IGCSE Topic 1 Motion forces energy
Booklet 1B (1.3-1.5)
Mass and Forces
1.3 Mass and weight
1 State that mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object
2 State that weight is the gravitational force on an object that has mass
3 Define gravitational field strength g as the force per unit mass; recall and use the equation g = W / m and know
that near to the surface of the Earth, g is approximately 9.8N/kg
4 Describe, and use the concept of, weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass
5 Know that gravitational field strength is equivalent to the acceleration of free fall
1.4 Density
1 Define density as mass per unit volume; recall and use the equation ρ = m / V
2 Describe how to determine the density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an irregularly shaped solid
which sinks in a liquid (volume by displacement), including appropriate calculations
3 Determine whether an object floats based on density data
1.5 Forces
1.5.1 Effects of forces
1 Know that forces may produce changes in the size and shape and motion of an object
2 Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line
3 Describe friction as the force between two surfaces that may impede relative motion and
produce heating
4 Know that friction (drag) acts on an object moving through a liquid
5 Know that friction (drag) acts on an object moving through a gas (e.g. air resistance)
6 Know that an object either remains at rest or continues in a straight line at constant speed unless there is a
resultant force on the object
7 Recall and use the equation F = ma and know that the force and the acceleration are in the same direction
7 Recall and use the equation F = ma and know that the resultant force and the acceleration are in the same
direction
8 Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs for an elastic solid and describe the associated experimental
procedures
9 Define the spring constant as force per unit extension; recall and use the equation k =F / x
1.5.2 Turning effect of forces
1 Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples
2 Define the moment of a force as moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot; recall and use this
equation
4 State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant moment, an object is in equilibrium
5 Apply the principle of moments to other situations, including those with one force each side of the pivot,
including balancing of a beam
1.5.3 Centre of gravity
1 Understand what is meant by centre of gravity and know its position for regularly shaped objects (limited to
rectangular blocks, spheres and cylinders)
2 Describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of gravity of an irregularly shaped plane lamina
3 Describe, qualitatively, the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of simple objects
1.3 Mass and weight
Mass is a measure of the _________ of ________ in an object
If you drop a massive object (object with mass) while standing on the planet Earth, it will ______.
This is because Earth has a ____________ field. Any object in this field will feel a force.
The force has a name: ___________. It is a force so it is measured in ____.
(Many people don’t use this correctly)
On Earth the relationship between the
mass of an object and its Weight is
shown below.
Mass / Kg Weight / N
0.1 0.98
0.2 1.96
0.3 2.94
0.4 3.92
Plot the relationship on the graph to the right and draw a line of best fit.
What is the relationship between weight and mass.
FInd the gradient of the trendline. (Gradient = rise/run = ΔWeight / Δmass)
The relationship gives us an equation. W = __ g
Where g = ___ N.kg
W= m= g=
Example
0) An object on Jupiter ( g = 25 N/kg ) Weighs 50N, what is the mass of the object?
a) Choose the equation m=W/g
b) Substitute the values m = 50 / 25
c) Put the answer and units m = 2 kg
Solve these problems
1) An object on Earth ( g = 9.8N/kg ) Weighs 30N, Calculate the mass of the object?.
W= g= equation =
m=
2) An object on Earth ( g = 9.8N/kg ) Weighs 20N, Calculate the mass of the object?.
W= g= equation =
m=
3) An object on Earth ( g = 9.8N/kg ) has a mass of 0.5Kg, Calculate the Weight of the object?.
m= g= equation =
W=
4) An object on the Moon ( g = 1.6 N/kg ) has a mass of 20g. Calculate the Weight of the object?.
m= g= equation =
W=
5) An object has a mass of 60 kg, and a Weight 600N. What is the gravitational field where it is?
W= m= equation =
g= (What planet is it on?)
6) Describe what it would be like if you were teleported to an air filled dome on the moon.
How would gravity be different and how would it affect you?
What would you like to try doing? [Extension: same question about Jupiter]
1.4 Density
To calculate the density of an object or substance, we need to remember the formula of
density:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
ρ=m/V m= V=
To measure the MASS we use a balance scale (mass of container - total mass) and to measure
the VOLUME we use a ruler or a measuring cylinder; additionally, we need to remember the
formulae:
For regular solid objects: For irregular solid objects:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ×𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ×ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
1. Solve the following problems on density. Show the working out.
a) Mass = 40 g b) Mass = 16 g
Volume = 20 mL Density = 2 g/cm3
What is the Density? What is the Volume?
c) Mass = 35 g d) Density = 2 g/mL
Density = 5 g/cm3 Volume = 20 mL
What is the Volume? What is the Mass?
e) Density = 7 g/mL f) Mass = 35g
Volume = 10 mL Volume = 7cm3
What is the Mass? What is the Density?
2. Calculate the volume and density of the following objects or substances:
b)
What is the volume?
What is the volume?
What is the density?
What is the density?
3. Aluminium (density = 2.7 g/cm3) is used to make airplanes. On the other hand, iron
(density = 19.7 g/cm3) is used to make weightlifting equipment. Explain why the densities
of these metals make them useful for these purposes?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What is the density of water? Remember 1 mL = 1 cm3… (2Kg water takes up 2L)
……………………………………………………………………………………………g/mL
5. Why does an air bubble rise to the surface of a glass of water?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
6. Calculate the densities of the following objects. Show the working out. Remember to
indicate the units in your final answers.
