FIRST SEMESTER SOLVE CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ISSUES LIKE POVERTY

AND HIV/AIDS ... .

1st Quarter Module 1
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES EMPHASIZE:
NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY HOLISM: STUDYING HUMANS COMPREHENSIVELY ,
LINKING BIOLOGY , CULTURE , LANGUAGE , AND
ANTHROPOLOGY IS THE STUDY, ANALYSIS , AND SOCIETY S S .
DESCRIPTION OF HUMANITY ’ S PAST AND PRESENT ,
FOCUSING ON PREHISTORIC ORIGINS , HUMAN CULTURAL RELATIVISM: UNDERSTANDING BELIEFS
EVOLUTION , BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY , AND PRACTICES WITHIN THEIR CULTURAL CONTEXT
INCLUDING LANGUAGE ... . WITHOUT JUDGMENT S S .

IT IS A BROAD DISCIPLINE COVERING DEEP COMPARISON : ANALYZING SIMILARITIES AND

HISTORICAL TIME AND DIVERSE CONTEMPORARY DIFFERENCES WITHIN AND BETWEEN CULTURES S S .
ASPECTS , RANGING FROM DNA TO RELIGION ,
DIFFERENTIATING IT FROM HISTORY , SOCIAL SCIENCE ,
FIELDWORK (ETHNOGRAPHY): IMMERSIVE ,
PARTICIPATORY OBSERVATION TO GATHER
OR PSYCHOLOGY ... .
QUALITATIVE DATA S S .
RESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY INCLUDE
BOTH SCIENTIFIC (QUANTITATIVE ) AND HUMANISTIC
"ONE CAN'T FULLY APPRECIATE BEING HUMAN BY
STUDYING A SINGLE ASPECT ; ANTHROPOLOGISTS USE
(QUALITATIVE ) APPROACHES, SUCH AS LABORATORY
A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO SEE HOW DIFFERENT PARTS
STUDIES AND ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK INVOLVING
OF HUMAN LIFE INTERCONNECT ."
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION ... .

