Earth Science
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NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City
Earth Science
University Vision
Notre Dame of Dadiangas University is a Catholic, Filipino institution of Academic Excellence
established by the Marist Brothers (FMS – Fratres Maristaea Scholis) characterized by St. Marcellin
Champagnat’s ideals of simplicity, humility, and quiet zeal of God’s work as inspired by the Blessed
Virgin Mary. The school is dedicated to the formation of persons in all levels of learning who as:
• Christian Leaders
• Competent Professionals
• Community-Oriented citizens, and
• Culture-Sensitive Individuals
will actively participate in building a peaceful and progressive nation.
University Mission
As a Catholic Educational Institution, NDDU shares in the Church’s mission of evangelization by
integrating life and faith;
As a Filipino Institution, NDDU seeks to preserve Filipino Culture and propagate love of country and
its people;
As an institution of Quality Education, NDDU aims leadership in Curricular Programs, Multi-
Disciplinary Programs, Research, and Community Service;
As a Marist Institution, NDDU promotes the core values of Family Spirit, Marian Spirit, Simplicity,
Presence for the Least Favored, Love of Work, and Integrity of Creation; and
As a Community-Oriented institution, NDDU aims to respond the challenges of the locality
(SOCSKSARGEN Area) it is serving.
Institutional Objectives
NDDU is a Catholic Institution, which seeks to develop the spiritual, intellectual, social, aesthetic,
and physical abilities of the students through systematic instruction and practice.
NDDU is concerned with creating a Christian Community among its members, therefore, NDDU
offers religious instruction and provides opportunities for apostolic zeal and witness.
NDDU is committed to further national development. Students are made aware of their rights and
responsibilities as citizens and are given opportunities to participate in institutional and community
development.
NDDU contributes to improving the quality of education in the region of SOCSKSARGEN. As an
institution of higher learning, NDDU seeks to foster cooperation and innovation among the
educational institution in the region.
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And as a Marist school, NDDU lives in the spirit of Saint Marcellin Champagnat, dedicated to the
Christian education in accordance with the Marist motto, “ALL TO JESUS THROUGH MARY: ALL
TO MARY FOR JESUS.”
Academic Unit Objectives
The ultimate goal of NDD IBED is the integral development and formation of the whole person.
The school aims to incorporate absolute values into culture and life. In brief, it is committed to the
human, academic and Christian development of the students in the Philippines’ mileu
1. Human Growth. By graduation, the high school students will mature as persons-spiritually,
emotionally, physically and socially.
2. Academic Growth. By graduation, the high school students will display appropriate Mastery
of the fundamental concepts and skills, and will develop attitudes basic to personal
development.
3. Christian Growth. By graduation, the high school students will possess desirable values
through basic religious instruction and spiritual experiences to respond to any life’s situation.
4. Committed to Community Awareness. By graduation, the high school students will have
knowledge and experience of the local communities adequate enough to be competent and
responsible citizens.
Course/Subject Description
This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of the
Earth on a planetary scale. It presents the history of the Earth through geologic time. It discusses the
Earth’s structure and composition, the processes that occur beneath and on the Earth’s surface, as
well as issues, concerns, and problems pertaining to Earth’s resources.
Grade Level Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the formation of the universe and solar system
and can explain geologic processes that occur on the surface of the earth. Explain how active faults
generate earthquakes and how tropical cyclones originate from warm ocean waters. They can explain
the important events of the Earth’s history.
Work Instruction
Welcome Marista!
One of the most challenging systems today is the delivery of education since students and
teachers have no face-to-face interaction. Yet, here at NDDU-IBED Lagao Senior High School
Department, the institution continues to provide quality education and live with our Vision-Mission in
our ongoing quest to deliver academic excellence.
We have prepared this module which intends to develop your life skills even during these most
challenging times. Our learning resources are set for the new normal of learning delivery that ensures
effective and efficient delivery of lessons.
Our Learning Modality comes in two parts:
1) Online Class – This is where your teachers hold lectures and discussions using different
online platforms. Furthermore, you are expected to receive the instructions for your
synchronous learning. The schedule for the online classes will be Monday & Tuesday for Set
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A subjects and Thursday & Friday for Set B subjects. If you cannot attend the online class due
to valid reasons, your teachers will provide you with instructions to suffice your missed classes.
2) Module – This modality is intended for your independent learning. Each subject teacher
provides you with a module that contains intensive discussion of the lesson for a specific week.
