THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING: LEVEL I EXAMINATION
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:
FLUID MECHANICS (CIVE1002)
May 20, 1999 9:30 a.a. - 12:30 p.a. (3 hours)
Answer any FIVE questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Use ofElectronic Calculators:
The Calculator: (i) should be silent and battery-operated:
(ii) should not have any printing device, alphanumeric display,
alphanumeric keyboard, or graphic display; and
(iii) should not contain any recorded data or program.
It is the candidate's responsibility to ensure that the calculator operates satisfactorily.
Candidates must record the name and type of their calculators on the front page of their
examination scripts.
Density of water = 1000 kg!m3 Kinematic viscosity of water= 10-6 m2/s
1. The gate, AB, shown in Figure 1, is 1.0 m wide (i.e. perpendicular to paper) and
weighs 20,000 N. If the gate in hinged at A, calculate the Force, F, required to lift the
gate.
'\
R{ s""- w a-.tu--
\-;_ q ~~ o t-Jjm ~
Figure 1
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2. a) When water is flowing steadily through the turbine (see Figure 2), the turbine
delivers 56 kW of power. The water flow rate is 0.55 m3/sec. The inlet and outlet
pressures are not known and neither is the elevation difference between inlet and
outlet.
Draw a clear sketch showing the total energy line and hydraulic gradient between
inlet and outlet.
A manometer connected across inlet and outlet contains mercury of specific gravity
13.6. Calculate the vertical distance "h" between the mercury columns under steady
flow conditions and state whether right leg or left leg of mercury is higher.
IY\ \ eJ
40() ft1M dt~
_----b- C) \A.~ le_ ~
Figure 2
b) A pipeline runs from a static reservoir to a pump. The flow is 0.015 m3/sec and the
diameter of the pipe, upstream and downstream of the pump, is 200 mm. If the
power of the pump is 1.5 KW determine the change in pressure across the pump.
Assume no losses and a horizontal pipe. Draw a clear sketch to illustrate your
answer.
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3 a) In the manometer shown
in Figure 3a, calculate the
pressure at A, in terms of
gauge pressure and in
terms of absolute pressure
(assume atmospheric
pressure to be lOOkPa)
Figure 3a
b) A pipeline of diameter 50mm carries a flow of 0.008 m3/s and terminates in a nozzle
of 25 mm diameter discharging at 30° to the line of the pipe as shown in Figure 3b.
Determine the force on the bend assuming the pipe and nozzle are in a horizontal
plane.
Figure 3b
4 a) Distinguish between: i) irrotational flow vs ideal fluid flow; and ii) laminar vs
turbulent flow.
b) A point source of strength q m2/s is combined with a uniform rectilinear flow to
model the ideal flow around a 'half-body'. A 3 m wide bridge pier is to be placed in a
river of velocity 1 m/s, and the nose is to be made in the shape of a half-body.
i) Determine the strength of the corresponding source, the distance between the
stagnation point and the source, and the equation of the pier nose shape in
Cartesian co-ordinates based on the source as origin.
ii) Determine the velocity, x-acceleration, and vorticity for a point located at 1 m in
front of the nose along the line of symmetry (y=O).
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5. Show by dimensional reasoning that the resistance to motion of a surface ship is given by
F = R_2 V2"' [pf.V V ]
p 'f' f.J '(gf.)l/2
where F = force, p = density, f.= length, V= velocity, g = gravitational acceleration
and p =dynamic viscosity.
A ship is designed for a speed of 9 m/s. Tests are to be performed on a geometrically
similar model of scale ratio 1125. If sea water is used for the model tests, fmd the correct
model speed when
a) viscous effects are ignored
b) wave effects are ignored
Comment on your results.
6. A pipe, of diameter 200 mm, runs from a reservoir of surface elevation 100 m above
datum to a nozzle, of diameter 50 mm, which is located at an elevation 40 m above
datum. The pipe is 2000 m long and has a friction factor 1.. equal to 0.025.
To increase the flow to the nozzle a second pipe will be laid from the reservoir parallel to
the original pipe. It will connect to the original pipe at a distance of L m from the
reservoir. This, second, pipe will be 300 mm diameter and will have a friction factor of
0.03. Calculate the length, L, if the flow is to be increased by 25%.
Ignore all losses other than friction.
END OF PAPER
