International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)

ISSN: 2249-8958 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-6, August 2021

Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Battery

Performance in Electric Vehicles and Locating
Charging Facilities Nearby
Pranay Jain, Sanjana Kumari, Shreenivas B

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more Major transport vehicles, land and underwater vessels,
prevalent in the market. In a world where all vehicles are electric, electric aircraft, and electric spacecraft are all examples of
it will be necessary to provide infrastructure on average highways electric vehicles. EVs are typically paid from standard
that is similar to the energy consumption of the automobiles on power outlets or dedicated charging stations, a process that
that highway. As a result, a large transition from one type of
energy carrier to electrical energy would be required. In
takes hours but can be accomplished overnight and often
comparison to where we are now, this translates into a significant provides enough charge for regular daily use. All recharging
increase in the carrying capacity of the power grid. Electric could be achieved overnight if EVs crossed the 800 km
vehicles are in increasing demand because they have several range barrier in production vehicles at reasonable rates, and
advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles. On the other hand, a major part of the range-anxiety issue will be solved. Taxi
limited battery power stations and a lack of infrastructure giving services, driving, local transportation, and so on are all
real-time vehicle performance parameters such as battery excellent use cases for EVs today, and going electric makes
efficiency, durability, total distance travelled before being totally more sense than doing so with ICEs in those circumstances.
depleted, and so on should be considered. As a result, an The battery is the heart of the electric vehicle as it helps
embedded system is being developed in our project to address the
aforementioned restrictions. The suggested research
the vehicle move by pumping energy in the form of voltage
demonstrates all of the mathematical calculations of battery and current. Just like the human body, batteries also need
characteristics (including but not limited to battery efficiency and good care and hence monitoring battery parameters will
percentage durability), which aids in evaluating real-time batter enhance the productivity of an electric vehicle. This paper
performance. The system was tested and verified in laboratories proposes a system that helps the user, to take necessary
using acceptable methodologies. In addition, a mobile application actions considering the battery performance, by providing
for the end-user is being created to provide information on real-time monitoring of battery parameters in a user-friendly
battery parameters as well as the maximum distance it can travel mobile application.
till full discharge. This paper will first review the previous works along
Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Battery, Charging stations,
Mobile.
parallel lines and present their findings in II. It will go on to
give a brief overview of the methodology of our system in
III. We will not go into much depth but enough to get a lucid
I. INTRODUCTION
background of each of the parameters covered in our work.
IV will give out the proposed work and V will present the
A n electric vehicle (EV), also called electrics is a testing of the model and provide experiment results.
vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction
motors for propulsion. The powering of EV is done through II. LITERATURE SURVEY
a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources or
With the boom of electric vehicles, the demand for
may be self-contained with a battery, fuel cells or an electric
energy storage with better lifetime, energy efficiency, and
generator to convert fuel to electricity. A battery electric
mileage has become a necessity. This has led to a lot of
vehicle's propulsion system is driven by an electric vehicle
research and fieldwork over the past few decades. One of
battery and traction battery specialised systems used for
the key technologies for current and future energy storage,
commercial vehicles. These batteries are commonly
whether they are used for mobile or stationary applications
rechargeable and are lithium-ion in nature.
is Lithium-ion batteries. These batteries have high charge
Manuscript received on July 15, 2021. density and discharge time although when used for large-
Revised Manuscript received on July 19, 2021. scale applications they must be introduced to temperature
Manuscript published on August 30, 2021. control and over current and voltage control to avoid
* Correspondence Author damage and explosion [1].
Pranay Jain*, Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, BMS Longevity remains one of the key issues for Lithium-ion
College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. Email:
[email protected] (Li-ion) battery technology. When it comes to the ageing
Sanjana Kumari, Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, BMS and degradation mechanism in a battery it is a complicated
College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. Email: process that depends on many factors like environment or
[email protected] utilization mode.
Shreenivas B, Dept. of Telecommunication Engineering, BMS
College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. Email:
[email protected]

© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and

Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/)

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 38 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Battery Performance in Electric Vehicles and Locating Charging Facilities
Nearby

