MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT & MAGNETISM

BIOT- SAVART LAW

The direction of the magnetic field element dB as given by Biot Savart law
is shown in the figure.

Table 1 Magnetic field due to different current systems

1. A straight wire of finite length

2.An infinitely long straight wire.

3. An arc of a circle

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 4. On the axis of a Ring

5. At the Centre of a Ring

6. On the axis of a solenoid

where N is the total number of

turns and n is the number of turns
per unit length.
Assuming that radius of the loop is
very small compared to its length.

MAGNETIC FORCE
The magnitude of the force is given by F = qvBsin
where  is the angle between the vectors v and B.

Motion of a charged particle in a Uniform

Magnetic Field
Consider the motion of a positively charged
particle moving with an initial velocity 𝑣⃗
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗as
shown in figure. Since 𝑣 ⃗⃗ are
⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵

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perpendicular, the particle experiences a force F = qvB of constant
magnitude directed perpendicular to 𝑣⃗ .

Where, r is the radius of the circular path.

The radius of the orbit is directly proportional to the linear momentum of

the particle and inversely proportional to the magnetic field strength. The
time period is given by

Helical Motion
Let us consider the motion of a positive charged particle whose velocity 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗
is not perpendicular to the uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . The velocity 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗
can be resolved into two
components: 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ , perpendicular to 𝐵 ⃗⃗
, and 𝑣⃗ ||, parallel to 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . The
perpendicular component 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ gives
rise to a force qv⊥ B that produces
circular motion. The parallel
component v|| is unaffected by the magnetic field B  , therefore, the
particle moves with constant velocity parallel to the field. The resultant
motion is a uniform circular motion perpendicular to field lines and a
constant linear motion along the field lines. This is called a circular helical
path.

Radius of helix =
The pitch of a helix is defined as the linear distance moved by the particle
in one revolution.

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Lorentz Force
When a particle is subjected to both electric and magnetic fields in the
same region, the total force on it is called the Lorentz force.

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

When a wire is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences no force. The
thermal velocities of the free electrons are randomly oriented and so net
force on them is zero. However, when a current flow, the electrons as a
whole acquire a velocity in a definite direction and experience a magnetic
force which is then transmitted to the wire.
The force experienced by an infinitesimal
current element Id 𝑖⃗ placed in a magnetic
⃗⃗ is given by
field 𝐵

The total force on a wire is the vector sum

(integral) of the forces on all current elements.

MAGNETIC DIPOLE
A small current carrying loop acts like a magnetic dipole. The magnitude
of a magnetic dipole moment or magnetic moment 𝑝⃗𝑚 . It is defined as the
product of the current in a flat current - carrying loop and the area
enclosed by it.

Thus,

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The direction of magnetic moment
coincides with the direction of the area
vector (which is the direction of the
magnetic field). If the loop contains N
number of turns, the magnetic moment is
given by

1. Electric Dipole Magnetic Dipole

2. Electric Field along the axis Magnetic Field along the axis

3. Torque Torque

4. Potential Energy Potential Energy

AMPERE’S LAW
⃗⃗ . d 𝑙⃗ around loop is related to the current
The integral of the quantity 𝐵
flowing through the surface bounded by the loop.

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MAGNETOSTATICS
Magnetic Field / Magnetic Induction or Flux Density (B)
The total number of lines of force per unit area due to magnetizing field
and due to the field induced in the substance is called flux density (B), the
unit in which B is measured is Wb/m2.
The magnetic field intensity is given by

Where,  is the absolute permeability of the medium and is expressed as

 = 0r
Where, r is relative permeability of the material and 0 is the
permeability of the free space or air and is taken as 4 10-7 Wb/A.m.

Magnetic field strength or Magnetizing field

The magnetic field strength or magnetizing field is given by

Intensity of Magnetization (I or J)
The measure of the magnetization of a magnetized specimen is called
intensity of magnetization. It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit
volume.
Thus,

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Magnetic Susceptibility
The magnetic susceptibility () of a specimen measures the ease with
which the specimen can be magnetized and can be defined as the ratio of
the intensity of magnetization induced in it and the magnetizing field i.e.

Magnetic Permeability
The permeability is defined as the ratio of the magnetic induction B in the
medium to the magnetizing field H i.e.