HISTORICALLY , ANTHROPOLOGY EMERGED DURING NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIOLOGY

THE E NLIGHTENMENT IN E UROPE AND N ORTH
SOCIOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN
AMERICA, DRIVEN BY CURIOSITY ABOUT HUMAN CULTURE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR , FOCUSING ON
DIVERSITY ENCOUNTERED DURING COLONIAL
UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
EXPANSIONS AND WESTWARD AMERICAN EXPANSION INDIVIDUALS AND LARGER SOCIAL STRUCTURES ,
SS . FROM SMALL GROUPS TO GLOBAL PROCESSES S S .
THE DISCIPLINE FORMALLY DEVELOPED IN THE LATE IT AROSE IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY AS A
19TH CENTURY AS A DISTINCT ACADEMIC FIELD, RESPONSE TO RAPID SOCIAL CHANGES SUCH AS
ESPECIALLY IN N ORTH A MERICA , WITH FOUR
INDUSTRIALIZATION , URBANIZATION , AND POLITICAL
INTERRELATED SUBFIELDS : ARCHAEOLOGY ,
REVOLUTIONS EMPHASIZING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY , LINGUISTIC
DEMOCRACY S S .
ANTHROPOLOGY , AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY S S
. AUGUSTE COMTE COINED THE TERM "SOCIOLOGY "
AND IS CONSIDERED THE "F ATHER OF S OCIOLOGY ,"
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY INCLUDE WHILE É MILE DURKHEIM SIGNIFICANTLY
UNDERSTANDING FOSSIL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
CONTRIBUTED TO ESTABLISHING SOCIOLOGY AS A
RECORDS , HUMAN ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTS ,
SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE S S .
PRIMATE BEHAVIOR , AND APPLYING KNOWLEDGE TO
SOCIOLOGY IS A VALUE-FREE, EMPIRICAL DISCIPLINE ITS ROOTS TRACE BACK TO GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
THAT STUDIES WHAT IS, NOT WHAT OUGHT TO BE , SOCRATES, PLATO, AND ARISTOTLE, WITH ARISTOTLE
SIMILAR TO NATURAL SCIENCES IN METHODOLOGY S S RECOGNIZED AS THE F ATHER OF P OLITICAL S CIENCE
. AND KNOWN FOR THE STATEMENT : "M AN IS A
POLITICAL ANIMAL " S .
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY FOCUS ON ACQUIRING
OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE HUMAN NATURE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE INVOLVES STUDYING
ADJUSTMENT TO LIFE BY UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL POLITICAL SYSTEMS , POWER DISTRIBUTION ,
PHENOMENA AND ADDRESSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS GOVERNMENT ROLES , POLITICAL BEHAVIOR , AND
EFFECTIVELY S . PUBLIC POLICIES , BOTH HISTORICALLY AND IN
CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS S S .
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE HIGHLIGHTS THAT
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS SHAPED BY GROUP GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE INCLUDE DESCRIBING
MEMBERSHIPS AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS ; IT HOW POLITICAL SYSTEMS FUNCTION , IDENTIFYING
ENCOURAGES VIEWING SOCIETY AS A SOCIAL MORE EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS , AND ASSESSING
CONSTRUCT CAPABLE OF CHANGE ... . GOVERNANCE SUCCESS THROUGH FACTORS LIKE
STABILITY , JUSTICE , WEALTH , PEACE , AND PUBLIC
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION ENABLES HEALTH S S .
UNDERSTANDING THE LINK BETWEEN PERSONAL
EXPERIENCES AND BROADER SOCIAL FORCES , THE DISCIPLINE EMPLOYS DIVERSE METHODS FROM
PROMOTING EMPATHY FOR DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES PSYCHOLOGY , SOCIAL RESEARCH , COGNITIVE
AND DEEPER SELF -AWARENESS S S . NEUROSCIENCE , AND OTHERS , INCLUDING
POSITIVISM , INTERPRETIVISM , RATIONAL CHOICE
"SOCIOLOGY ENCOURAGES US TO VIEW OUR THEORY , BEHAVIORALISM , STRUCTURALISM , AND
FAMILIAR SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS WITH FRESH EYES
PLURALISM ... .
AND UNDERSTAND HOW SOCIAL GROUPS SHAPE OUR
IDENTITIES AND BEHAVIORS ." "POLITICAL SCIENCE IS NOT JUST ABOUT
GOVERNANCE BUT ALSO A MECHANISM FOR
NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVES OF POLITICAL ACHIEVING SOCIETAL GOALS ."
SCIENCE

POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDIES THE NATURE, CAUSES,

AND CONSEQUENCES OF COLLECTIVE DECISIONS AND
ACTIONS WITHIN CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
CONTEXTS THAT STRUCTURE POWER AND AUTHORITY
SS .

IT ANALYZES GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS, POLITICAL

ACTIVITIES , POLITICAL THOUGHT , CONSTITUTIONS ,
AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR , ENCOMPASSING SUBFIELDS
LIKE POLITICAL THEORY , PUBLIC POLICY ,
COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF THE THREE DISCIPLINES
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS , HUMAN RIGHTS , AND
COMPARATIVE POLITICS S S .
ASPECT ANTHROPOL SOCIOLOGY POLITICAL KEY DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS
OGY SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY: "THE STUDY OF HUMANKIND ,"
FOCUS HUMAN HUMAN POLITICAL ENCOMPASSING BIOLOGICAL , CULTURAL , LINGUISTIC ,
PAST AND SOCIETY AND SYSTEMS ,
AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS
PRESENT ; SOCIAL POWER ,
BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR GOVERNAN SOCIOLOGY: "THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF
& CE
HUMAN CULTURE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ," FOCUSING
CULTURAL
ON SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND INTERACTIONS
DIVERSITY