Therefore, to increase the lifetime while maintaining the initial one. Among various methods to calculate SOH
performance, the battery management systems implement model-based methods are highlighted due to their accuracy
health-conscious control algorithms which use Remaining and compatibility with onboard and online applications. [10]
Useful Life (RUL). shows a detailed overview of the main techniques for charge
[2] Estimates the RUL by predicting the battery capacity balancing, state of charge estimation and monitoring system
fade over the cycles utilizing the identified ageing model using the 8-bit ATMEL AT90CAN128 microcontroller.
from a thermal perspective and least-squares algorithm. A Functions requiring more calculation power are
combination of sliding mode observers and nonlinear least- implemented on a 32-bit Infineon TriCore TC1797
squares algorithms is utilized for designing the estimators. microcontroller PMU board. In an electric vehicle
[3] predicts battery RUL using a linear ageing model application, the balancing act can be done while the vehicle
constructed based on the capacity data within a moving is not used for driving or using a low balancing current,
window, combined with Monte Carlo simulation to generate which is a prerequisite for single-chip integration.
prediction uncertainties in a real battery management system
used in electric vehicles. Whereas,[4] predicts RUL using III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
nonlinear stochastic degradation because the degradation
process of the battery exhibits strong nonlinearity, the use of The best way to resolve issues is to have a monitoring
system that enables the system to acquire battery parameters
linear models based on the Wiener-based method would
wireless or wired technology to make the field more and
produce large errors, and the prediction results would
more intelligent. We created a module that relays the data to
deviate significantly from the true value. This paper predicts
the end-user devices.
RUL with a 95% confidence level.
[5] Analyses and estimates the life of the Li-ion batteries
for different kinds of cycles. Mileage of 200 km for a mid-
size city car was estimated when under working temperature
voltage. The lithium-polymer battery has higher energy
efficiency which is over 95% (between +20ºC and +40ºC) is
a large improvement when compared to lead-acid, nickel-
metal hydride, and nickel-cadmium batteries whose energy
densities lie between 80 to 85%. This comes close to
satisfying the ALABC long-term criteria for electric vehicle
batteries and is suitable for electric cars. It has a very high
energy density of over 350 Wh/L, which is the highest
energy as mentioned above.
However, [6] shows that it can work over a wide range
of temperatures with high efficiency and it does not need Fig. 3.1. The proposed architecture of the system
cooling during summer, but will need heating at
temperatures below freezing. The End-of-life of this battery The work aims to build an embedded control device
is about a 20% loss in its capacity. (Fig. 3.1) with a microcontroller that will be connected to
[7] proposes a novel system to overcome the limitations the battery and monitor the battery's power in real-time. All
of standard electric storage systems designed as a hybrid battery parameter information is not just limited to battery
concept between Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and percentage, efficiency, and serviceability, all the relevant
Hydrogen Fuel Cell, for energy management in an electric parameters will be displayed on a mobile app for Android or
vehicle, with zero-emission. Here they measure parameters iOS. A Bluetooth module will be used to link the hardware
like electric current drawn from the ultra-capacitors battery, and software. Along with battery parameter details, the app
electric current drawn from the Li-ion battery, electrical will alert the user about the concerning nearby charging
current drawn from the charging system of Li-ion battery stations and how far the vehicle can go with the remaining
and electrolyte pH of ultra-capacitors and using the circuit battery charge. The charging station location and
Fig.1 transmits the measured data to a PC. coordinates will be saved on a cloud server.
[8] Analyses the relation between the whole efficiency of
a hybrid system and the total energy loss. The significant IV. IMPLEMENTATION
result is that the total energy loss of the hybrid system is
irrelevant to the efficiency of the system. The key factor A. Hardware Implementation:
which affects the total system energy loss is the ratio of time The hardware design of this project consists of an
while the fuel cell system runs in a high-power area. High Arduino connected to the battery by an electronic circuit
performance and reliable battery health management using resistors, MOSFET, opAmps. As shown in Fig. 4.1,
systems are required to tackle the new transportation the battery is connected to a voltage divider consisting of R1
challenges and to ensure the safety and durability of electric and R2, having resistance values depending on the
vehicles as well as hybrid electric vehicles. maximum voltage of the battery, for providing value falling
[9] Mentions three major indicators of SOH which are under the acceptable voltage range of the microcontroller (0-
the battery internal resistance, the battery impedance and its 5V in case of Arduino).
capacity. The battery capacity reflects the amount of energy
the battery can store, while the internal resistance and
impedance are indicators of its power capability. The battery
SOH can be calculated using the ratio between the actual
indicator value (capacity, impedance or resistance) and its
Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 39 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249-8958 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-6, August 2021

