Atomic Structure Questions

Q1.
Which statement about time of flight mass spectrometry is correct?

The current in the detector is proportional to the ion

A
abundance

B Sample particles gain electrons to form positive ions

Particles are detected in the order of their kinetic

C
energies

D Ions are accelerated by a magnetic field

(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
Which atom has the greatest first ionisation energy?

A H

B He

C Li

D Ne
(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
This question is about s-block metals.

(a) Give the full electron configuration for the calcium ion, Ca2+

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why the second ionisation energy of calcium is lower than the second
ionisation energy of potassium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 1 of 27
(c) Identify the s-block metal that has the highest first ionisation energy.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the formula of the hydroxide of the element in Group 2, from Mg to Ba, that is
least soluble in water.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) A student added 6 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution to 8 cm3 of 0.15
mol dm–3 sodium sulfate solution.
The student filtered off the precipitate and collected the filtrate.

Give an ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

Show by calculation which reagent is in excess.
Calculate the total volume of the other reagent which should be used by the student
so that the filtrate contains only one solute.

Ionic equation _______________________________________________________

Reagent in excess ___________________________________________________

Total volume of other reagent ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 2 of 27
(f) A sample of strontium has a relative atomic mass of 87.7 and consists of three
isotopes, 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr
In this sample, the ratio of abundances of the isotopes 86Sr :87Sr is 1:1

State why the isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties.

Calculate the percentage abundance of the 88Sr isotope in this sample.

Why isotopes of strontium have identical chemical properties

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage abundance of 88Sr ____________________ %

(4)

(g) A time of flight (TOF) mass spectrum was obtained for a sample of barium that
contains the isotopes 136Ba, 137Ba and 138Ba

The sample of barium was ionised by electron impact.

Identify the ion with the longest time of flight.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 3 of 27
 (h) A 137Ba+ ion travels through the flight tube of a TOF mass spectrometer with a kinetic
energy of 3.65 × 10–16 J
This ion takes 2.71 × 10–5 s to reach the detector.

KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

Calculate the length of the flight tube in metres.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Length of flight tube ____________________ m

(5)
(Total 18 marks)

Q4.
This question is about the elements in Group 2 and their compounds.

(a) Use the Periodic Table to deduce the full electron configuration of calcium.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, to show the reaction of calcium with an
excess of water.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) State the role of water in the reaction with calcium.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy
of calcium is measured.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 27
 (1)

(e) State and explain the trend in the first ionisation energies of the elements in Group 2
from magnesium to barium.

Trend ______________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q5.
This question is about atomic structure.

(a) Write the full electron configuration for each of the following species.

Cl−________________________________________________________________

Fe2+_______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs
when the third ionisation energy of manganese is measured.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) State which of the elements magnesium and aluminium has the lower first ionisation
energy.

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) A sample of nickel was analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The
sample was ionised by electron impact ionisation. The spectrum produced showed
three peaks with abundances as set out in the table.

m/z Abundance / %

58 61.0

60 29.1

61 9.9

Give the symbol, including mass number, of the ion that would reach the detector
first in the sample.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the nickel in the sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

Symbol of ion _______________________________________________________

Relative atomic mass _________________________________________________

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 6 of 27
 Q6.
A sample of bromine was analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer and found
to contain two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br

After electron impact ionisation, all of the ions were accelerated to the same kinetic
energy (KE) and then travelled through a flight tube that was 0.950 m long.

(a) The 79Br+ ions took 6.69 × 10–4 s to travel through the flight tube.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of one ion of 79Br+

Calculate the time taken for the 81Br+ ions to travel through the same flight tube.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

KE = mv2 where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)

where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)

Mass of one ion of 79Br+ ____________________ kg

Time taken by 81Br+ ions ____________________ s

(5)

(b) Explain how ions are detected and relative abundance is measured in a TOF mass
spectrometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 27
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q7.
(a) A sample of sulfur consisting of three isotopes has a relative atomic mass of 32.16.
The following table gives the relative abundance of two of these isotopes.

Mass number of isotope 32 33

Relative abundance / % 91.0 1.8

Use this information to determine the relative abundance and hence the mass
number of the third isotope.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Mass number = ____________________

(4)

(b) Describe how ions are formed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A TOF mass spectrometer can be used to determine the relative molecular mass of
molecular substances.