You are given different activities that you need to accomplish on a weekly basis. Since this is
asynchronous learning, you are expected to comply the task on your own.
Components of the Module:
1) Topic – This includes the specific subject matter to be discussed on a particular week. This
will guide you on what you are expected to learn in the scheduled session.
2) Learning Targets – These are the objectives that you need to attain and do at the end of
each lesson.
3) Introduction/Review/Content – This contains the overview of the lesson and brief summary
of the previous discussion. Moreover, you are expected to read and comprehend the
supplementary information written in this part to be able to achieve the learning targets
intended for the lesson.
4) Check your Understanding – This part contains drill/s that aim/s to test the level of your
understanding on the topic.
5) Enrichment – This contains activities that will help you develop your critical thinking and
problem-solving skills essential for your learning to be more meaningful and valuable.
Attached in your module is/are separated activity sheet/s intended for your answers. The
accomplished activity sheets will then be submitted to your Subject Matter Expert for checking
on the announced date of submission through the assigned online platform/s.
6) References and Materials – These are the sources and tools used for the delivery of the
lesson.
Should there be questions and clarifications, please contact your Subject Matter Expert or subject
teacher on your scheduled day and time for consultation.
Remember that learning should never stop. As we are all challenged with the uncertainties
brought by the new normal, please know that we are with you in this journey of achieving your dreams.
Soar high, Senior High! Laban Marista!
Quarter/ Content Standards Performance Standards
Term
Midterm The learners demonstrate the The learner shall be able to make a concept
understanding of the formation of the map and use to explain how the geosphere,
universe and the solar system, the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere
subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere, are interconnected. The learners shall be
atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up able to make a plan that the community may
the Earth, the three main categories of use to conserve to conserve and protect its
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rocks, the origin and environment of resources for future generations. Prepare a
formation of common minerals and rocks, plan that the community may implement to
the various sources of energy (fossil fuels, minimize waste when people utilize
geothermal, hydroelectric), the amount of materials and resources.
usable water resources on Earth, the
distribution of arable land on Earth and
waste generation and management.
Finals The learners demonstrate the The learner shall be able to make a simple
understanding geologic processes that map showing places where erosion and
occur on the surface of the Earth such as landslides may pose risk in the community
weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and and using maps, diagrams or models,
sedimentation, geologic processes that predict what could happen in the future as
occur within the Earth, folding and faulting the tectonic plates continue to move.
of rocks, the internal structure of the Earth,
continental drift and seafloor spreading.
Course/Topic Outline
Midterm:
1. The Universe and Solar System
2. Earth and Earth subsystems
3. Minerals and Rocks
4. Mineral Resources
5. Energy Resources
6. Water Resources
7. Soil Resources
8. Human Activity and the Environment
Final:
1. Exogenic Processes
2. Endogenic Processes
3. Deformation of Crust
4. Plate Tectonic
5. Major Events in the Earth’s Past
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NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City
Earth Science
Quarter/Term: Midterm Date: 2021.08.23 – 2021.08.27
Week No.: 1 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Family Spirit Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs: ☐ Christian Leaders Computing/ICT Literacy
Competent Professionals ☐ Communication
☐ Community-Oriented Citizens Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: Mark Harold G. Estandarte ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance
Online Lesson:
I. Topic: The Universe and the Solar System
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. explain the different theories about the formation of universe and solar system
2. recognize the uniqueness of earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties
necessary to support life.
3. speak confidently in answering various questions through recitation
V. References/ Materials:
Cadiz, A., Pascual, C., Villanoy, F., and Macasil, T., (2017). Fundamentals of Earth and Life
Science. pp. 15-19
Duyanen, Joselito P., Ortiz-Andaya, Mylene., (2017). Earth and Life Sciences: Enhanced
Teacher’s Manual, pp. 22-74
Mosteiro, Arnaldo P., Earth and Life Science: Text-Workbook Senior High School, pp. 1-16, 2016
Tarbuck, Edward J., Lutgens, Frederick K., Earth Science 14th Edition, p. 378
VI. Annotation:
Module No.: 1
I. Topic: The Universe and the Solar System
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. recognize the uniqueness of earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties
necessary to support life.
2. identify that the earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and
energy flow
3. cite the importance of Earth’s four subsystems
4. define terms related to the four subsystems of the Earth
5. speak confidently in answering various questions through recitation
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III. Introduction/Review/Content:
FUN FACT!