Paramagnetic Substances
The substances which when placed in a magnetic field acquires a feeble
magnetization in the same sense as the 12 applied field are called
paramagnetic substances. The examples are platinum, aluminum,
manganese, chromium, copper sulphate, iron or nickel salt solutions and
crown glass.
Their properties can be summarized as
(i)Such substances in non-uniform magnetic field, experience an attractive
force towards the stronger part of the field.
(ii) The permeability  for a paramagnetic substance is slightly greater
than one.
(iii) The magnetic susceptibility is small positive value.
(iv) For a given temperature  does not change with variation in H.
(v) The susceptibility varies inversely as the absolute temperature and at
higher temperature its value becomes negative.

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Diamagnetic substance
1. Diamagnetism is universal property of the substances.
2. m is small and negative
3. r < 1
4. As  I is small and opposite to H. They are magnetized weakly and
opposite to applied magnetic field.
5. Magnetic field lines do not cross through diamagnetic materials.
Some examples of diamagnetic substances are Cu, Zn, Bi, Ag, Au, Glass,
NaCl.
Some examples of diamagnetic substances are Cu, Zn, Bi, Ag, Au, Glass,
NaCl.
Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Substances
1. for paramagnetic, m is small and positive, r > 1.
2. for ferromagnetic, m is large and positive, r>> 1.
3. Both get magnetized in the direction of applied field.
4. Magnetic field lines cross through them
Some examples are given below:
(a) Paramagnetic - Al, Na, Sb, Pt.
(b) Ferromagnetic - Fe, Ni, Co
Ferromagnetic Substance
Such substances acquire high degree of magnetization in the same sense
as the applied magnetic field. The example are: iron, steel, nickel and
cobalt. Ferromagnetic substances exhibit the following properties:
(i)They have permeability of the order of hundreds and thousands.
(ii) Susceptibility is also very large and positive.
(iii) For small values of H susceptibility, remains constant and for
moderate value of H increases rapidly with H and for large value attains a
constant value.

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(iv) They are attracted even by weak magnet.
(v) As temperature increases the value of  decreases. Above certain
temperature ferromagnetic become ordinary paramagnetic and this
temperature is called curie temperature ( 1/T is called curie law). For
iron, steel and nickel the curie point is 1000oC, 770oC and 360oC
respectively.
Hysteresis Loop
If we take a ferromagnetic material in completely demagnetized state and
make it to undergo through a cycle of magnetization in which H is
increased from zero to a maximum value Hmax, then decreases to zero, then
reversed and again taken to –Hmax, and finally brought back to zero.

Energy Loss Due to Hysteresis

When a magnetic material is taken round cycle, there is an energy loss per
unit volume of the material given by the area B-H curve.
Components of Earth’s Magnetic Field
The main components of the Earth's magnetic field at one place are shown
in figure below:

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1.  = Angle of declination
2.  = Angle of dip
3. BH = B cos
4. BV = B sin 
5. BH 2 + BV 2 = B2
Angle of Dip or Inclination ()
The total intensity of the Earth's magnetic field varies from direction
with the magnitude. An angle that is drawn with the horizontal line in the
magnetic meridian in the Earth's magnetic field, known as magnetic or tilt.
We use dip circles and poles to measure this angle. Thus,
 = 90o and at equator  = 0.
Horizontal Component
The resulting magnetic field due to Earth can be resolved into two
components.
(i) Horizontal component (H),
(ii) Vertical component (V).
From the figure, we get, horizontal component of the Earth's
magnetic field is the total intensity of the components of the
Earth's magnetic field in the horizontal direction of the magnetic
meridian. That is,
H = Be cos  and V = Be sin 

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BAR MAGNET
Field on an axial line of Bar magnets (ending at position).
Magnetic dipole moment is given by m,

At a Point on Equatorial Line (Broad side on Position)

Magnetic dipole moment is given by m,

Tangent Law
When a magnet is suspended in the two mutually pending zones
of an intensity field B and H, the magnet shifts to a resting
position by making an angle  along the direction of H such that,
B H= tan
This is known as the tangent method.
TANGENT GALVANOMETER
The tangent galvanometer is an electric current measuring
instrument.

Where,

is a constant for the given galvanometer at a given place.

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