The divided voltage is then passed through a voltage microcontroller) input, designed with positive feedback, is
follower (U1) for avoiding loading effects. Finally, the connected to the base of the MOSFET (Q1). If the voltage at
output of U1 is provided as an input to the ADC port of the the emitter of Q1 exceeds VCC, the MOSFET will operate
microcontroller. These readings are adjusted in the in a saturation state and thereby turn off the microcontroller.
microcontroller by suitable code and then sent to the mobile
application via Bluetooth module.
To keep the system safe, an operation amplifier (U2)
with a reference voltage (usually equal to VCC of the

Fig. 4.1. The electronic circuit system

The system (Fig. 4.1) is simulated in MULTISIM [11] Battery Energy Efficiency is obtained by using
using an 8051 Microcontroller to verify the designed the following equation
electronic circuit.
The following battery parameters have been calculated in (𝑉𝐷 𝐼𝐷 𝑇𝐷 )
our system: 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = [ ]
(𝑉𝐶 𝐼𝐶 𝑇𝐶 )
i. Battery percentage: The amount of power a In the above equation:
battery can deliver as compared to its maximum • VD/VC= Battery voltage during
delivered power is known as the percentage of the discharging/charging.
battery. In our application, we have obtained the
• ID/IC = Battery current during
battery percentage by taking the difference of the
discharging/charging.
altered input battery voltage at the Arduino port and
• TD/TC= Time taken by the battery to
the minimum voltage offered by the battery.
discharge/charge.
Battery Percentage is obtained by using the
iii. Battery durability: Durability of the battery can
following equation
be defined as the time taken to deplete the battery
of one charge at certain operating conditions or the
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
number of charge cycles until the end of useful life.
(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − Batterymin )
=[ ]
(Batterymax – Batterymin ) Battery system Estimated self-
× 100 discharge
Primary lithium- 10% in 5 years
In the above equation: metal
• Voltagefinal = The real-time voltage of the Alkaline 2-3% per year (7-10
battery. years shelf life)
• Batterymin = The minimum voltage provided Lead Acid 5% per Month
by the battery. Nickel Based 10-15% in 24h, then
• Batterymax = The maximum voltage provided 10-15% per Month
by the battery. Lithium-ion 5% in 24h, then 1-
2% per month (plus
ii. Battery efficiency: The efficiency of a battery is 3% for safety
the ratio of the amount of power discharged by the circuit)
battery to the amount of power delivered to the
battery. The loss of energy to heat, which in turn
warms up the battery, is also taken into
consideration.

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 40 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Battery Performance in Electric Vehicles and Locating Charging Facilities
Nearby