• The universe is at least 13.8 billion of years old and the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5-
4.6 billion of years old.
• “Our Milky Way galaxy is home to at least 100 billion alien planets, and possibly many
more, a new study suggests”. - Space.com
• “Around 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 planets in our observable Universe, and
that’s only counting planets that are orbiting stars.” – Ethan Siegel
What is a Universe?
All existing matter and space considered as a whole
which is called the cosmos. The universe had been
evolving for several billions of years before the solar
system and the Earth began to form. It is thought to
have formed around 13.7 billion years which
generated space, time, energy and matter according
to Big Bang Theory.
Did You Know?
Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are the first two simplest
and lightest element in the universe. They are called the
ingredients for the star systems. H and He are the most
abundant elements in the universe.
Milky Way Galaxy
Milky Way Galaxy came into existence after several
billion years. It was a band of stars and nebular debris in
an arm of this spiral galaxy that the Sun and planets took
form nearly 4.6 billion years ago. The Milky Way is a
disk-shaped collection of gases and dusts called
interstellar clouds. Its disk diameter was estimated to be
between the ranges of 150,000 to 180, 000 light years.
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Hypothesis Theory
Hypothesis is something proposed for the sake of It is a principle that has been formed as an
argument so that it can be tested to see if it might attempt to explain things that have already
be true. been substantiated by data. It is used in the
It is usually tentative, an assumption or suggestion names of a number of principles accepted in
made strictly for the objective of being tested. the scientific community, such as the Big Bang
Theory.
What are the theories that can explain the origin of the Universe?
1. Steady State Theory 3. Nebular Theory
2. Pulsating Theory 4. Big Bang Theory
STEADY STATE THEORY
The Steady State theory was the most popular scientific explanation about the origin of universe
during 1940’s to 1960’s. It was proposed by Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold.
It explains that the universe did not originate from explosive beginning, because it did not have
a beginning. The number of the galaxies in the universe is constant and new galaxies are being
created continuously out if the empty space which fill up the gaps caused by the galaxies which
have crossed the boundary of the observable universe.
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At the heart of the Steady State theory is the Perfect Cosmological Principle. This states that the
Universe is infinite in extent, infinitely old and, taken as a whole, it is the same in all directions
and at all times in the past and at all times in the future. In other words, the Universe doesn’t
evolve or change over time.
PULSATING THEORY
Pulsating which means that our universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting
alternatively. This theory was first proposed as a possible explanation as early as 1879, was
applied to Cepheids in 1914, and was further developed by Arthur Eddington in 1917–1918.
This theory explains that at the present time our universe is expanding but it will not keep on
expanding at all time. With the time, this contraction will come to the point where the explosion
of the universe again takes place and another expansion of the universe will start. The theory
also states that the universe is “living” and keeps pulsating in and out.
There are two things that supports pulsating theory namely:
1. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)
2. Redshift.
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Evidence
CMBR Redshift
It is radiation left over from an early stage in It happens when light seen coming from an
the development of the universe. object that is moving away is proportionally
increased in wavelength.
NEBULAR THEORY
Nebular Theory is currently considered as the best theory that describes the formation of the
solar system. The idea that the Solar System originated from a nebula was first proposed in 1734
by Swedish scientist and theologian Emanual Swedenborg.
This theory states that the solar system developed out of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas,
called a nebula. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a
supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud. Due to the
collapse pocket of gas and dust began to collect into denser regions.
As the denser regions pulled in more and more matter, conservation of momentum caused it to
begin rotating, while increasing pressure caused it to heat up. Most of the material ended up in
a ball at the center while the rest of the matter flattened out into disk that circled around it. While
the ball at the center formed the Sun, the rest of the material would form into the protoplanetary
disc.
These protoplanetary discs may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well
known. Thus, the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation.
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BIG BANG THEORY
Big Bang Theory was proposed by George Lemaitre in 1927. This theory is the most widely
accepted cosmological explanation of how the universe formed. It describes the birth, evolution,
and fate of the universe. This theory states that states that all of the current and past matter in
the Universe came into existence at the same time, roughly 13.8 billion years ago. This whole
matter of the universe was once concentrated in an extremely dense and hot fire ball at the
beginning of the universe. Big Bang states that our universe is expanding and will keep on
expanding.
