PEM

(ProfEssional Ethics &

ManagEMEnt)
notEs
 Unit-1
Q) Explain in detail: Engineering Profession & its View.
1. Introduction to Engineering Profession:
 Engineering is more than just a job or a technical field—it is a
profession that carries with it social, ethical, and moral
responsibilities.
 Engineers use scientific principles and creative thinking to
design, build, and maintain structures, machines, systems, and
processes that benefit society.
 It helps improve the quality of life for people and solves real-
world problems.
2. Characteristics of a Profession:
Characteristic Description
Specialized Engineers undergo rigorous training and
Knowledge education to gain technical expertise.
Formal Education A recognized degree (e.g., B.E., B.Tech)
from an accredited institution.
Certification and Many regions require engineers to be
Licensing licensed (e.g., P.E., Chartered Engineer).

3. Engineering as a Social Responsibility: Social responsibilities of

engineers include:
i. Ensuring safety and sustainability
ii. Avoiding harm to people or the environment
iii. Designing for accessibility and usability
4. Ethical View of the Engineering Profession: From an ethical
perspective, the engineering profession emphasizes:
i. Integrity: Engineers should be truthful, trustworthy, and
transparent in all professional dealings.
ii. Accountability: Engineers must accept responsibility for
their work and decisions, especially if harm could result.
iii. Confidentiality: Protecting proprietary or sensitive
information is crucial.

5. Views on the Engineering Profession:

Stakeholder Viewpoint
 Engineers A way to apply knowledge, solve problems, and
contribute meaningfully.
Society A profession responsible for public safety,
innovation, and infrastructure.
Employers A critical function that drives productivity, quality,
and competitiveness.

Q) Write a short note on Mc Cuen’s ethical dimensions.

 McCuen's Ethical Dimensions are a set of five key areas that help
engineers and professionals understand and practice ethics in their work.
 These dimensions guide engineers to behave responsibly and make the
right decisions in difficult situations.
 Set of the five key areas are as follows:
1. Personal Dimension:
o Refers to an individual's own values, morals, and beliefs.
o Engineers must develop a strong sense of right and wrong.
2. Professional Dimension:
o Involves duties and responsibilities as an engineer.
o Includes honesty, integrity, and competence in professional
work.
3. Organizational Dimension:
o Deals with the ethics followed by the company or
organization.
o Engineers should follow the company’s policies, but not
blindly—if something is wrong, they must speak up.
4. Social Dimension:
o Focuses on the impact of engineering decisions on society.
o Engineers must work for the public good and avoid harm to
people or the environment.
5. Environmental Dimension:
o Stresses the importance of protecting the environment.
o Engineers should design solutions that are sustainable and
eco-friendly.
Q) Explain the Senses of Engineering & Professional Ethics.
  The senses of Engineering and Professional Ethics refer to the different
perspectives and dimensions through which we understand and apply
ethical principles in the field of engineering.
 These senses help guide engineers to act responsibly, make informed
decisions, and serve society ethically.
 Engineering and professional ethics have two main senses: normative and
descriptive.
1. Normative Sense: Normative ethics deals with moral values, solutions
to ethical problems, and justifications for ethical judgments in
engineering practice.
o Moral Values and Problem-Solving: This sense focuses on
understanding moral principles, finding solutions to ethical
dilemmas in engineering, and justifying ethical choices.
o Desirable Practices: It examines which decisions, policies, and
values are morally acceptable in engineering practice and
research.
o Moral Dilemmas: It explores situations where conflicting moral
obligations arise, requiring engineers to make difficult choices.
o Code of Ethics and Standards :This sense emphasizes the use
and application of ethical codes and standards by engineers in
their work.
2. Descriptive Sense: It focuses on the observable behaviors and beliefs
of engineers in their work, without necessarily judging them as right
or wrong.
o Observing Behavior: This sense focuses on what engineers
actually believe and do in their work, without necessarily
evaluating those beliefs or actions as ethical or unethical.
o Individual and Group Practices: It examines the ethical
practices of specific engineers or groups of engineers.
o Focus on "What is": It describes how ethical standards are
actually applied in engineering, rather than prescribing how
they should be applied.
Q) Give distinction between Ethics, Morals and Laws. How they are Co-related.
Aspects Ethics Moral Laws
Definition Set of rules or Personal beliefs Formal rules
principles followed in about right and established by the
 a profession or society wrong shaped by government or
to guide behavior. culture, religion, or authority, enforceable
upbringing by penalties.
Nature Objective, rational, Subjective, Legal and binding, with
and often codified in emotional, and specific enforcement
professions. culturally driven. mechanisms.
Origin Professional codes, Family, religion, Government,
philosophy, or culture, personal constitution, judiciary
organizational values. system.
standards.
Enforcement Enforced by Self-enforced based Enforced by police,
professional bodies or on conscience or courts, and legal
workplace policies. social approval. institutions.
Example An engineer follows a A person believes It is illegal to steal or
code of ethics to lying is wrong, even drive without a license.
ensure safety. if it helps.

 Co-relation between them:

i. Ethics and Morals:
o Ethics are often based on moral values but adapted for specific
contexts like professions.
o Morals guide an individual’s personal behavior, while ethics
govern group or professional behavior
ii. Ethics and Laws:
o Some ethical standards are codified into law (e.g., safety
regulations, anti-corruption laws).
o However, not all ethical actions are legal, and not all legal
actions are ethical.
iii. Morals and Laws:
o Laws are often influenced by moral values of the society (e.g.,
laws against murder).
o But laws are more universal and formal, while morals vary
between individuals or cultures.

Q) Explain the Ethical issues for engineers.

