DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM
Chapter VI
INTRODUCTION

The digestive system is responsible for

breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and
eliminating waste.

It comprises the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and

accessory organs.
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Digestive System
 teeth
MOUTH
hard palate Teeth: Mechanical breakdown of food.
tongue
Tongue: Assists in mixing food and
swallowing.
Salivary glands: Secrete saliva
containing enzymes like amylase.

soft palate FUNCTION:

• Initiates digestion by mechanically and
chemically processing food

tonsil
 HARD PALATE
Separates oral cavity and the nasal cavity.

SOFT PALATE
Forms a partition between the mouth and
the nasopharynx.
PHARYNX (THROAT)
Passageway for food from the mouth to
the esophagus.

ESOPHAGUS
Muscular tube transporting food to the
stomach via peristalsis.
STOMACH
Secretes gastric juices (HCl and
enzymes) to digest proteins.
Churns food into chyme.
MUSCLE LAYERS
Longitudinal, circular, and
oblique muscles aid in mixing
food.

RUGAE
Folds in the mucosal lining
that allow stomach
expansion.
•uvula- soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure
•epiglottis- during swallowing
•Lower Esophageal (cardiac) Sphincter - composed of
muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into
the stomach
•Body of the stomach and Fundus - storage areas
•Pylorus - a funnel-shaped terminal portion where
digestion takes place
•Digestive Glands - produce hydrochloric acid (HCI) and
enzymes
•Pyloric Sphincter - muscular valve that allows food to
pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine
 duodenum

SMALL INTESTINE
SECTIONS:
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

jejunum FUNCTIONS:
Primary site for nutrient absorption.
Receives bile and pancreatic juices to
aid digestion.

Ileum
 transverse colon

LARGE INTESTINE
SECTIONS:
Cecum, colon (ascending,
transverse, descending, sigmoid),
ascending rectum, anus.
colon descending
colon
FUNCTION:
cecum sigmoid Absorbs water and electrolytes.
colon
Forms and expels feces
rectum
appendix

anus
 LIVER

ACCESSORY
ORGANS OF
PANCREAS
DIGESTION
GALLBLADDER
 LIVER
Functions:
Produces bile for fat emulsification.
Processes nutrients absorbed from
the small intestine.
Detoxifies chemicals and
metabolizes drugs.

liver
 GALLBLADDER
Function:
Stores and concentrates bile
produced by the liver.
Releases bile into the small intestine
to aid in fat digestion.

gallbladder
 PANCREAS
Functions:
Secretes digestive enzymes into the
duodenum.
Produces insulin and glucagon to
regulate blood sugar.
pancreas
CONNECTING
BODY
SYSTEMS
CARDIOVASCULAR LYMPHATIC ENDOCRINE NERVOUS

Transports Absorbs fats; Regulates digestive Controls digestive

absorbed defends against processes via tract motility and
nutrients. pathogens. hormones. secretions.
MUSCULOSKELETAL INTEGUMENTARY RESPIRATORY GENITOURINARY

Facilitates chewing Protects internal Provides oxygen for Shares pelvic

and swallowing. organs; synthesizes metabolic processes. structures;
vitamin D. hormonal interplay
MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS
PATHOLOGY: STUDY OF DISEASES.
ULCER: OPEN SORE ON MUCOUS MEMBRANES.
HERNIA: PROTRUSION OF AN ORGAN THROUGH A WALL.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION: BLOCKAGE PREVENTING NORMAL
FLOW.
HEMORRHOIDS: SWOLLEN VEINS IN THE RECTAL AREA.
HEPATITIS: INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.
DIVERTICULOSIS: FORMATION OF POUCHES IN THE COLON
WALL.
ONCOLOGY: STUDY AND TREATMENT OF TUMORS.
 What is diagnostic?
A diagnostic is a test that helps identify a disease
or condition to guide treatment.

What is symptomatic?
Symptomatic means showing signs or symptoms
of a disease or condition.
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and
Related Terms
Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix.
Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
Borborygmus: Stomach rumbling.
Cachexia: Wasting syndrome.
Cholelithiasis: Gallstones.
Cirrhosis: Chronic liver damage.
Colic: Abdominal pain.
Crohn's Disease: Inflammatory bowel disease.
Dysentery: Infectious diarrhea.
Dyspepsia: Indigestion.
Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
Eructation: Belching.
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and
Related Terms
Fecalith: Hardened stool.
Flatus: Gas in the digestive tract.
GERD: Acid reflux disease.
Halitosis: Bad breath.
Hematemesis: Vomiting blood.
IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome.
Malabsorption: Poor nutrient absorption.
Melena: Black, tarry stools.
Obesity: Excess body fat.
Obstipation: Severe constipation.
Oral Leukoplakia: White patches in the mouth.
Peristalsis: Muscle contractions moving food.
Pyloric Stenosis: Narrowing of the stomach outlet.
Regurgitation: Backward flow of food.
Steatorrhea: Fatty stools.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic
Procedures

Endoscopic Procedure
Endoscopy: Visual examination of the GI tract.
Upper GI Endoscopy: Examines esophagus,
stomach, duodenum.
Lower GI Endoscopy (Colonoscopy): Examines
colon and rectum.
 Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Procedures

Laboratory Tests
Hepatitis Panel: Detects hepatitis viruses.
Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Assess liver
enzymes and function.
Serum Bilirubin: Measures bile pigment levels.
Stool Culture: Identifies pathogens in feces.
Stool Guaiac Test: Detects hidden blood in
stool
 Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Procedures
Radiographic Procedure
Barium Enema: X-ray of the colon using contrast.
Barium Swallow: X-ray of the esophagus and stomach.
Cholecystography: Imaging of the gallbladder.
Computed Tomography (CT): Detailed cross-sectional images.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):
Examines bile and pancreatic ducts.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTCP): Imaging of
bile ducts via liver.
Sialography: Imaging of salivary glands.
Ultrasonography: Uses sound waves to visualize organs.
 Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Procedures
Surgical Procedure
Biopsy: Removal of tissue for analysis.
Anastomosis: Connecting two body parts.
Bariatric Surgery: Weight-loss surgeries.
Colostomy: Surgical creation of an opening between the colon
and the abdominal wall for waste elimination.
Lithotripsy: Procedure to crush stones (e.g., gallstones) using
shock waves.
Polypectomy: Removal of polyps (often from the colon).
Pyloromyotomy: Incision into the pyloric muscle to relieve
obstruction (commonly for pyloric stenosis).

Clinical Procedure
Nasogastric Intubation: Nasogastric tube from nose to stomach.
DRUGS USED
IN DIGESTIVE
DISORDERS
DRUGS USED IN DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Antacids Antidiarrheals
Therapeutic Action: Neutralize Therapeutic Action: Control loose
stomach acid. stools and relieve diarrhea.
Examples: Examples:
Generic: Aluminum hydroxide, Generic: Loperamide
magnesium hydroxide Trade: Imodium
Trade: Maalox, Mylanta

Antiemetics
Laxatives
Therapeutic Action: Prevent or
Therapeutic Action: Stimulate
relieve nausea and vomiting.
bowel movements or soften stools.
Examples:
Examples:
Generic: Ondansetron,
Generic: Psyllium, docusate
promethazine
sodium
Trade: Zofran, Phenergan
Trade: Metamucil, Colace
ABBREVIATIONS IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THANK
YOU!
MEMBERS:

1.Roxanne Gift A. Cantila

2.Ariellah Sharon D. Rafal
Chapter VI 3.Mylene Abe Loquinario
4.Jamaica Mitz S. Ampil
5.Briannah Morales
6.Jan Carmen Pair