POLITICAL SCIENCE: "THE STUDY OF THE NATURE,

HISTORY ENLIGHTEN EARLY 19TH ANCIENT
CAUSES , AND CONSEQUENCES OF COLLECTIVE
ORIGIN MENT ERA ; CENTURY ; GREEK
DECISIONS AND ACTIONS ," ANALYZING GOVERNANCE
LATE 19 TH RESPONSE TO PHILOSOPH
CENTURY INDUSTRIALIZ Y; AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

ACADEMIC ATION AND FORMALIZE

SOCIAL D STUDY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND TERMS
DISCIPLINE
CHANGE GOVERNAN
CE SYSTEMS TERM DEFINITION /EXPLANATION

METHODO SCIENTIFIC EMPIRICAL , DIVERSE HOLISM VIEWING HUMANS

LOGY AND VALUE - FREE , METHODS COMPREHENSIVELY ,

HUMANISTI SCIENTIFIC FROM INTEGRATING MULTIPLE

C; SOCIAL ASPECTS OF LIFE
ETHNOGRAP SCIENCES
HY , LAB CULTURAL RELATIVISM UNDERSTANDING BELIEFS
AND
STUDIES WITHIN THEIR OWN CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOG
CONTEXT WITHOUT JUDGMENT
Y

KEY HOLISM, SOCIOLOGICA POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL ABILITY TO CONNECT PERSONAL

IMAGINATION EXPERIENCES WITH LARGER
PERSPECTI CULTURAL L THEORY ,
VE SOCIAL FORCES
RELATIVISM , IMAGINATION BEHAVIORA
COMPARISO , SOCIAL LISM ,
N, CONSTRUCTIO RATIONAL
FIELDWORK N OF REALITY CHOICE ,
ETHNOGRAPHY FIELDWORK METHOD
PLURALIS
INVOLVING PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION AND
DOCUMENTATION

GOALS UNDERSTAN UNDERSTAND ANALYZE

POLITICAL AUTHORITY LEGITIMATE POWER EXERCISED
D HUMAN SOCIAL POLITICAL
WITHIN GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTION , PHENOMENA , SYSTEMS ,
CULTURE , IMPROVE IMPROVE
SOLVE ADJUSTMENT GOVERNAN
SOCIAL TO LIFE CE
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ISSUES EFFECTIVEN
ESS
DEFINE AND EXPLAIN THE NATURE, GOALS, AND
PERSPECTIVES OF A NTHROPOLOGY , S OCIOLOGY , AND
POLITICAL SCIENCE S S .

CATEGORIZE THESE ASPECTS APPROPRIATELY AMONG

THE THREE DISCIPLINES S .

INTERPRET THESE CONCEPTS THROUGH CURRENT

EVENTS AND SITUATIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS S .

SAMPLE ASSESSMENT INSIGHTS

ANTHROPOLOGY STUDIES HUMANITY ’S PAST AND

PRESENT , INCLUDING BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL
DIVERSITY S S .

SOCIOLOGY IS CONCERNED WITH HUMAN SOCIETY

AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES , AIMING TO IMPROVE
HUMAN ADJUSTMENT TO SOCIAL LIFE BY
UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL PHENOMENA S S .

POLITICAL SCIENCE ANALYZES GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS

AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR TO FIND EFFECTIVE
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND ASSESS GOVERNANCE
SUCCESS S S .

KEY ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES INCLUDE

HOLISM , CULTURAL RELATIVISM , COMPARISON , AND
ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK .

💡 KEY INSIGHT: UNDERSTANDING THE DISTINCT YET

INTERCONNECTED NATURE , GOALS , AND
PERSPECTIVES OF A NTHROPOLOGY , S OCIOLOGY , AND
FIRST SEMESTER
POLITICAL SCIENCE PROVIDES A STURDY
FOUNDATION TO ANALYZE HUMAN LIFE 1st Quarter Module 2
COMPREHENSIVELY FROM BIOLOGICAL , SOCIAL , AND
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS . Concept and Nature of Culture

CULTURE IS A COMPLEX WHOLE ENCOMPASSING

KNOWLEDGE , BELIEFS , ARTS , LAWS , MORALS ,
CUSTOMS , AND ALL OTHER CAPABILITIES AND HABITS
ACQUIRED BY HUMANS AS MEMBERS OF SOCIETY . I T
SHAPES PERCEPTIONS , BEHAVIORS , AND CUMULATIVE KNOWLEDGE AND
RELATIONSHIPS BEYOND OBSERVABLE TRAITS LIKE CUSTOMS ACCUMULATE

FOOD , CLOTHING , AND LANGUAGE . AND EVOLVE OVER TIME

DERIVED FROM LATIN CULTURA MEANING CHANGES AND DYNAMIC CULTURE CONTINUOUSLY
CHANGES AS NEW IDEAS
CULTIVATION OR REFINEMENT , CULTURE REPRESENTS
AND PRACTICES EMERGE ,
THE LIFESTYLE , INCLUDING MATERIAL AND NON -
REPLACING OLDER ONES
MATERIAL ASPECTS SUCH AS TRADITIONS , CUSTOMS ,
AND ATTITUDES TOWARD LIFE . PROVIDES STANDARD SETS ACCEPTABLE NORMS
AND BEHAVIORS FOR
CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED HISTORICALLY THROUGH SOCIETY MEMBERS
SYMBOLS AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR , BOTH
EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT , FORMING THE DISTINCTIVE DIVERSE COMPOSED OF
INTERDEPENDENT BUT
ACHIEVEMENTS OF HUMAN GROUPS .
DISTINCT PARTS FORMING A

IT HAS TWO MAIN COMPONENTS: WHOLE

MATERIAL CULTURE: TANGIBLE ITEMS LIKE CLOTHES, IDEATIONAL PRESCRIBES IDEAL

PATTERNS OF CONDUCT
FOOD , BUILDINGS .
FOR SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE: INTANGIBLE ELEMENTS

SUCH AS VALUES , NORMS , LANGUAGE , AND BELIEFS .

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE

ANTHROPOLOGISTS VIEW CULTURE AS AN ATTRIBUTE

OF REAL SOCIETIES EXISTING INDEPENDENTLY FROM
OBSERVERS , EMPHASIZING ITS ROLE IN
TRANSMITTING AND ACQUIRING TRADITIONS THAT
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE PERPETUATE SOCIETY S S .
CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR DEFINED CULTURE AS THE
LEARNED AND ACQUIRED CULTURE IS GAINED COMPLEX WHOLE OF KNOWLEDGE , BELIEF , AND

THROUGH SOCIAL CUSTOMS ACQUIRED BY HUMANS AS MEMBERS OF

INTERACTION , NOT SOCIETY S .
HEREDITY ; IT IS PASSED
DOWN THROUGH ROBERT RANULPH MARRETT DESCRIBED CULTURE IN
GENERATIONS TERMS OF “COMMUNICABLE INTELLIGENCE ” OR
“COMMUNICATED IDEAS” S .
SHARED CULTURE IS ACCEPTED AND
PRACTICED BY A GROUP OF
PEOPLE
RADCLIFFE BROWN EMPHASIZED CULTURE AS INTERNAL DIFFERENCES
CULTIVATION THROUGH TRADITION TRANSMISSION
PROCESS, NOT PRODUCT SOCIETY IS CONTINUOUSLY
S .
EVOLVING THROUGH
INTERACTIONS RATHER
CONCEPT AND NATURE OF SOCIETY
THAN BEING A STATIC
SOCIETY IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE INTERACTING, LIVING ENTITY