Explain why it is necessary to ionise molecules when measuring their mass in a TOF

Page 8 of 27
 mass spectrometer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q8.
This question is about time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry.

(a) The mass spectrum of element Q has peaks with m/z values shown in the table.

m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative intensity 5 3 26 7

Calculate the relative atomic mass of Q and give your answer to one decimal place.
Identify the element Q.

Relative atomic mass of Q ________

Element Q ____________________
(3)

(b) A sample of the element Q consists of several isotopes. All of the Q+ ions in the
sample of Q that has been ionised in a TOF mass spectrometer have the same
kinetic energy.

kinetic energy of each ion = mv2

where m is the mass, in kg, of one ion of an isotope and v is the velocity of an ion in
m s−1

where d is the length, in m, of the flight tube and t is the time taken, in s, for an ion to
reach the detector

The time of flight of a 82Q+ ion is 1.243 × 10−5 s.

Calculate the time of flight of the 86Q+ ion.

Page 9 of 27
 Time of flight of the 86Q+ ion _____ s
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q9.
A student does an experiment to determine the percentage of copper in an alloy.

The student
• reacts 985 mg of the alloy with concentrated nitric acid to form a solution (all of the
copper in the alloy reacts to form aqueous copper(II) ions)
• pours the solution into a volumetric flask and makes the volume up to 250 cm3 with
distilled water
• shakes the flask thoroughly
• transfers 25.0 cm3 of the solution into a conical flask and adds an excess of
potassium iodide
• uses exactly 9.00 cm3 of 0.0800 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution to
react with all the iodine produced.
The equations for the reactions are

2 Cu2+ + 4 I– → 2 CuI + I2

2 S2O32– + I2 → 2 I– + S4O62–

(a) Calculate the percentage of copper by mass in the alloy.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Page 10 of 27
 % copper _____________________________
(6)

(b) Suggest two ways that the student could reduce the percentage uncertainty in the
measurement of the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution, using the same
apparatus as this experiment.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) State the role of iodine in the reaction with sodium thiosulfate.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give the full electron configuration of a copper(II) ion.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Copper(I) iodide is a white solid.

Explain why copper(I) iodide is white.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 27
 (2)

(f) Iodine vaporises easily.

Calculate the volume, in cm3, that 5.00 g of iodine vapour occupies at 185 °C and
100 kPa

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Volume _______________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

Q10.
This question is about the element iodine and its compounds.

(a) Iodine is in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

Complete the electron configuration of an iodine atom.

Page 12 of 27
 [Kr]
________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Part of the structure of an iodine crystal is shown in the diagram.

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why the melting point of
iodine is low (113.5 °C) and why that of hydrogen iodide is very low (–50.8 °C).
(6)

(c) State why iodine does not conduct electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Deduce an equation for the formation of hydrogen iodide from its elements.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) The triiodide ion is formed when an iodine molecule is bonded to an iodide ion.

What is the formula of ammonium triiodide?

Tick (✔) one box.

Page 13 of 27
 NH3I3

NH3I4

NH4I

NH4I3

(1)

(f) Draw the shape of the IF3 molecule and the shape of the IF4− ion.
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence each shape.

(2)

(g) Deduce the oxidation state of iodine in the following species.

Ba(IO3)2
_____________________________________________________________

[H4IO6]−
_____________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q11.
This question is about atomic structure.

In the nineteenth century JJ Thomson discovered the electron. He suggested that

negative electrons were found throughout an atom like ‘plums in a pudding of positive
charge’.

The diagram shows an atom of element R using the ‘plum pudding’ model.
An atom of R contains seven electrons.

Page 14 of 27
 (a) State two differences between the ‘plum pudding’ model and the model of atomic
structure used today.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Deduce the full electron configuration of an atom of element R.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Identify R and deduce the formula of the compound formed when R reacts with the
Group 2 metal in the same period as R.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q12.
This question is about sodium fluoride (NaF).

Some toothpastes contain sodium fluoride.

The concentration of sodium fluoride can be expressed in parts per million (ppm).
1 ppm represents a concentration of 1 mg in every 1 kg of toothpaste.

(a) A 1.00 g sample of toothpaste was found to contain 2.88 × 10–5 mol of sodium
fluoride.