 Engineers play a vital role in designing, building, and maintaining systems
that affect public safety, the environment, and society at large.
 As such, they often face complex ethical issues that require careful
judgment, responsibility, and adherence to professional standards.
 Major Ethical Issues Engineers Face:
i. Public Safety and Welfare:
o Engineers have a primary responsibility to protect the health,
safety, and welfare of the public.
o Example: Approving a faulty bridge design to save costs can
lead to disaster and loss of life.
ii. Environmental Ethics:
o Engineers have a duty to minimize harm to the
environment.
o Example: Overlooking eco-friendly alternatives to reduce
costs.
iii. Honesty and Integrity:
o Engineers must be honest and truthful in all their
professional dealings. This includes avoiding conflicts of
interest, disclosing errors, and not distorting or altering
facts.
o Example: Manipulating environmental impact reports to get
project approval.
iv. Confidentiality and Privacy:
o Engineers may have access to confidential information and
must protect the privacy of clients, customers, and
employees.
o This includes avoiding the disclosure of trade secrets,
protecting personal data, and adhering to data privacy laws.
v. Whistleblowing:
o When unethical or illegal practices are observed, engineers
face the dilemma of reporting it.
o This can be a difficult decision, as it may involve balancing
loyalty to their employer with the responsibility to protect
the public.
vi. Conflicts of Interest:
 o Engineers should avoid situations where their personal or
financial interests could compromise their professional
judgment.
o Example: Awarding a contract to a company where the
engineer has a personal stake.
vii. Plagiarism and Intellectual Property:
o Engineers must respect others' work and avoid plagiarism.
o Example: Copying a patented circuit design and claiming it
as original work.
Q) Explain in brief: Utilitarianism, Duty, Right & Virtue.
1. Utilitarianism:
 This ethical theory asserts that actions are good if they
maximize happiness and minimize suffering for the greatest
number of people.
 Actions are judged based on their consequences, and the best
action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-
being and minimizes suffering.
 Example: Choosing a design that is cheaper and safer for the
majority, even if it slightly affects a few.

2. Duty:
 This refers to moral obligations or responsibilities that
individuals are expected to fulfill, often stemming from rules,
conventions, or personal values.
 Acting according to duty is a core concept in deontological
ethics, which emphasizes the moral obligation to follow rules
and laws.
 Example: Reporting a safety violation because it's the right
thing to do, even if it harms the company’s reputation.
3. Rights:
 Rights-based ethics is a framework that focuses on the inherent
rights possessed by individuals.
 These rights can be legal or moral and often include claims to
certain treatment or protections (e.g., the right to life, liberty, or
a fair trial).
  They define what an individual is allowed to do or have, and
are distinct from privileges which must be earned.
4. Virtue:
 Virtue is a good quality or moral excellence that guides a
person's behavior to do what is right.
 The belief is that a person with virtuous character will
naturally make morally right decisions.
 The focus is on being a good person, from which right actions
will follow.

Unit-2
Q) Explain Ethical Dilemma? What makes it Right- Wrong or Better- Worse?
 An ethical dilemma is a situation in which a person is faced with a
difficult choice between two or more options, where each option
involves a potential conflict with moral principles or values.
 In an ethical dilemma, no matter which course of action is chosen,
some ethical principle will be compromised or some undesirable
consequence may occur.
 What makes a choice right, wrong, better, or worse in an ethical
dilemma depends on the specific context, the values involved, and the
potential consequences of each option.
 Examples: A manager is asked to fire an employee to reduce costs,
even though the employee has a family and has done nothing wrong.
 Factors that influence the "rightness" or "wrongness" of a choice:
i. The specific ethical principles involved: Which values are in
conflict? Are there any overriding principles that should guide
the decision?
ii. The potential consequences: What are the likely outcomes of
each choice? Who will be affected, and how?
iii. The intentions of the decision-maker: Are the motives pure, or
are there hidden agendas or biases?
iv. Social and legal context: Are there laws, policies, or customs
that might influence the decision?
 Factors That Help Resolve an Ethical Dilemma:
 i. Consequences: What will happen if each option is chosen?
(Utilitarian view)
ii. Duty/Obligation: What is your responsibility or professional
duty? (Duty ethics)
iii. Rights of Others: Does the decision violate anyone’s rights?
(Rights-based ethics).

Q) Explain Kohlberg’s- Gilligan’s Theory with three level of Moral

Development.
1. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development:
 Lawrence Kohlberg, a psychologist, proposed that moral
development occurs in three levels, each containing two stages,
making six stages in total.
 His theory is based on justice and reasoning and is particularly
relevant in professional ethics and decision-making.
 Level 1: Pre-Conventional Level (Self-Interest):
i. Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment:
 Right and wrong are judged by consequences
(especially punishment).
 Example: “I won’t break the rule because I’ll get
punished.”
ii. Stage 2 – Individualism and Exchange:
 Morality is based on self-interest and reciprocal benefit.
 Example: “I’ll help you if you help me.”
 Level 2: Conventional Level (Social Approval):
iii. Stage 3 – Interpersonal Relationships (Good Boy/Nice Girl):
 Behavior is guided by social approval and relationships.
 Example: “I want people to think I’m a good person.
iv. Stage 4 – Maintaining Social Order:
 Importance of law, duty, and authority.
 Example: “It’s wrong because it breaks the law.”
 Level 3: Post-Conventional Level (Moral Principles):
v. Stage 5 – Social Contract and Individual Rights:
 Laws are important but can be changed for greater
good.
  Example: “Sometimes laws need to be broken for
justice.”
vi. Stage 6 – Universal Ethical Principles:
 Decisions are based on universal moral principles, like
human rights and justice.
 Example: “Even if it's illegal, it’s morally right to do.”
2. Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development:
 Carol Gilligan, a student of Kohlberg, criticized his theory for
being male-centered.
 She proposed an alternative that emphasized care, compassion, and
relationships, especially in female moral reasoning.
 Gilligan’s Three Levels of Moral Development (Ethic of Care)
i. Pre-Conventional – Orientation to Individual Survival:
o Focus on personal needs and survival.
o Example: “I must take care of myself.”
ii. Conventional – Self-Sacrifice and Social Expectations:
o Value placed on helping others, sometimes at the
expense of self.
o Example: “I must care for others, even if I suffer.”
iii. Post-Conventional – Principle of Nonviolence and
Balance:
o Focus on caring for self and others equally; finding
moral balance.
o Example: “I should care for others without harming
myself.”
Q) Give difference between Engineering & Other Profession’s.
Aspect Engineering Profession Other Professions
Primary focus Application of science and May focus on services
mathematics to solve real-world (medicine, law), art (design),
problems or business
End Product Tangible products: machines, May produce services, legal
structures, software, systems decisions, treatment, or
analysis
Public Safety Directly affects public safety, May not always directly
Impact health, and environment impact public safety
 Innovation Requires continuous May focus more on
Requirement innovation, research, and interpretation, analysis, or
technology practice
Nature of Work Involves design, construction, Could involve consultation,
testing, and maintenance service, or advisory roles
Code of Ethics Emphasizes safety, honesty, Varies: e.g., lawyers follow
accountability, and legal ethics, doctors follow
sustainability bioethics
Accountability Often accountable to Mostly accountable to clients
government bodies, clients, and or institutions
public
Professional Errors can cause fatalities, Errors may affect individuals,
Risk disasters, or financial losses but rarely cause mass harm
Licensing Requires certifications (like PE, Most professions also need
CE, etc.) in many countries licenses (e.g., CA, MBBS,
Bar exam)
Teamwork and Often works in teams with May work solo or within
Interdisciplinary other disciplines (civil, same field (e.g., lawyer with
Work electrical, etc.) lawyers)