IN A DEFINABLE AREA , AND SHARING A CULTURE ,

SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION SOCIETY ORGANIZES
FORMING A SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT INFLUENCES
INDIVIDUALS INTO CLASSES
BEHAVIOR AND NORMS S S . AND ROLES WITH
RELATIVELY STABLE
THE TERM DERIVES FROM LATIN SOCIUS MEANING
POSITIONS
COMPANION OR PARTNER , EMPHASIZING BEING WITH
OTHERS S S . SOCIOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

SOCIOLOGISTS DEFINE SOCIETY AS: AUGUSTE COMTE COINED "SOCIOLOGY " TO DESCRIBE
THE SCIENCE OF SOCIAL LIFE , EMPHASIZING SOCIETY
AN ORGANIZATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
AS MORE THAN THE SUM OF INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS S S
INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS .
.
A COLLECTION OR ASSOCIATION OF PEOPLE S S .
L.T. HOBHOUSE DESCRIBED SOCIETY AS A "TISSUE OF
SOCIETY IS CONCEPTUAL AND ABSTRACT; WHILE CONNECTIONS " S .

INDIVIDUALS ARE VISIBLE , SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE

R.M. MACIVER AND CHARLES PAGE DEFINED
INTANGIBLE AND EXIST AS PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX , CHANGING SYSTEM OF
SOCIAL RELATIONS , POWER , AND ORGANIZATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY KARL MARX HIGHLIGHTED SOCIETY’S ORGANIC

TOTALITY , ECONOMIC SECTOR IMPORTANCE , AND
CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION HISTORICAL CHANGE PROCESS S S .

ABSTRACT SOCIETY IS A WEB OF GEORGE SIMMEL VIEWED SOCIETY AS PATTERNED

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ,
INTERACTIONS AND RESPONSES TO EVERYDAY LIFE
NOT A PHYSICAL ENTITY
EVENTS

LIKENESS AND DIFFERENCE SOCIETY REQUIRES BOTH

CONCEPT AND NATURE OF POLITICS
SIMILARITIES FOR
COHESION AND
THE WORD "POLITICS" COMES FROM THE GREEK
DIFFERENCES FOR
POLIS MEANING CITY -STATE ; ORIGINALLY , POLITICS
INTERACTION AND
ENCOMPASSED ALL ACTIVITIES OF THE CITY -STATE ,
PROGRESS
MERGING STATE , GOVERNMENT , AND SOCIETY S S .
CORPORATION AND SOCIETY DEPENDS ON
CONFLICT COOPERATION BUT ALSO
CONTAINS INHERENT
CONFLICTS DUE TO
POLITICS IS THE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT AND THE UNDERSTANDING THESE CONCEPTS REQUIRES
EXERCISE OF POWER , FOCUSING ON CONTROL ANALYZING THEIR DYNAMIC , CUMULATIVE , AND
THROUGH DECISION -MAKING AND ENFORCEMENT OF EVOLVING NATURE IN HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
COLLECTIVE CHOICES S S . CONTEXTS ... .

POLITICS INVOLVES THE USE OR THREAT OF LEGAL ❗ IMPORTANT: SOCIETY IS NOT A PHYSICAL ENTITY
FORCE TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH DECISIONS , BUT AN ABSTRACT SYSTEM OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
DISTINGUISHING POLITICAL ACTORS FROM NON - THAT EXIST THROUGH ONGOING INTERACTIONS AND
POLITICAL ONES AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS FROM COOPERATION CROSSED BY CONFLICT . CULTURE IS
PRIVATE SOCIETY S S . THE LEARNED , SHARED , AND DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK
THAT SHAPES THESE INTERACTIONS , WHILE POLITICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS REPRESENTS THE AUTHORITATIVE SYSTEM MANAGING
COLLECTIVE DECISIONS AND POWER WITHIN
POLITICS ALLOWS THE LEGAL AUTHORITY TO USE
SOCIETY . ...
FORCE TO COMPEL OBEDIENCE (AUTHORITATIVE
ALLOCATION OF VALUES ) S .