Calculate the concentration of sodium fluoride, in ppm, for the sample of toothpaste.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Concentration of sodium fluoride _______________________________ ppm

(4)

Page 15 of 27
(b) Sodium fluoride is toxic in high concentrations.
Major health problems can occur if concentrations of sodium fluoride are greater
than 3.19 × 10–2 g per kilogram of body mass.

Deduce the maximum mass of sodium fluoride, in mg, that a 75.0 kg person could
swallow without reaching the toxic concentration.

Mass of sodium fluoride _______________________________ mg

(1)

(c) The concentration of sodium fluoride in a prescription toothpaste is 2800 ppm.

Use your answer to Question (b) to deduce the mass of toothpaste, in kg, that a
75.0 kg person could swallow without reaching the toxic concentration.

Mass of toothpaste _______________________________ kg

(1)

(d) Identify the diagram in the figure below that shows the correct relative sizes of the
ions in sodium fluoride.
Justify your answer.

Diagram __________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 16 of 27
Mark schemes

Q1.
A
[1]

Q2.
B
[1]

Q3.
(a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (4s0)
1

(b) M1 In Ca(+) (outer) electron(s) is further from nucleus

Or Ca(+) loses electron from a higher (energy) orbital

Or Ca(+) loses electron from a 4(s) orbital or 4th energy level or 4th energy
shell and K(+) loses electron from a 3(p) orbital or 3rd energy level or 3rd
energy shell
Must be comparative
Allow converse arguments
1

M2 More shielding (in Ca+)

1

(c) Be /Beryllium
1

(d) Mg(OH)2
1

(e) Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO4

Ignore state symbols
1

n BaCl2 (6/1000 × 0.25) = 1.5 × 10–3 and n Na2SO4 = (8/1000 × 0.15) = 1.2 × 10–3
and BaCl2 /barium chloride in excess
Working required or 3 × 10–4 of BaCl2
1

10 cm3 (of 0.15 mol dm–3 sodium sulfate)

or 0.01dm3
1

(f) M1 Same electronic configuration / same number of electrons (in outer shell) / all
have 37 electrons (1)
Ignore protons and neutrons unless incorrect numbers

Page 17 of 27
 Not just electrons determine chemical properties
1

M2 = 87.7
Alternative M2:

M3 x = 10% (or × = 0.1)

M3 y = 8
1

M4 (% abundance of 88 isotope is 100 – 2x10) = 80(.0)%

M4 % of 88 isotope is 100 – 10y = 80(.0) %
Allow other alternative methods
1

(g) 138
Ba+
1

(h) M1 = 2.275 × 10–25 (kg)

Calculation of m in kg
If not converted to kg, max 4
If not divided by L lose M1 and M5, max 3
1

M2 v2 = = = 3.2088 × 109
For re-arrangement
1

M3 v= (v = 5.6646 × 104)
For expression with square root
1

M4 v = d/t or d = vt or with numbers

1

M5 d = (5.6646 × 104 × 2.71 × 10–5) = 1.53 - 1.54 (m)

M5 must be to 3sf
If not converted to kg, answer = 0.0485-0.0486 (3sf). This
scores 4 marks
1

Alternative method

M1 = 2.275 × 10–25

Page 18 of 27
 M1 Calculation of m in kg
1

M2 v = d/t
M2, M3 and M4 are for algebraic expressions or correct
expressions with numbers
1

M3 d2 =
1

M4 d= (= √ (3.65 × 10–16 × 2 × (2.71 × 10–5)2 / 2.275 × 10–25))

1

M5 d = 1.53 – 1.54 (m)

M5 must be to 3sf
1
[18]

Q4.
(a) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Allow correct numbers that are not superscripted
1

(b) Ca(s)+ 2H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + H2(g)

State symbols essential
1

(c) Oxidising agent

1

(d) Ca(g) Ca+(g) + e–

State symbols essential
Allow ‘e’ without the negative sign
1

(e) Decrease
If answer to ‘trend’ is not ‘decrease’, then chemical error = 0 /
3
1

Ions get bigger / more (energy) shells

Allow atoms instead of ions
1

Weaker attraction of ion to lost electron

1
[7]

Q5.