Q) What are the Code of Ethics for Engineer’s in India? Explain in brief.
 he Code of Ethics for Engineers in India, broadly based on the principles
outlined by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE).
 It emphasizes upholding public safety, health, and welfare; acting with
honesty and integrity; and prioritizing the public interest.
 It also covers issues like competence, avoiding conflicts of interest, and
maintaining professional standards.
 Key points of the Code of Ethics for Engineers in India:
i. Public Safety and Welfare: Engineers must prioritize the safety,
health, and welfare of the public in their professional duties.
ii. Competence: Engineers should only offer services in areas of their
expertise.
iii. Honesty and Integrity: Engineers should be truthful and honest in
all professional dealings, including public statements and their
dealings with employers and clients.
iv. Avoiding Conflicts of Interest: Engineers should avoid situations
where their personal interests could compromise their professional
judgment.
 v. Professional Conduct: Engineers should conduct themselves
honourably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully to uphold the
dignity and honour of the profession.
vi. Continuing Professional Development: Engineers should
continue their professional development and provide opportunities
for development to those under their supervision.
vii. Fairness and Respect: Engineers should treat all individuals with
fairness, respect, and dignity, regardless of their personal
characteristics.
viii. Keep Learning: Continue improving your skills and knowledge to
stay current in your field.
Q) What do you mean by ethics as design?
 Ethics as design" means integrating ethical thinking directly into the
design and development process of engineering, technology, and systems.
 It treats ethics not as an afterthought, but as an essential creative and
technical aspect of how things are built and function.
 Aspects of ethics as design include:
i. Proactive Consideration: Instead of reacting to ethical issues after
a design is complete or in use, ethics as design encourages
anticipating potential ethical challenges and incorporating
safeguards and ethical considerations from the initial stages of
ideation and conceptualization.
ii. Value-Centric Approach: It focuses on identifying and
prioritizing ethical values such as fairness, transparency, privacy,
inclusivity, sustainability, and accountability throughout the design
process. These values inform design choices and trade-offs.
iii. Stakeholder Empathy and Inclusion: Understanding the diverse
needs, perspectives, and potential impacts on all stakeholders,
including users, non-users, marginalized groups, and the
environment, is central to this approach.
iv. Transparency and Accountability: Designing with transparency
means being open about how a product or system works, how data
is used, and what its limitations are. Ethics as design also
emphasizes clear lines of accountability for the ethical implications
of the final design.
 v. Long-term Thinking: Ethics as design considers the long-term
consequences of a design on individuals, society, and the
environment, extending beyond immediate functionality or
profitability.
 Example:
o Self-driving cars: Designers must ethically consider how
the car makes life-or-death decisions in emergencies.
o AI systems: Engineers must design algorithms that are
fair, unbiased, and transparent.

Q) Describe Professional Attributes in detail.

 Professional attributes are the fundamental characteristics, qualities, and
behaviors that define a professional person and are essential for success
and ethical conduct in any field.
 Beyond technical skills and knowledge, these attributes shape how
individuals interact with colleagues, clients, and the wider community,
contributing to their credibility, effectiveness, and the reputation of their
profession.
 Key Professional Attributes:
1. Competence and Expertise:
 The ability to perform tasks with a high level of proficiency,
skill, and knowledge.
 A professional should have a strong foundation in their field,
keeping up-to-date with emerging technologies, best practices,
and industry standards.
2. Integrity:
 Being honest, ethical, and transparent in all professional
activities.
 A professional must adhere to ethical guidelines and perform
duties with high standards of morality and accountability.
3. Accountability and Responsibility:
  Taking ownership of one’s actions, decisions, and their
outcomes.
 Professionals should acknowledge their responsibilities and
take credit for their work.
4. Communication:
 Effectively conveys information both verbally and in writing,
actively listening, and adapting communication style to
different audiences.
5. Teamwork and Collaboration:
 The ability to work effectively with others in a group,
respecting diverse opinions and perspectives.

6. Leadership and Initiative:

 The ability to guide, motivate, and inspire others to achieve
professional goals.
7. Respect and Tolerance:
 Respecting the opinions, values, and rights of others, fostering
an environment of inclusivity.
8. Time Management and Efficiency:
 The ability to manage time effectively and meet deadlines
without compromising the quality of work.