In short, our universe began with an explosion of space itself. Starting from extremely high density
and temperature, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed.
Gravity gradually drew matter together to form the first stars and the first galaxies.
DID YOU KNOW?
George Lemaitre discovered the redshift in a distant nebula in 1927. He also introduces the
“cosmic egg hypothesis” in 1931.
Fred Hoyle is an English astronomer who ironically did not support the big bang theory but he is
the one who coined the term “big bang”
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH
The following are the characteristics of the Earth:
1. It is not too close or far from Sun, thus preventing
life from freezing or frying.
2. It is large enough to hold atmosphere.
3. Abundance of water
4. Temperature range to allow water to exist in liquid
(very important) as well as gaseous and solid forms.
5. Life on Earth
EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
What are the Earth’s Subsystems?
There are four subsystems that makes up the earth in which across its boundaries matter and
energy flow.
a. Atmosphere c. Biosphere
b. Hydrosphere d. Geosphere
ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere is the gaseous portion that
surrounds the earth where the temperature
and moisture conditions are capable of
supporting life. It is the invisible layer of
gases that surrounds the planet
Our atmosphere gives benefit to human
namely:
a. protection from meteorites, ultra violet
rays
b. for temperature and thermal regulator
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Composition of Atmosphere
Oxygen (O2) 21%
Nitrogen (N) 78%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04%
Argon (Ar) -0.9%
5 Layers of Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is divided into five main layers namely, the exosphere, the thermosphere,
the mesosphere, the stratosphere and the troposphere.
a. Troposphere
- the layer closest to Earth's surface. It is 4 to 12 miles (7 to 20 km) thick and contains
half of Earth's atmosphere. Air is warmer near the ground and gets colder higher
up. Nearly all of the water vapor and dust in the atmosphere are in this layer and
that is why clouds are found here.
b. Stratosphere
- is the second layer. It starts above the troposphere and ends about 31 miles (50
km) above ground. Ozone is abundant here and it heats the atmosphere while also
absorbing harmful radiation from the sun. The air here is very dry, and it is about a
thousand times thinner here than it is at sea level. Because of that, this is where jet
aircraft and weather balloons fly.
c. Mesosphere
- starts at 31 miles (50 km) and extends to 53 miles (85 km) high. The top of the
mesosphere, called the mesopause, is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere, with
temperatures averaging about minus 130 degrees F (minus 90 C). This layer is hard
to study. Jets and balloons don't go high enough, and satellites and space shuttles
orbit too high. Scientists do know that meteors burn up in this layer.
d. Thermosphere
- extends from about 56 miles (90 km) to between 310 and 620 miles (500 and 1,000
km). Temperatures can get up to 2,700 degrees F (1,500 C) at this altitude. The
thermosphere is considered part of Earth's atmosphere, but air density is so low
that most of this layer is what is normally thought of as outer space. In fact, this is
where the space shuttles flew and where the International Space Station orbits
Earth. This is also the layer where the auroras occur.
e. Exosphere
- the highest layer, is extremely thin and is where the atmosphere merges into outer
space. It is composed of very widely dispersed particles of hydrogen and helium.
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HYDROSPHERE
Hydrosphere is the water portion of the earth. It
consists of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes,
surface and underground water. Approximately
more than 70% of our planet is composed of
water but only a small portion of that is fresh water
and 97% is salt water.
Water is important because it is one of the
key components that separate our planet
from the rest of the planets. It is also an
indication of life (without water
photosynthesis would not be possible). It
plays a huge factor in keeping the
temperature of the Earth and in the
distribution of essential nutrients.
BIOSPHERE
Biosphere is the life sphere of the Earth which
refers to all living organisms (vegetation cover &
animal life) or the zone of living organisms. It made
up the parts of Earth where life exists. It supplies
the needs of man for food, shelter and clothing. It
extends from the deepest root systems of trees to
dark environment of ocean trenches to lush rain
forests and high mountaintops.
The complex interaction and interdependent relationship of different life forms which all co-exist
in this sphere of Earth.
“The existence of one may mean the existence of another and the extinction of one may
mean the extinction of another.”
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GEOSPHERE
Geosphere is the rock and solid sphere of the Earth that comprise the crust, mantle and core.
This sphere also the provider of all the minerals that man uses as raw materials for different things
we use in our daily lives.
Layers of Geosphere
The geosphere is divided into four layers namely, the crust, the mantle, the inner core and the
outer core.