Page 19 of 27
 (a) Cl− 1s22s22p63s23p6
1
Fe2+1s22s22p63s23p63d6
1
If [Ne] or [Ar] used then Max 1if both correct
Ignore 4s0
Allow subscripts

(b) Mn2+ (g) ⟶ Mn3+ (g) + e−

1

Allow Mn2+ (g) − e− ⟶ Mn3+ (g)

States symbols are required

Negative charge needed on electron

(c) Al
Mg then CE = 0
1
(Outer) electron in (3)p sublevel / orbital
Not just level or shell
1
Higher in energy / further from the nucleus
so easier to remove OWTTE
Both required for M3
1
Ignore shielding

(d) 58
Ni+
M1 needs mass and charge – allow subscripts
1
Ar= [(58 × 61.0) + (60 × 29.1) + (61 × 9.9)] / 100
1
Ar= 58.9 must be to 1dp
1
[9]

Q6.
(a) = 79 / (1000 × 6.022 × 1023) = 1.31 × 10–25 kg
1

Then either follow method 1 (or method 2 below)

Do not mix and match methods

Method 1

= 0.950 / 6.69 × 10–4

= 1420 ms–1
In method 1, M2 can be awarded in M3
1

Page 20 of 27
 KE = ½ mv2

= ½ × 1.312 × 10–25 × (1420)2

= 1.32 × 10 J
–19

Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of

79 etc.
1

V81 =

= √ 1.963 × 106

= 1.40 × 103 ms–1

(allow 1.398 × 103 - 1.402 × 103)

Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of

81 etc.
1

= 6.80 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1

Method 2

m1(d/t1)2 = m2 (d/t1)2
or
m1 / t12 = m2 / t22
1

t22 = t12 (m2/m1)

Or
t22 = (6.69 × 10–4)2 × (81/79)
1

t22 = 4.59 × 10–7

Mark consequential to their M3
1

t = 6.77 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1

(b) ion hits the detector / negative plate and gains an electron
1
Not positive plate

(relative) abundance is proportional to (the size of) the current

1

Page 21 of 27
 [7]

Q7.
(a) Abundance of third isotope = 100 – 91.0 –1.8 = 7.2%
1

= 32.16
1

7.2y = 32.16 × 100 – 32 × 91 – 33 × 1.8 = 244.6

1

y = 244.6 / 7.2 = 33.97

y = 34
Answer must be rounded to the nearest integer
1

(b) (for electrospray ionisation)

A high voltage is applied to a sample in a polar solvent

1

the sample molecule, M, gains a proton forming MH+

1

OR

(for electron impact ionisation)

the sample is bombarded by high energy electrons

1

the sample molecule loses an electron forming M+

1

(c) Ions, not molecules, will interact with and be accelerated by an electric field
1

Only ions will create a current when hitting the detector

1
[8]

Q8.

(a)
1

84.0
1

Kr
1

Page 22 of 27
 (b) 82/(1.243 × 10−5)2 = 86 / t2

So t2 = 86 / 82 × (1.243 × 10−5)2
1

t2 = 1.6204 × 10−10
1

t = 1.273 × 10−5 (s)

1
[6]

Q9.
(a) M1 Amount of S2O32– = 9.00 × 0.0800 = 7.20 × 10–4 mol
1000
1

(From equations mol S2O32– = mol Cu2+ )

M2 Amount of Cu2+ in 25 cm3 = 7.20 × 10–4 mol
M2 = answer to M1 (1:1 ratio)
1

M3 Amount of Cu2+ in 250 cm3 = 7.20 v 10–4 × 10 = 7.20 × 10–3 mol

M3 = M2 × 10
1

M4 Mass of copper = 7.20 × 10–3 mol × 63.5 = 0.457 g

M4 = M3 × 63.5
1

M5 mass = 0.985 g
M5 converting 985 mg to g
1

M6
M6 is for the answer to 3 sf
Allow % Cu = 457 × 100 = 46.4 % for M5 and M6
985
Allow (M4 ×1000)/985 v 100 for M5 and M6
1

(b) Use more of the alloy

1

Use a lower concentration of the thiosulfate solution/lower mass of Na2S2O3 to

make solution
1

(c) Oxidizing agent

Allow electron acceptor
1

(d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

Page 23 of 27
 Do not allow [Ar]3d 9
1

(e) Full (3)d (sub)shell or (3)d10

1

No (d-d) transitions possible/ cannot absorb visible/white light

M2 is dependent on M1
Ignore reflects visible/white light
1

(f) M1: n = (5.00/253.8) = 0.0197 mol

Allow 254
If 126.9 or 127 used lose M1 only
1

M2: T = 458 K and P = 100 000 Pa

1

M3
M3 If rearrangement incorrect can only score M1 and M2
1

M4: V = 750 (cm3)

M4: Allow M3 × 106
M4: Allow 749
1
[16]

Q10.
(a) [Kr] 5s2 4d105p5
1

(b) This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme
Instructions for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.