Unit-3
Q) Explain Confidentiality and Proprietary Information from professional ethics
perspective.
 From a professional ethics perspective, confidentiality refers to
the obligation to protect the privacy of individuals and
organizations, ensuring that sensitive information is not
disclosed without proper authorization or consent
 Proprietary information, on the other hand, is specific to a
business and refers to trade secrets, know-how, and other
confidential data that gives a company a competitive edge.
1. Confidentiality in Professional Ethics:
 i. Trust and Relationship: Confidentiality is fundamental to
building and maintaining trust between professionals and their
clients or employers.
ii. Protecting Privacy: Confidentiality protects the privacy of
individuals and organizations, ensuring that sensitive information
is not misused or disclosed without proper authorization or
consent.
iii. Compliance and Law:Many professions have legal and
regulatory requirements to protect confidentiality, such as
HIPAA in healthcare or attorney-client privilege in law.
iv. Examples: Healthcare professionals must protect patient records,
lawyers must protect client information, and counselors must
keep their clients' confidential information private.
2. Proprietary Information in Professional Ethics:
i. Business Advantage: Proprietary information, including trade
secrets, is crucial for a company's competitive advantage and
profitability.
ii. Legal Protection: Many countries have laws protecting trade
secrets and other proprietary information, providing a legal
framework for their protection.
iii. Ethical Duty: Maintaining the confidentiality of proprietary
information is an ethical responsibility, as professionals are
expected to act in the best interests of their employer or client.
iv. Examples: Engineers must protect the confidential information of
their employers, marketing professionals must keep trade secrets
for their clients, and data scientists must safeguard sensitive data.
Q) Explain Conflict of Interest in detail with its type.
 A conflict of interest arises when an individual or entity's personal or
vested interests could compromise their judgment or decision-making in a
professional or ethical context.
 It occurs when someone has competing duties or responsibilities, and
serving one interest could potentially harm another.
 Types of Conflicts of Interest:
1. Actual Conflict of Interest:
 o This occurs when an individual's personal interests are directly
and adversely impacting their ability to fulfill their professional
or ethical duties.
o For example, a judge who has a financial stake in a case they
are adjudicating has an actual conflict of interest.
2. Potential Conflict of Interest:
o A situation where a personal interest could influence
professional behavior in the future.
o A consultant considering a job offer from a client they are
currently advising.
3. Perceived Conflict of Interest:
o This occurs when there is an appearance of a conflict, even if it
doesn't exist in reality.
o For example, a researcher might be perceived to have a conflict
if they have received funding from a company that has a vested
interest in their research results, even if they are not personally
benefiting from it.
 Examples of Conflicts of Interest:
i. Financial Conflicts: A doctor who is also a shareholder in a
pharmaceutical company and prescribes their own company's
drugs.
ii. Professional Conflicts: A lawyer representing a client who has a
conflict of interest with another client they are also representing.
iii. Personal Conflicts: A manager who favours a friend or family
member over more qualified candidates for a job.
Q) Define & Explain Rights of an Engineer.
 The rights of an engineer are the entitlements and protections that ensure
fair treatment, professional autonomy, and the ability to perform their
duties effectively while maintaining ethical standards.
 These rights are not only a matter of legal or organizational policy but are
also central to maintaining the dignity, responsibility, and integrity of the
engineering profession.
 Rights of Engineers are as follows:
1. Right to Professional Independence:
 o Engineers have the right to independently make technical
decisions based on their expertise, free from undue influence
or coercion from employers, clients, or other stakeholders.
2. Right to Fair Compensation:
o Engineers are entitled to fair and equitable compensation for
their work, skills, and contributions.
3. Right to a Safe and Healthy Work Environment:
o Engineers have the right to work in an environment that
ensures their health, safety, and well-being.

4. Right to Professional Development and Growth:

o Engineers have the right to pursue ongoing education and
career advancement opportunities to enhance their knowledge
and skills.
5. Right to Confidentiality:
o Engineers have a right to protect confidential information
obtained in the course of their work, unless there is a legal or
ethical duty to disclose it.
6. Right to Collective Bargaining:
o Engineers, like other workers, have the right to organize and
engage in collective bargaining to negotiate better terms and
conditions of employment.
7. Right to Freedom of Conscience:
o Engineers have the right to refuse to participate in activities
that violate their conscience or ethical principles, even if it
means facing professional consequences.
Q) Define Ethical Corporate Environment. Give & explain all its features.
 An ethical corporate environment is one where a company operates with
honesty, integrity, and respect for the law, while also prioritizing fairness,
transparency, and the well-being of all stakeholders.
 Creating an ethical corporate environment is essential for maintaining
employee morale, trust, reputation, and long-term success.
 It fosters an atmosphere where employees and stakeholders feel confident
that the company operates with integrity and respect for individuals, the
community, and the environment.
 Key Features of an Ethical Corporate Environment:
 1. Leadership Commitment to Ethics:
o Ethical behavior starts at the top. Leaders (such as CEOs and
managers) must set a strong example by demonstrating ethical
decision-making, transparency, and a commitment to
corporate social responsibility (CSR).

2. Code of Ethics:
o A formal statement outlining ethical standards and
expectations for employees, ensuring consistent ethical
conduct across the organization.
3. Clear Ethical Policies and Guidelines:
o A company should have a well-defined set of ethical policies
that govern behavior, decision-making, and compliance with
legal and moral standards.
o This includes rules around anti-corruption, confidentiality,
conflict of interest, and respect for human rights.
4. Transparency and Open Communication:
o An ethical corporate environment encourages open and honest
communication. This includes transparent decision-making
processes and regular updates about the company’s
performance, strategy, and ethical initiatives.
5. Accountability and Responsibility:
o Employees, from executives to junior staff, are held accountable
for their actions. Ethical corporations ensure that people are
responsible for their decisions, especially when those decisions
impact others within or outside the organization.
6. Protection for Whistleblowers:
o Employees are encouraged to report unethical behavior without
fear of retaliation. The company ensures confidentiality and
offers legal protection to whistleblowers who expose
corruption, misconduct, or violations of ethical standards.
Q) What measures will you take to avoid conflict of interest?
 To ensure ethical integrity and maintain trust within an organization, it is
essential to identify, manage, and avoid conflicts of interest proactively.
 1. Clear Disclosure Policies : Employees and professionals should
disclose any potential conflicts of interest to management as soon as
they arise.
2. Recusal from Decision-Making : If a conflict of interest arises,
professionals must recuse themselves from any decisions related to
that conflict.
3. Adopt a Code of Ethics: Organizations should implement a code of
ethics that clearly outlines what constitutes a conflict of interest and
the procedures for handling it.
4. Establish Conflict of Interest Policy: Create a formal conflict of
interest policy that outlines all possible scenarios and consequences
for violations.
5. Monitor and Audit: Continuously monitor and audit relationships and
business dealings to identify any emerging conflicts of interest.
6. Use Third-Party Mediation or Oversight: When conflicts arise that
cannot be easily resolved internally, seek the help of a neutral third
party to ensure fairness and transparency.
7. Educate and Train Employees Regularly: Conduct regular training
sessions to educate employees about what constitutes a conflict of
interest and how to avoid it.
Q) Explain Whistle blowing & when it should be attempted?
 Whistleblowing is when an employee or insider reports illegal, unethical,
or harmful activity happening within their organization to someone
outside the organization, such as government authorities, regulators, law
enforcement, or the media.
 Whistleblowers can report a variety of misconduct, including fraud,
corruption, health and safety violations, environmental harm, or
discriminatory practices.
 Whistleblowing can be done internally or externally.
 Types of whistleblowing:
i. Internal: Reporting to internal authorities within the organization,
like a supervisor or HR department.
ii. External: Reporting to external bodies like law enforcement, the
media, or regulatory agencies.
 When Should Whistleblowing Be Attempted?
 1. When Laws Are Being Violated: If an organization is involved in
activities that are illegal or in violation of regulatory standards, such
as fraud, tax evasion, or environmental violations, whistleblowing is
crucial.
2. When Ethical Standards Are Compromised: If the organization is
acting in ways that compromise ethical standards (e.g., lying to
customers, falsifying records, or discriminating against employees),
it may be necessary to blow the whistle to maintain public trust and
uphold moral conduct.
3. When There Is a Conflict of Interest: f an employee notices that
senior management or colleagues are using their position for
personal gain whistleblowing helps prevent conflicts of interest from
undermining ethical practices.
4. When Employees Are Being Harassed or Discriminated Against: If
employees are being subject to discrimination, harassment, or unfair
treatment based on gender, race, sexual orientation, or other
protected characteristics, whistleblowing can help expose this
misconduct and protect victims.
5. When Financial Mismanagement or Fraud is Detected: : If there is
evidence of financial misconduct, such as embezzlement, misuse of
funds, or accounting fraud, whistleblowing is necessary to ensure
financial integrity and protect stakeholders.