Two Types Crust
a. Continental has a thickness of 10 to 70 km
Crust
and a density of 2.7 g/cm3
Crust the solid and thin layer of geosphere
and it lies below the landmasses and oceans.
b. Oceanic has a thickness of 5 to 8km and a
density of 3g/cm3
There are two types of crust, the continental
and oceanic.
Did you know?
The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.
Lithosphere is composed of the uppermost mantle and the overlying crust.
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Mantle Subparts of Mantle
Mantle is the middle part of the geosphere. a. Asthenosphere is located in the uppermost
portion of the mantle. It characterized as plastic,
It has two subparts, the asthenosphere
mobile layer of the geosphere.
and the mesosphere.
b. Mesosphere comprises the rest of the mantle.
It is about 2,300km thick and the temperature are
high. It keeps the rock material from melting due
to the very high pressure that exists.
Core Core is divided into:
Core is the innermost part of the Outer core is made up of molten iron and nickel.
geosphere. It is about 2,300 km thick
It is divided into outer core and inner core
Inner core innermost part of the earth. It is made
up of solid iron and nickel. It is about 1, 200 km
thick. The temperature may reach about 5,500oC.
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IV. Check your Understanding:
General Instructions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Answer the given items by providing
the necessary information asked for. Use black ball point pen only. Avoid ERASURES.
Activity 1. Choose the correct answer from the list of choices below. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before the number.
_____1. How many years does the universe came into existence?
A. 4.0 billion years ago C. 13.5 billion years ago
B. 4.6 billion years ago D. 13.7 billion years ago
_____2. _______ and _______ are the ingredients for the first star system.
A. Helium and Hydrogen C. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen and Oxygen D. Oxygen and Nitrogen
_____3. The Milky Way is a disk-shaped collection of gases and dusts called _________.
A. Interstellar Clouds C. Interstellar Space
B. Interstellar Galaxy D. Interstellar Stars
_____4. Where is the Milky Way Galaxy located?
A. Oreo Arm C. Orion Spar
B. Oreo Cream D. Orion Spur
_____5. This theory is the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the universe
formed.
A. Big Bang Theory C. Steady State Theory
B. Creation D. Tidal Theory
_____6. Who introduced the cosmic egg hypothesis in 1931?
A. Fred Boyle C. Georges Lemairie
B. Fred Hoyle D. Georges Lemaitre
_____7. Who proposed the alternative model about the origin of universe?
A. Fred Boyle C. Georges Lemairie
B. Fred Hoyle D. Georges Lemaitre
_____8. What is the most popular scientific explanation about the formation of the universe in 1940s
and 1960s?
A. Big Bang Theory C. Steady State Theory
B. Creation D. Tidal Theory
_____9. What portion of the earth’s subsystem consist the water bodies?
A. Atmosphere C. Geosphere
B. Biosphere D. Hydrosphere
_____10. What portion of the earth’s subsystem made up all the living organisms?
A. Atmosphere C. Geosphere
B. Biosphere D. Hydrosphere
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Activity 2: Answer the items providing the necessary information needed.
1. Give five characteristics of the Earth that are necessary to support life.
EARTH
2. Explain the four subsystems that makes up the Earth.
Atmosphere Biosphere
EARTH
Hydrosphere Geosphere
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V. Enrichment:
Please refer to your MOODLE accounts for this part. The teacher will make an announcement for
your output here in the Enrichment Activity. A chapter test will be given after the discussion. The
teacher will give instruction in your online meeting or in your respective group chat.
VI. References/Materials
Cadiz, A., Pascual, C., Villanoy, F., and Macasil, T., (2017). Fundamentals of Earth and Life
Science. pp. 15-19
Duyanen, Joselito P., Ortiz-Andaya, Mylene., (2017). Earth and Life Sciences: Enhanced
Teacher’s Manual, pp. 22-74
Mosteiro, Arnaldo P., Earth and Life Science: Text-Workbook Senior High School, pp. 1-16, 2016
Tarbuck, Edward J., Lutgens, Frederick K., Earth Science 14th Edition, p. 378
☐☐☐
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NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City
Earth Science
Student’s Name: ________________________________ Date Submitted: __________________
Grade & Section: ________________________________
Quarter: Midterm Week No.: 1
Teacher/s: Mark Harold G. Estandarte
_________________________________
Parent’s/Guardian’s Name & Signature
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