Level 3
All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is correct and complete.

Answer communicates the whole explanation coherently and shows a logical

progression from stage 1 to stage 2 and then stage 3.
5-6 marks

Level 2
All stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or may
contain inaccuracies OR two stages are covered and the explanations are generally
correct and virtually complete.

Answer is mainly coherent and shows a progression through the stages. Some
steps in each stage may be out of order and incomplete.
3-4 marks

Page 24 of 27
 Level 1
Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or
may contain inaccuracies, OR only one stage is covered but the explanation is
generally correct and virtually complete.

Answer includes some isolated statements, but these are not presented in a logical
order or show confused reasoning.
1-2 marks

Level 0
Insufficient correct chemistry to warrant a mark.
0 marks
Indicative Chemistry content
Stage 1
I2 is molecular.
HI is molecular.
Stage 2
IMF hold the molecules together.
There are weak IMF forces hence the melting point is low in
both substances.
I2 bigger molecule than HI so I2 has more electrons.
Stage 3
Therefore stronger van der Waals between molecules in I2
that need more energy to break causing the melting point to
be higher.
HI also shows permanent dipole-dipole attraction between
molecules but these forces are less than the vdW forces in
iodine.
6

(c) No delocalised electrons or ions

1

(d) ⟶ HI
Allow multiples
1

(e) NH4I3
1

(f)
Allow any shape with 3 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs
1

Page 25 of 27
 Allow any shape with 4 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs (e.g. lone
pairs in equatorial positions)
1

(g) +5
1

+7
1
[14]

Q11.
(a) Assume current model unless otherwise stated.

Statement about the nucleus:

(Central) nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
Allow “protons and neutrons are in the centre of the atom”
1

Statement about electrons

Electrons are now arranged in energy levels/shells/orbitals
Ignore “mostly empty space”
Ignore electrons surround / orbit nucleus
Allow additional statement about neutrons but must be
separate from statement about nucleus to score
e.g.
no neutrons in plum pudding / neutrons now recognised
1

(b) 1s22s22p3
Ignore commas, capitals and subscripts
Allow 1s22s22px12py12pz1
1

(c) (R is N (nitrogen))

Formula Be3N2
Accept Be3R2 only if stated R = nitrogen
Accept N2Be3
1
[4]

Page 26 of 27
Q12.
(a) Mr NaF = 42(.0)
Incorrect Mr loses M1 & M4
1

Mass NaF in 1 g = 2.88 × 10–5 × 42.0 (= 1.210 (1.2096) × 10–3 g)

1

Mass NaF in 1 kg = 1.210 (1.2096) g

M3 = M2 × 1000 (g)
Units, if given, must match answer
1

(Mass in mg = 1210 (1209.6) mg)

Concentration of NaF = 1210 (ppm)

Allow 1.21 × 103 ppm
1

(b) Toxic mass = 3.19 × 10–2 × 75 × 1000

= 2390 mg
Allow 2393
1

(c) Mass of toothpaste needed =

= 0.854 kg
Mark consequential to (b)
(b) ÷ 2800 (to at least 2 sig fig)
Allow 0.85 - 0.86 kg
1

(d) B
If not B, allow M2 only
If blank, read on.
1

Both Na+ and F– same electron arrangement (1s22s22p6) or isoelectronic

Electronegativity, molecules or IMF = CE, M1 only
1

Sodium (ion) has more protons so attracts (outer) electrons closer / Sodium (ion)
has more protons so stronger attractions for (outer) electrons
Ignore shielding, higher charge density, atomic radius
If reference to fluorine rather than fluoride, then penalise 1
mark only
1
[9]

Page 27 of 27