Unit-4
Q) Explain Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) with its type?
 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to the legal rights granted to
individuals or organizations over their creations of the mind, such as
inventions, literary works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in
commerce.
 These rights allow the creator to control the use of their creations, prevent
unauthorized use, and ensure they benefit financially from their work.
 The purpose of IPR is to encourage innovation and creativity by
providing creators with exclusive rights to their work for a limited period,
allowing them to control how their intellectual property is used, while
also promoting economic growth and cultural development.
  Types of IPR:
1. Patents:
o Protect inventions, granting the patent holder exclusive rights to
use, sell, and profit from the invention for a limited time usually
20 years.
o Inventions can include new products, processes, or
improvements to existing ones.
o It Protects the functionality or process of an invention.
2. Trademarks:
o A trademark is a symbol, word, phrase, logo, or other
identifying marks that distinguish the goods or services of one
party from those of others.
o Trademarks are used to protect the brand identity.
o Trademarks prevent competitors from using confusingly
similar brand identifiers.
3. Copyrights:
o Copyright is a legal right that gives the creator of original work
(like books, songs, movies, or software) the exclusive right to
use, copy, or sell that work.
o To protect the creative expression of authors, artists, and other
creators, preventing unauthorized reproduction or distribution
of their works.
4. Trade Secrets:
o A trade secret refers to any confidential business information
that gives a company a competitive edge.
o This could include formulas, practices, processes, designs, or
any information not generally known or easily accessible.
5. Geographical Indications (GIs):
o A Geographical Indication is a sign used on goods that have
a specific geographical origin and possess qualities,
reputation, or characteristics inherent to that region.
o To protect regional products and ensure that only goods
genuinely originating in that area can use the specific name.
Q) Explain in brief the IP chain of Activities.
 The Intellectual Property (IP) chain of activities refers to the structured
process through which an idea or innovation is developed, protected, and
eventually commercialized.
 It covers the complete lifecycle of intellectual property, from creation to
monetization.
 Stages in the IP Chain of Activities:
1. Creation / Ideation:
o This is the starting point, where an original idea, invention, or
creative work is conceived.
o Can include scientific research, artistic creation, product
design, etc.
2. Documentation:
o The idea or creation is properly documented, including the
development process, designs, specifications, or research data.
3. Protection / Registration:
o Once an IP asset is created, it's important to secure legal
protection.
o This involves applying for patents, registering copyrights,
trademarks, or maintaining trade secrets.
4. Management:
o Once IP is secured, it must be actively managed, including
maintaining renewals, licensing, enforcement, and tracking its
usage.
5. Commercialization:
o IP is converted into a marketable product or service or licensed
to others for use.
o This step generates revenue and real-world impact.
6. Enforcement:
o This involves monitoring the market for potential infringements
of IP rights and taking legal action if necessary.
7. Renewal / Expiry:
o Some IP rights (like patents or trademarks) have limited validity
and require renewal.
o After expiration, rights may be lost unless renewed or extended.
Q) Explain in brief: TRIPS & WTO.
1. WTO (World Trade Organization):
 The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international
organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations.
 Established in 1995, it aims to ensure that global trade flows
smoothly, predictably, and freely.
 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
 Members: Over 160 countries, including India.
 Purpose: To facilitate trade in goods, services, and intellectual
property.
 Functions:
i. Facilitates trade negotiations and agreements
ii. Resolves trade disputes between countries
iii. Monitors national trade policies
 TRIPS is an agreement within the WTO framework, ensuring
that intellectual property rights are respected in international
trade.

2. TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights):

 TRIPS is an international legal agreement administered by the
WTO, which sets minimum standards for the protection and
enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in member
countries.
 Established: 1995, as part of the Uruguay Round of WTO
agreements.
  Purpose: To establish minimum standards for protecting and
enforcing intellectual property rights (IPR) in different countries.
 Scope: Covers various forms of intellectual property, including
patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
 Mechanism:TRIPS sets minimum standards that member
countries must implement in their legal systems to protect and
enforce IPRs.
Q) Explain Copyright’s & related rights. Give Benefits of Copyright.
1. Copyrights:
 Copyright is a form of intellectual property right that gives legal
protection to the original creators of literary, artistic, musical,
dramatic, and other creative works.
 It ensures that the creator has exclusive rights over the use and
distribution of their work for a specific period.
 Copyright protection typically lasts for a certain period, often the
author's lifetime plus a number of years.
 Example: Novels, movies, songs, software code, paintings.
2. Related Rights (Neighbouring Rights):
 Related rights, also known as neighbouring rights, protect the rights
of those who contribute to the creation, distribution, or performance
of copyrighted works, such as performers, producers of phonograms
(records), and broadcasting organizations.
 Related rights are usually granted to:
i. Performers (e.g., actors, musicians)
ii. Producers of sound recordings
iii. Broadcasting organizations
 Example: A singer performing a copyrighted song has related rights
for their performance recording.
3. Benefits of Copyrights:
i. Legal Protection : Prevents unauthorized copying, publishing, or
adaptation of the work.
ii. Monetary Gain: Owners can earn through licensing, royalties,
or selling rights.
iii. Moral Rights: Protects the creator’s reputation and allows them
to claim authorship.
 iv. Recognition: Enhances the creator’s reputation and brand
identity in the public domain.
v. Control Over Use: Owners decide how their work can be used
(adapted, translated, or distributed).

