client/ server model utilises a database server in which RDBMS user queries can be
answered directly by the server.

client/ server architecture reduces network traffic by providing a query response to the user
rather than transferring total files. The client/ server model improves multi-user updating through
a graphical user interface (GUI) front end to the shared database. In client/ server architectures
client and server typically communicate through statements made in structured query language
(SQL).
Web Clients:
It typically refers to the Web browser in the user's machine. It is a software application for
retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the web server. It is used to create
a HTTP request message and for processing the HTTP response message.

User agent: Any web client is designed to directly support user access to web servers is known
as user agent. Web browsers can run on desktop or laptop computers. Some of the browsers are:
Internet Explorer, Mozilla, FireFox, Chrome, Safari, Opera, Netscape Navigator.
Web Browsers:
Browsers are software programs that allow you to search and view the many different kinds of
information that's available on the World Wide Web. The information could be web sites, video
or audio information.

Status Bar: You will find the status bar at the very bottom of your browser window. It basically
tells you what you are doing at the moment. Mainly, it shows you load speed and the URL
address of whatever your mouse is hovering over.
Title Bar: You will find this bar at the absolute top of your browser and in will be the colour
blue for the major browsers. The purpose of the Title bar is to display the title of the web page
that you are currently viewing.
Menu Bar: The menu bar contains a set of dropdown menus
Navigational Tool: A bar contains standard push button controls that allow the user to return to
a previously viewed page, to reverse and refresh the page, to display the home page and to print
the page etc.
Toolbar Icons: You will find the Toolbar directly under the Title Bar. The Toolbar is where you
will find the back button, home button and the refresh button etc.
Client Area: It is a display window which is the space in which you view the website.
Scroll Bars: The Scroll bars, usually located to the right of the Display Window, allows you to
"scroll" (move down or up the web page) so you can view information that is below or above
what is currently in the Display Window.

Web Servers:
Basic functionality:
 It receives HTTP request via TCP
 It maps Host header to specific virtual host (one of many host names sharing an IP
address)
  It maps Request-URI to specific resource associated with the virtual host
o File: Return file in HTTP response
o Program: Run program and return output in HTTP response
 It maps type of resource to appropriate MIME type and use to set Content-Type header in
HTTP response
 It Logs information about the request and response
 All e-commerce site require basic Web server software to answer requests from
customers like ;
o Apache
 Leading Web server software (47% of market)
 Works with UNIX, Linux , Windows OSs
o Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS)
 Second major Web server software (25% of market)
 Windows-based
Client-Side Scripting:
 Client-side scripting generally refers to writing the class of computer programs (scripts)
on the web that are executed at client-side, by the user's web browser, instead of server-
side (on the web server). Usually scripts are embedded in the HTML page itself.
 JavaScript, VBScript, Jscript, Java Applets etc. are the examples of client side scripting
technologies. JavaScript is probably the most widely used client-side scripting language.
 Client-side scripts have greater access to the information and functions available on the
user's browser, whereas server-side scripts have greater access to the information and
functions available on the server. Upon request, the necessary files are sent to the user's
computer by the web server (or servers) on which they reside. The user's web browser
executes the script, then displays the document, including any visible output from the
script.
 Client-side scripts may also contain instructions for the browser to follow in response to
certain user actions, (e.g., clicking a button). Often, these instructions can be followed
without further communication with the server.
Server-Side Scripting:
 Includes writing the applications executed by the server at run-time to process client
input or generate document in response to client request. So server side script consists the
directives embedded in Web page for server to process before passing page to requestor.
 It is usually used to provide interactive web sites that interface to databases or other data
stores.
 This is different from client-side scripting where scripts are run by the viewing web
browser, usually in JavaScript. The primary advantage to server-side scripting is the
ability to highly customize the response based on the user's requirements, access rights,
or queries into data stores.
 PHP, JSP, ASP…. etc, are the server side scripting technologies.
 HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language on
Web to develop web pages. HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0"
was the first standard HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a
major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely
used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this
version was published in 2012.

What is HTML
HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language which is used for creating
web pages and web applications. Let's see what is meant by Hypertext Markup Language, and
Web page.

Hyper Text: HyperText simply means "Text within Text." A text has a link within it, is a
hypertext. Whenever you click on a link which brings you to a new webpage, you have clicked
on a hypertext. HyperText is a way to link two or more web pages (HTML documents) with each
other.

Markup language: A markup language is a computer language that is used to apply layout and
formatting conventions to a text document. Markup language makes text more interactive and
dynamic. It can turn text into images, tables, links, etc.

Web Page: A web page is a document which is commonly written in HTML and translated by a
web browser. A web page can be identified by entering an URL. A Web page can be of the static
or dynamic type. With the help of HTML only, we can create static web pages.
HTML is a markup language which is used for creating attractive web pages with the help of
styling, and which looks in a nice format on a web browser. An HTML document is made of
many HTML tags and each HTML tag contains different content.
<!DOCTYPE>: It defines the document type or it instruct the browser about the version of
HTML.

<html > :This tag informs the browser that it is an HTML document. Text between html tag
describes the web document. It is a container for all other elements of HTML except <!
DOCTYPE>

<head>: It should be the first element inside the <html> element, which contains the
metadata(information about the document). It must be closed before the body tag opens.

<title>: As its name suggested, it is used to add title of that HTML page which appears at the top
of the browser window. It must be placed inside the head tag and should close immediately.
(Optional)

<body> : Text between body tag describes the body content of the page that is visible to the end
user. This tag contains the main content of the HTML document.

<h1> : Text between <h1> tag describes the first level heading of the webpage.
<p> : Text between <p> tag describes the paragraph of the webpage.

<!DOCTYPE>
<html>
<head>
<title>Web page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Write Your First Heading</h1>
<p>Write Your First Paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Features of HTML
1) It is a very easy and simple language. It can be easily understood and modified.
2) It is very easy to make an effective presentation with HTML because it has a lot of formatting
tags.
3) It is a markup language, so it provides a flexible way to design web pages along with the text.
4) It facilitates programmers to add a link on the web pages (by html anchor tag), so it enhances
the interest of browsing of the user.
5) It is platform-independent because it can be displayed on any platform like Windows, Linux,
and Macintosh, etc.
6) It facilitates the programmer to add Graphics, Videos, and Sound to the web pages which
makes it more attractive and interactive.
7) HTML is a case-insensitive language, which means we can use tags either in lower-case or
upper-case.