THE POLITICAL SYSTEM INCLUDES GOVERNMENTAL

INSTITUTIONS AND ALL STRUCTURES PERFORMING
INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION FUNCTIONS , OFTEN
INVOLVING LEGITIMATE PHYSICAL COMPULSION S .

POLITICAL COMPONENTS ARE INTERDEPENDENT ;

CHANGES IN ONE PART (E .G., POLITICAL PARTIES ,
MASS MEDIA ) AFFECT THE ENTIRE SYSTEM 'S
FUNCTIONING

QUARTER 1 MODULE 3

KEY CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CULTURE, SOCIETY,

AND P OLITICS ## KEY CONCEPTS IN CULTURE AND CULTURAL
UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS ARE INTERTEXTUAL
CONCEPTS WITH DEEP INTERRELATIONSHIPS : - **C ULTURAL RELATIVISM** IS THE PRACTICE OF
EVALUATING A CULTURE BY ITS OWN STANDARDS
CULTURE SHAPES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND RATHER THAN JUDGING IT BY THE STANDARDS OF
PERSPECTIVES .
ONE 'S OWN CULTURE . I T REQUIRES AN OPEN MIND
AND WILLINGNESS TO UNDERSTAND AND SOMETIMES
SOCIETY IS THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE WHERE CULTURE
IS SHARED AND ENACTED .
ADAPT TO NEW NORMS AND VALUES .

POLITICS GOVERNS THE EXERCISE OF POWER AND - **ETHNOCENTRISM ** IS THE BELIEF THAT ONE'S
OWN CULTURE IS SUPERIOR TO OTHERS . T HIS
AUTHORITY WITHIN SOCIETY , INFLUENCED BY
ATTITUDE CAN CAUSE DISORIENTATION AND
CULTURAL NORMS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ... .
FRUSTRATION WHEN ENCOUNTERING DIFFERENT ATTITUDE OPEN-MINDED , BELIEF IN CULTURAL
CULTURES , A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS CULTURE TOWARD SEEKING TO SUPERIORITY ;

SHOCK . OTHERS UNDERSTAND NEGATIVE

DIFFERENCES JUDGMENTS
- **C ULTURAL UNIVERSALS ** ARE TRAITS OR
EFFECTS PROMOTES CAUSES CULTURE
PRACTICES FOUND IN EVERY CULTURE , SUCH AS
CULTURAL SHOCK ,
BODILY ADORNMENT , COURTSHIP , DANCING ,
UNDERSTANDING DISORIENTATION ,
EDUCATION , FOOD TABOOS , AND FUNERAL RITES .
AND RESPECT AND CONFLICT
THESE UNIVERSALS GIVE RISE TO BOTH
ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM . EXAMPLE PEPAY RESPECTS PEDRO CONSIDERS
THE SYMBOLIC OTHER CULTURES
- **MULTICULTURALISM ** REFERS BOTH TO THE MEANINGS OF AS SAVAGE OR
EXISTENCE OF DIVERSE CULTURES WITHIN ONE ANOTHER CORRUPT
TERRITORY AND TO APPROACHES FOR MANAGING CULTURE ’ S

THIS DIVERSITY . I T IS ROOTED IN THE LOGIC OF PRACTICES

CULTURAL RELATIVISM .

## PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

AND E THNOCENTRISM

## DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CULTURAL RELATIVISM - PEPAY (CULTURAL RELATIVIST ) QUESTIONS THE

AND E THNOCENTRISM REASONS BEHIND ANOTHER CULTURE ’ S PRACTICES
AND REFRAINS FROM JUDGING BASED ON HER OWN
ASPECT CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM CULTURE .
RELATIVISM
- PEDRO (ETHNOCENTRIC ) VIEWS OTHER CULTURES
DEFINITION ASSESSING JUDGING OTHER
AS INFERIOR AND JUDGES THEM BY HIS OWN
CULTURE BY ITS CULTURES BY ONE ' S
CULTURAL NORMS WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING .
OWN STANDARDS OWN CULTURAL
STANDARDS
- IN ACTIVITIES , ETHNOCENTRIC RESPONSES OFTEN
REJECT OR RIDICULE UNFAMILIAR CULTURAL
VIEWPOINT NO CULTURE IS ONE'S CULTURE IS
SUPERIOR ; THE CENTER AND PRACTICES , WHILE CULTURAL RELATIVIST RESPONSES
UNDERSTANDING IS SUPERIOR TO SEEK TO UNDERSTAND AND RESPECT DIFFERENCES .
KEY OTHERS
## IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN LEARNERS APPRECIATE CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND THE
ATTAINING CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM .

- CULTURAL RELATIVISM HELPS AVOID ## SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

MISUNDERSTANDINGS AND CONFLICTS ARISING FROM
ETHNOCENTRISM BY PROMOTING RESPECT FOR
- UNDERSTAND THAT CULTURAL RELATIVISM
INVOLVES JUDGING CULTURES BY THEIR OWN
CULTURAL DIVERSITY .
STANDARDS , NOT BY ONE ’ S OWN CULTURE .
- IT SUPPORTS MULTICULTURALISM POLICIES AND
ENCOURAGES VIEWING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AS
- RECOGNIZE ETHNOCENTRISM AS A BELIEF IN
CULTURAL SUPERIORITY THAT CAN HINDER CULTURAL
VALUABLE RATHER THAN THREATENING .
UNDERSTANDING AND CAUSE CULTURE SHOCK .
- PRACTICING CULTURAL RELATIVISM AIDS IN SOCIAL
HARMONY AND MUTUAL RESPECT AMONG PEOPLE OF
- APPRECIATE THE ROLE OF CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
AND MULTICULTURALISM IN SHAPING SOCIETAL
DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS .
INTERACTIONS AND POLICIES .
## EFFECTS OF NOT ACCEPTING OTHER CULTURES
- APPLY CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN REAL-LIFE
- LEADS TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION , MISUNDERSTANDING , SITUATIONS TO PROMOTE RESPECT , REDUCE
AND CONFLICT , AS SHOWN IN THE STORY OF Z OE , PREJUDICE , AND SUPPORT PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
WHO FACED RIDICULE DUE TO HER CULTURAL DRESS AMONG DIVERSE GROUPS .
AND PRACTICES BUT GAINED ACCEPTANCE THROUGH
EXPLAINING HER CULTURE .
> **❗ IMPORTANT:** CULTURAL RELATIVISM
FOSTERS AN OPEN MIND AND RESPECT FOR CULTURAL
- IGNORANCE OR DISRESPECT TOWARDS CULTURAL DIVERSITY , WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR PEACEFUL
DIFFERENCES CAN RESULT IN CHAOS , STUNTED COEXISTENCE IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY .
GROWTH , AND WAR . ETHNOCENTRISM , BY CONTRAST, OFTEN LEADS TO
MISUNDERSTANDING AND CONFLICT .
## ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS ON CULTURAL
RELATIVISM AND ETHNOCENTRISM >

- EXERCISES INVOLVE IDENTIFYING STATEMENTS OR

BEHAVIORS AS ETHNOCENTRIC OR CULTURAL
RELATIVIST , FOSTERING AWARENESS OF THESE
ATTITUDES IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS .

- ROLE-PLAYING SCENARIOS ILLUSTRATE HOW

ETHNOCENTRIC OR CULTURAL RELATIVIST RESPONSES
AFFECT INTERPERSONAL INTERACTIONS AND
CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING .

- REFLECTION ON CULTURAL PRACTICES, SUCH AS

FOOD , DRESS , RELIGION , AND TRADITIONS , HELPS