Q) Explain Geographical Indication?

 A Geographical Indication (GI) is a type of intellectual property that
identifies a product as originating from a specific geographical
location, where a particular quality, reputation, or other
characteristic of the product is essentially linked to its place of
origin.
 GI gives legal recognition and protection to traditional knowledge,
skills, and heritage associated with that region.
 Purpose of GI Protection:
i. Prevent unauthorized use or misuse of regional names
ii. Promote rural and traditional industries
iii. Maintain authenticity and originality of products
 Who Benefits from GI?
i. Farmers, weavers, artisans, and local producers.
ii. Small-scale rural economies and traditional communities.
 GI Protection in India:
i. Governed by: Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
ii. Administered by: Geographical Indications Registry,
Chennai
iii. Valid for: 10 years, renewable
 Benefits of GI Registration:
i. Global Recognition : Protects product identity
internationally
ii. Economic Boost: Increases demand and export potential
iii. Legal Protection: Prevents misuse or duplication by others
 Examples:
i. Darjeeling Tea: Known for its unique taste and aroma, tied to
the region's specific climate and soil.
 ii. Kashmiri Pashmina: Renowned for its softness and quality,
due to the specific wool and weaving techniques of Kashmir.
iii. Champagne: A sparkling wine exclusively produced in the
Champagne region of France.
Q) Define Trademark. What can be registered as Trademark?
 A Trademark is a distinctive sign, symbol, word, phrase, logo, design, or
combination of these, that identifies and distinguishes the source of
goods or services of one party from those of others.
 It's a way to legally protect your brand and prevent others from using
similar marks.
 Requirements for Registration:
i. Distinctive: The mark must be able to distinguish the goods
or services of one entity from others.
ii. Graphical representation: The mark must be capable of being
represented visually in a way that it can be registered and
reproduced.
iii. Used or proposed to be used: The mark must either be used
or proposed to be used in connection with goods or services.
 What Can Be Registered as a Trademark?
Type Example
Words / Names Google, Tata, Infosys
Letters / Numbers IBM, 7-Eleven
Logos / Symbols Nike Swoosh, Apple logo
Slogans / Taglines Just Do It”, “Because You're
Worth It”
Shapes of Goods Coca-Cola bottle shape
Combination of Colors Red-White packaging of
Colgate
Sounds (Sound Marks) Nokia tune, MGM lion roar
Signatures Personal name signatures used
commercially

 Benefits of Trademark Registration:

i. Exclusive Right to use the mark for specific goods/services
ii. Legal Protection against imitation or misuse
iii. Brand Recognition and trust among consumers.
 Unit-5
Q) Explain Emergence of Computer Ethics. What are the Issues in Computer
Ethics?
 Computer Ethics refers to the moral principles and standards that guide
the use, development, and regulation of computer systems and
technologies.
 It deals with the ethical challenges arising from the increasing reliance
on computers and digital systems in every aspect of life.
 Key factors contributing to the emergence of computer ethics include:
i. Technological Advancements – The development of computers,
the internet, artificial intelligence, and data processing created new
ethical dilemmas related to privacy, security, and accountability.
ii. Legal and Policy Gaps – Existing laws struggled to keep up with
technological changes, leading to debates over intellectual
property, censorship, and digital surveillance.
iii. Globalization of Information – The internet erased geographical
boundaries, raising ethical questions about cross-border data flow,
cyber warfare, and digital divides.

 Issues in Computer Ethics:

i. Privacy – Unauthorized data collection, surveillance, and misuse of
personal information (e.g., social media tracking, government
spying).
ii. Security & Cybercrime – Hacking, identity theft, ransomware, and
ethical responsibilities in cybersecurity.
iii. Intellectual Property – Digital piracy, copyright infringement, and
fair use of software and digital content.
iv. Digital Divide – Inequality in access to technology based on
socioeconomic status, geography, or education.
v. Professional Ethics – Ethical responsibilities of software
developers, IT professionals, and corporations in designing and
deploying technology.
 vi. Freedom of Speech & Censorship – Balancing free expression with
hate speech, misinformation, and government control over online
content.
Q) Describe the Challenges in Information Age.
 The Information Age (also called the Digital Age) is defined by the rapid
creation, processing, and distribution of information through digital
technologies like the internet, smartphones, AI, and cloud computing.
 While this has transformed society and economies, it also brings
significant challenges across ethical, social, legal, and technological
domains.
1. Data Management and Security:
 Big Data: The sheer volume of data generated daily poses a
significant challenge in terms of storage, processing, and
analysis.
 Cybersecurity: The increasing sophistication of cyberattacks and
data breaches makes protecting sensitive information a constant
struggle.
2. Digital Literacy and the Digital Divide:
 Digital Literacy: Many individuals lack the skills and knowledge
necessary to navigate the digital world effectively, leading to a
digital divide.
 Information Overload: The abundance of information can be
overwhelming, making it difficult to find reliable sources and
discern fact from fiction.
3. Ethical Considerations:
 Privacy: Protecting personal information and ensuring
responsible data collection and use are crucial ethical
considerations in the Information Age.
 Accuracy: Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of information
is vital, especially in the face of the spread of misinformation.
4. Leadership and Organizational Challenges:
 Keeping Up with Technology: Leaders must continuously learn
and adapt to new technologies and industry trends.
 Managing Remote Teams: Managing and motivating remote
teams effectively requires new skills and approaches.
5. Global Challenges:
  Developing Cost-Effective Technologies: Creating affordable and
accessible technologies for information storage, security, and sharing is
crucial.
Q) What do you mean by Privacy Issues in Professional Ethics perspective?
 In a professional ethics context, privacy issues concern the ethical
obligations of individuals and organizations to respect the right to
personal information and freedom from unwanted intrusion.
 It involves understanding and upholding standards of conduct related to
collecting, using, sharing, and protecting sensitive data, ensuring that
individuals' rights are not violated.
 Privacy Issues in Professional Ethics:
1. Ethical Considerations: Privacy is considered a fundamental ethical
principle, requiring professionals to act with honesty,
trustworthiness, and respect for others.
2. Legal Obligations:Many professions and organizations are subject to
legal frameworks that mandate specific data privacy practices and
penalties for violations.
3. Confidentiality: Professionals have a duty to keep client or patient
information confidential and not disclose it without proper consent.
4. Data Security: Protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access,
use, or disclosure is a critical ethical responsibility.
5. Automated Profiling: Using AI or algorithms to analyze personal
data and make decisions without user awareness or input.
6. Balance of Interests: Professionals may need to balance the ethical
need for privacy with the interests of the organization or the public,
such as in legal cases or research.
 Example: In healthcare, privacy concerns include the confidentiality of
medical records; in research, it involves anonymizing data to protect
participants; and in workplaces, it can involve employee monitoring.
Q) Explain in brief software as intellectual property along with an example.
 Software as Intellectual Property means that software programs—
whether it's source code, algorithms, interfaces, or designs—are treated
as creations of the mind and are legally protected under intellectual
property laws.
  This protection gives the creator or owner exclusive rights to use,
modify, distribute, or license the software.
 Legal Forms of IP Protection for Software:
type description
copyright Protects the original source code and
documentation from copying.
Patent Protects new and unique software processes,
algorithms, or methods.
Trademark Protects the branding, name, logo, or icon of the
software.
Trade secret Protects confidential algorithms, formulas, or
methods not publicly disclosed.