State 0oC(32o 25oC(77o 60oC(140o In our application, the Rx and Tx pins of HC-05 are
of F) F) F) connected to Tx and Rx pins of Arduino respectively to
char enable the transfer of information to the device connected to
ge Bluetooth. Once the mobile phone is linked to Bluetooth, all
Full 6% 20% 35% the calculated battery parameters are being forwarded from
Char the Arduino to the mobile. Hence, the real-time condition of
ge the battery is being tracked on the mobile application via
40- 2% 4% 15% wireless communication.
60%
charg V. RESULTS
e The proposed model is implemented in MULTISIM and
Table. 4.1. Estimated self-discharge Table [12] is coded using Arduino IDE. The mobile application is
designed using Adobe XD and the framework used is react
The above table (table 4.1) shows the estimated self- native. A personal computer on a windows 10 environment
discharge in the percentage of different types of batteries having an 8GB Ram and Intel I7 7th Gen processor was
which are used to calculate the shelf life of the battery which used to simulate the model. The time taken for encoding,
determines the durability. decoding, encryption, and the decryption processes were the
B. Software Implementation: parameters observed. Apart from this, the percentage of
This part of the project is to design a mobile application space saved was also calculated.
that can retrieve data from the hardware component and The system is tested using a portable power bank (Model
display it on a mobile screen. The application is designed PLM-10003) with 0V and 5V as its lowest and highest
using Adobe XD and the framework used is react native. output voltage respectively. The capacity of the power bank
The application is created for android and iOS and is used is 10000mAh.
for the following:
i. Retrieving data from the user- We are using a The following are the results obtained from the model:
form with input fields like user name, password,
battery type they want to monitor and related i. The design for the hardware section is successfully
information. converted to a working embedded circuit using
ii. Displaying the current battery details- Different Arduino (Fig. 5.1).
details related to the battery efficiency is displayed
to the user in a user-friendly manner retrieved from
the Bluetooth module.
iii. Shows the nearest station locations- Showing the
users their current location and the nearest charging
stations retrieved from the cloud storage.
The application's login screen shows information such as
the type of battery, distance travelled, name and password.
Then it retrieves data from the hardware where the
efficiency and durability are calculated and displays on the
screen the values of these parameters and whether it is
connected to the charger or not. For the calculations, the
backend coding is done using nodeJS and express. Along
with that it also shows the nearest approachable power
station by locating the user's current location and comparing
it with the coordinates of the charge stations which are
stored in the cloud storage. We have used MongoDB as the
cloud server.
Figure 5.1: Working Embedded circuit using Arduino
C. Interfacing Hardware and Software
ii. The design for the application is designed (UI/UX
The interfacing is done using a Bluetooth module, designs) and converted front-end code to create a
HC-05. Wireless communication is swiftly seamless experience for both Android and iOS
replacing the wired connection and simplifying the operating systems. The application displays the
domain of electronics and communication. required information (Fig. 5.2) and (Fig.5.3)
Designed to replace cable connections with better displays the location of the charging stations.
technology, HC-05 uses serial communication to
communicate data from one device to another.
Generally, it is used to develop a connection
between small devices like mobile phones using a
short-range wireless connection to exchange
information.

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 41 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)
ISSN: 2249-8958 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-6, August 2021

a) The developed mobile application can be simplified.

If any wrong information is given by the user the
whole procedure will be affected so simplifying the
app would solve this issue.
b) In future, we aim to build a large database of the
power stations that will cover the maximum area and
will give out the most accurate results.
c) A circuit for fast charging at the charge stations will
make these vehicles more time-efficient.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledge the support and
encouragement of the management of BMS College
Engineering, Bengaluru.