 Example: Microsoft Windows

The Windows operating system is protected by copyright (for its code
and interface), trademarks (for its logo and name), and sometimes
patents (for specific software features). Microsoft owns the rights and
licenses Windows to users under specific terms.

Q) List & Explain IEEE Code of Conduct & Code of Ethics.

 The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a
global professional association for engineers and technologists
 It has established both a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct to
guide the professional behavior of its members.

1. IEEE Code of Ethics:

 The IEEE Code of Ethics outlines the core ethical
principles that all members are expected to follow in their
professional duties. It helps maintain integrity, honesty, and
responsibility in engineering and technology practices.
 Principles of the IEEE Code of Ethics:
i. To hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of
the public
ii. To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest
iii. To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates
iv. To reject bribery in all its forms
 v. To treat all persons fairly regardless of race, religion,
gender, disability, or age.
2. IEEE Code of Conduct:
 The IEEE Code of Conduct provides more practical
behavioral expectations, especially for interpersonal,
organizational, and online behavior.
 Points in the Code of Conduct:
i. Respect and Dignity: Treat everyone respectfully; no
harassment or discrimination.
ii. Integrity and Accountability: Be truthful and
responsible for your actions.
iii. Professionalism: Maintain professionalism in all
IEEE-related activities (meetings, communications,
publications).
iv. Reporting Misconduct: Report violations of the code
and support investigations.
v. Compliance with Laws and Policies: Follow all
applicable laws, IEEE rules, and organizational
policies.
Q) Write a Note on Computer Crimes.
 Computer Crimes (also known as Cyber Crimes) are illegal activities that
involve the use of computers, digital devices, or networks to commit
crimes.
 These crimes can target computer systems directly or use them as a tool
to carry out other criminal activities.
 Categories of Computer Crime:
1. The computer as a target: The attack seeks to deny the legitimate
users or owners of the system access to their data or computers.
2. The computer as an instrument of the crime: The computer is used
to gain some information or data which are further used for criminal
objective.
3. The computer as incidental to a crime: Sometimes a computer may
not the primary instrument of the crime; it simply can facilitate it.
4. Crimes associated with the prevalence of computers: This includes
the crimes against the computer industry, such as intellectual property
theft and software piracy etc.
  Examples of Computer Crimes:
Crimes Description
Child Pornography Making, sharing, keeping, or looking at pictures
or videos of children in sexual ways. This is very
wrong and illegal.
Phishing Sending fake emails or messages to trick people
into revealing personal or financial information.
Software Piracy Illegal copying, distribution, or use of software
without proper licensing.
Cyberbully or Being mean to people online or following them
cyberstalking on the internet in a scary way.
Data diddling Changing numbers or information in computer
systems to trick people or steal money.
Espionage Secretly watching a person or company to learn
their secrets. It’s like being a spy.
Online Fraud & Financial scams such as online investment frauds,
Scams fake shopping websites, etc.
Intellectual Taking ideas or information that someone else
property theft made or thought of. This is like stealing
someone’s thoughts or inventions.
Sextortion Threatening to share private, often sexual,
pictures or information about someone unless
they pay money or do what the criminal wants.

Unit-6
Q) What do you mean by Professional Relationship Management from IT
professional perspectives?
 Professional Relationship Management (PRM) in the IT field refers to the
strategic and ethical handling of interactions and relationships with
colleagues, clients, vendors, managers, and stakeholders to ensure
effective collaboration, trust, and long-term success.
 In the fast-changing IT industry, success depends not only on technical
skills but also on the ability to build and manage professional
relationships.
 Objectives of PRM in IT:
i. Promote team collaboration and communication.
ii. Build trust and transparency with clients and coworkers.
 iii. Handle conflicts and misunderstandings professionally.
 Key Areas in PRM for IT Professionals:
i. Communication Skills: Clear, respectful, and timely
communication in emails, meetings, and documentation.
ii. Client Relationship Management: Understanding client needs,
providing solutions, and maintaining satisfaction.
iii. Team Collaboration: Cooperating with developers, testers,
designers, and managers to deliver successful projects.
iv. Mentoring & Knowledge Sharing: Helping juniors and peers by
sharing expertise and offering support.
v. Conflict Resolution : Managing disagreements constructively
without harming professional ties.
 Benefits of Good Professional Relationship Management:
i. Enhances project success rate
ii. Reduces misunderstandings and delays
iii. Builds a positive workplace culture.

Q) Explain in brief Engineering & Ecology.

 Engineering and Ecology refers to the interrelationship between
engineering practices and the natural environment.
 It emphasizes how engineering activities affect ecological systems and
how engineers can design solutions that are environmentally responsible
and sustainable.
 Engineers have a duty to ensure that their designs, constructions, and
processes minimize environmental damage and support ecological
balance.
 Connection Between Engineering and Ecology:
Aspect Description
Impact of Large infrastructure (dams, roads, factories) can
Engineering Projects affect ecosystems, water flow, and biodiversity.
Sustainable Engineers must design systems that meet
Development current needs without harming future
ecological systems.
Eco-friendly Use of renewable energy, green buildings,
Technologies waste recycling, and pollution control
technologies.
 Environmental A branch focused on improving air, water, and
Engineering soil quality, and reducing industrial waste and
emissions.
Ethical Engineers must balance technological progress
Responsibility with ecological preservation and public health.

 Best Practices:
i. Use sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs.
ii. Implement waste management and pollution control systems.
iii. Promote climate resilience in engineering designs.

Q) Give a note on Engineering as Social Experimentation.

 The concept of Engineering as Social Experimentation means that
engineering projects, especially new or large-scale ones, are similar to
social experiments because they directly affect people, society, and the
environment—often with uncertain outcomes.
 Engineers are not only creating technology, but also introducing changes
to how people live, work, and interact with the world.
1. Iterative Design and Testing:
 Engineering projects, like experiments, involve a process of
design, testing, redesign, and retesting based on feedback.
 This iterative process allows for learning and refinement
throughout the project lifecycle, just as in scientific
experimentation.
2. Uncertainty and Unexpected Outcomes:
 Engineering projects, like experiments, often involve
uncertainty and the potential for unexpected outcomes.
 This means that engineers should be prepared to adapt their
designs and projects based on new information and unforeseen
circumstances.
3. Social Responsibility and Accountability:
 As social experimenters, engineers have a responsibility to be
mindful of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of
their projects.
  They must be accountable for the results of their projects, both
positive and negative.
4. Learning from Failure:
 Use outcomes—good or bad—to improve future designs.
 Example: Self-driving cars are a form of social experimentation. They
involve real-world testing, and their use raises questions about safety,
accountability, and privacy, affecting society at large.
Q) Explain Safety & Risk Management in Engineering.
o Safety and Risk Management in Engineering refers to the systematic
process of identifying, assessing, controlling, and mitigating hazards
to ensure the safety of people, equipment, the environment, and society in
engineering design, construction, and operation.
o The goal is to minimize the chances of failure or accidents and ensure
that engineering solutions are safe, reliable, and ethical.
o What is Safety in Engineering?
 Safety means protecting people and property from harm, damage,
or accidents due to engineering work.
 Engineers must design products, structures, or systems that operate
without causing danger under normal and expected conditions.
o What is Risk in Engineering?
 Risk = Probability of harm × Severity of harm
 It involves predicting what could go wrong and understanding the
impact if it does.
o Risk Management Process in Engineering:
Steps Description
Risk Identification Detect potential hazards, failures, or accidents
in a system.
Risk Assessment Analyze the likelihood and severity of each
risk.
Risk Control Implement safety measures like alarms,
protective gear, or fail-safe designs.
Monitoring & Review Continuously observe for issues and improve
safety strategies.
Documentation Maintain records of risk assessments, safety
protocols, and changes made.

o Types of Engineering Risks:

 i. Technical Risks – Failure of components or systems
ii. Operational Risks – Human errors or process failures
iii. Environmental Risks – Harm to nature or surroundings
o Example: 🔧 Bridge construction must follow strict safety measures like
stress testing, material checks, and regular inspections to prevent
structural failure and accidents.
Q) Describe the Responsibilities of Engineer’s towards Environment.
 Engineers play a vital role in shaping the modern world—but with that
power comes the ethical responsibility to protect the environment.
 Engineering activities (like construction, manufacturing, energy
production, etc.) can have direct and indirect effects on natural
ecosystems.
 Engineers must ensure their work is environmentally sustainable,
compliant with environmental laws, and aligned with the principles of
green engineering.
 Responsibilities of Engineers Towards the Environment:
Responsibility Description
Sustainable Design Use eco-friendly materials, renewable
energy, and efficient designs that reduce
environmental impact.
Pollution Prevention Minimize emissions, waste, and harmful
discharges to air, water, and land.
Environmental Risk Assessment Evaluate and reduce potential harm caused
by engineering activities to ecosystems.
Public Awareness & Education Educate society and clients on
environmental impacts and eco-friendly
practices
Innovation in Green Technology Develop sustainable solutions like solar
power, green buildings, electric vehicles,
etc.
Ethical Decision Making Prioritize long-term environmental health
over short-term profit or convenience.
Resource Conservation Reduce the consumption of water, energy,
raw materials through smart design and
processes.
Compliance with Follow local and international
Environmental Laws environmental regulations
  Examples:
i. Designing energy-efficient buildings (LEED-certified)
ii. Using recyclable or biodegradable materials
iii. Implementing wastewater treatment systems in industries

Q) What are the responsibilities of engineers for assuring sustainability?

Explain in brief.
 Sustainability in engineering means designing and implementing
solutions that meet present needs without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet theirs
 It involves balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and
social well-being.
 Engineers have a professional and ethical responsibility to ensure their
work supports long-term sustainability.
 Responsibilities of Engineers for Assuring Sustainability:
Responsibility Description
Design Sustainable Develop technologies and structures that
Systems use renewable resources and reduce waste
and energy consumption.
Lifecycle Thinking Consider the entire life cycle of a product
or project—from raw material to
disposal—to reduce long-term impact.
Innovate for Green Create or improve processes, products, and
Solutions infrastructure that minimize carbon
footprint and pollution.
Balance Economic, Make design choices that are cost-effective,
Social & Environmental socially acceptable, and eco-friendly.
Factors
Follow Sustainability Adhere to international sustainability
Standards frameworks (e.g., ISO 14001, LEED) and
environmental laws.
Educate and Advocate Spread awareness among clients, users, and
society about sustainable practices and
green technologies.
Monitor and Improve Regularly assess the sustainability
performance of engineering systems and
strive for continuous improvement.
 Example:
i. Designing zero-energy buildings
ii. Using recycled construction materials
iii. Implementing rainwater harvesting and solar power