REFERENCES
1. V. M. Dileepan and J. Jayakumar, "Performance analysis of lithium
batteries," 2017 International Conference on Innovations in
Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Media Technology
Fig. 5.2. Mobile application – displays the information (ICEEIMT), 2017, pp. 330-333, doi:
of battery 10.1109/ICIEEIMT.2017.8116860.
2. Dong Zhang, S. Dey, H. E. Perez and S. J. Moura, "Remaining
useful life estimation of Lithium-ion batteries based on thermal
dynamics," 2017 American Control Conference (ACC), 2017, pp.
4042-4047, doi: 10.23919/ACC.2017.7963575.
3. R. Xiong, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, H. He, S. Peng and M. Pecht,
"Lithium-Ion Battery Health Prognosis Based on a Real Battery
Management System Used in Electric Vehicles," in IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 4110-
4121, May 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2864688.
4. D. Shen, T. Xu, L. Wu and Y. Guan, "Research on Degradation
Modeling and Life Prediction Method of Lithium-Ion Battery in
Dynamic Environment," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 130638-130649,
2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929177.
5. S. Barcellona, M. Brenna, F. Foiadelli, M. Longo and L. Piegari,
"Battery lifetime for different driving cycles of EVs," 2015 IEEE 1st
International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and
Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI), 2015, pp. 446-450,
doi: 10.1109/RTSI.2015.7325138.
6. Z. M. Salameh and B. G. Kim, "Advanced lithium polymer
batteries," 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting,
2009, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PES.2009.5275404.
7. G. Suciu and A. Pasat, "Challenges and opportunities for batteries of
electric vehicles," 2017 10th International Symposium on Advanced
Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE), 2017, pp. 113-117, doi:
10.1109/ATEE.2017.7905058.
8. Z. Hong, Y. Zhu, W. Shang, Q. Li and W. Chen, "Research of
energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid locomotive,"
Fig. 5.3. Mobile application – displays the information 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo,
of stations Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ITEC-
AP.2017.8080852.
9. Noura, Nassim; Boulon, Loïc; Jemeï, Samir. 2020. "A Review of
VI. CONCLUSION Battery State of Health Estimation Methods: Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Challenges" World Electr. Veh. J. 11, no. 4: 66.
We can conclude that the recent development in electric https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040066
vehicles has been proved advantageous in numerous ways. It 10. M. Brandl et al., "Batteries and battery management systems for
is good for pollution control, easy to operate and energy- electric vehicles," 2012 Design, Automation & Test in Europe
efficient. But there are some drawbacks of these vehicles. Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2012, pp. 971-976, doi:
10.1109/DATE.2012.6176637.
There are fewer charging stations, no information about the 11. Multisim14.0, https://www.ni.com/en-us/shop/electronic-test-
battery power and durability. Through our model, we have instrumentation/application-software-for-electronic-test-and-
tried to overcome some of these issues by designing a instrumentation-category/what-is-multisim.html
system calculating the real-time battery parameters 12. Estimated self-discharge table for different batteries,
https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/elevating_self_discharge
including battery efficiency, percentage, durability.
Additionally, a maximum distance that can be covered by
the vehicle before the complete discharge of the battery,
along with the location of the nearest battery charging
stations has been obtained by our system. Our system
overcomes current limitations by making it user-friendly and
providing real-time monitoring of battery conditions.
The following can be considered as the future scope of
our system:
Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 42 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Battery Performance in Electric Vehicles and Locating Charging Facilities
Nearby

AUTHORS PROFILE
Pranay Jain, is a final year student pursuing
Bachelors of Engineering in Electronics and
Telecommunication at BMS College of Engineering.
His interest lies in the field of embedded systems,
electronic circuits and system designing. He has
previously interned with a tech-defense based
company; LVL Alpha Pvt. Ltd. as an Associate
Embedded Engineer. Other than designing systems
for the Indian army, he is also one of the inventors of
an Indian patent on “Trauma Monitoring System” under the organization,
LVL Alpha. He has been admitted to the University of Freiburg, Germany
to pursue MSc in Embedded systems from October 2021.

Sanjana Kumari, is a final year student pursuing

B.Tech in Electronics and telecommunication at BMS
College of Engineering. She has a keen interest in
problem-solving, cross-platform application
development using react-native, and web development
using MERN stack, MEAN stack, Spring-boot. She
has also submitted an abstract on “Development of a
Digital Library for Education and E-Learning” and
“Digital Library using MERN” and is waiting for approval. She has
previously interned with BearTax – A silicon valley based crypto tax
calculation platform and Telstra – An Australian telecommunication
company and will be joining Adaface – A Singapore based hiring platform
as a Full-stack engineer post her graduation.

Shreenivas B, has received Master of Science degree

in Electrical Engineering specialization in
communication, from the New Jersey Institute of
Technology in 2009, and Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication from Visvesvaraya
Technological University in 2005. Worked as trainee
engineer in RGV telecom pvt ltd for an year. I have
been working as Assistant Professor at BMS College
of Engineering, Bangalore since 2010. I have teaching experience of 11
years and industry experience of 1 year. My area of interest includes
Computer Networks, Wireless communication, Cryptography, Network
Security. Total nine paper are published and presented in different
conference and journals

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijeat.F29800810621 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.F2980.0810621 and Sciences Publication
Journal Website: www.ijeat.org 43 © Copyright: All rights reserved.