Object A: length = 6 cm; width = 3 cm; height = 1 cm; mass = 36 g
volume =
density =
Object B: Use the water displacement method to determine the density of object B (silly
putty).
initial water level = 25 mL
final water level after placing silly putty = 29 mL
mass of silly putty = 8 g
volume =
density =
Liquid C: density of a liquid
Mass readings: Measuring cylinder 30g,
Measuring cylinder up to 20ml level 55g
mass =
volume =
density =
7. a) Which of the following materials will float on water (density 1 g/ml)?
Circle the appropriate letter(s).
b) Assuming the materials don’t mix, show how the materials would "stack up" in a
graduated cylinder
a) air = 0.001 g/cm3
b) corn oil = 0.93 g/cm3
c) glycerine = 1.26 g/cm3
d) corn syrup = 1.38 g/cm3
e) wood = 0.85 g/cm3
f) steel = 7.81 g/cm3
g) rubber = 1.34 g/cm3
h) ice = 0.92 g/cm3
i) water = 1.00 g/cm3
1.5 Forces
1.5.1 Effects of forces
Name as many forces as you can and guess what symbols scientists might use
Symbol Name Explanation
W, mg We . Force due to gra____
D Air or D . A type of friction due to air particles
FL The force due to wings
FT Th . When you push fluid backwards
T Tension Force in ropes or objects being stretched
Fd Water or D .
FU Upthrust or bu .
N Normal Reaction Force from a
FF (Solid) . The force that ‘tries’ to stop objects from moving
Label the diagrams with the symbols of the forces (Two arrows have been left for you to draw)
Contact and non contact forces.
Contact Non Contact
Extra forces to include: Fe Electrostatic, Fc Compression, Fm Magnetic,
What can forces DO?
Forces can make things change their ___________ (accelerate).
Forces can make things change their _______- or ___________ (deform).
Complete the table
Situation Accelerate change size or shape
Pushing a trolley
Squeezing a sponge
Catching a ball
Pulling back a catapult
Firing the catapult
Questions
1) What would playing football (or other game) be like without friction
2) Name the forces that:
a) slows down a bicycle when the cyclist stops pedaling
b) Stops the moon from flying away
c) Stops you falling through the ground
3) Draw a diagram showing friction, tension and weight and at least 1 other force. Label it.
Hooke's law and spring constant
A spring was tested and this table was produced for Force / Length.
Force, F / N 0 10 20 30 40
Length, l / cm 43 51 59 68 102
Extension, x /cm
1) Complete the table with the Extension for each applied force for this spring
2) Plot a graph of Force and Extension for this spring
3) Use the graph to find the force for each extension.
a) 10cm b) 30cm c) 0.4m
4) Use the graph to find the extension for each force
b) 3N b) 11N c) 22N
5) Find a) the gradient of the graph
b) the spring constant for the spring
c) the limit of proportionality
6) Use the equation F = kx to find the Force for each extension.
a) 15cm b) 150cm
7) Use the equation F = kx to find the extension for each force
a) 10N b) -20 N
8) Evaluate, how trustworthy are each of your answers? (1 Not trustworthy, 5 very trustworthy)
3a 3b 4a 4b 6a 6b 7a 7b
9) On the same graph above draw the line you would expect for a spring with a spring constant of:
a) 2N/cm b) 0.5N/cm
Newtons Laws
Force is measured in ___________ ( )
Calculate the resultant force.
Are the forces balanced (Resultant = 0)
A B C
F1 /N 10 200 50
F2 /N 5
FR /N 5
(resultant)
Balanced? NO YES
1. Newton’s 1st law - Summary
resultant object force rest (stationary) constant straight
An ___________ either remains at ___________ or continues in a ___________ line at
___________ speed unless there is a ___________ ___________ on the object
2. Newton’s 1st law - Situations
velocity continue net (resultant) balance resultant friction force stationary
A space probe will ________ moving forever because there is no _______ force to slow it down.
A train does experience ________ but continues at constant ________ because it’s engine provides an
applied ______ to _______ the friction.
A table remains ___________ because no ___ force acts on it.
3. Newton’s Second Law
When we plot acceleration against force we get a
__________ line.
The line goes through (0,0) so it is a ___________
relationship.
We can write it as F∝a
The constant of proportionality is the mass (m)
Newton’s 2nd Law: F =m✕a
4. Second Law Example
1 Write knowns: M = 4 kg a = 0.5 m/s2
2 Write equation F = ma
3) Substitute values F = 4 ✕ 0.5
4) Answer with units F = 2N
5. Second Law Practice
P1.5.2 Turning effect of forces
A door is easier to open if you push (near to/ far from) the hinge.
Heavy objects are (easier / harder) to lift at arm's length.
This is because of MOMENTS a moment is a “turning effect”.
moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot Δ = pivot point
M = F × d F = _ / d d=_/_
1) Calculate the moment of these forces:
a) _________2m__________________
Δ ↓ 3N
b) _________1.5m_____
Δ ↓ 6N
c) A door is 1.25m wide (*wd = 1.25m). The Handle is 5cm from the edge
A student ties a rope to the handle and pulls with 2.5N of force (at ⦜ to door) . i) Calculate
the turning moment applied to the door.
The door swings open and the student continues to pull (now || to door)
ii) Calculate the turning moment applied to the door.
d) A bicycle has 3 gears on its back wheel, their radii are 3cm, 4cm and 5cm.
When pushing hard the student applies 500N of force to the chain.
i) Calculate the moment on the wheel due to each of the 3 gears.
The 5cm gear gives the largest moment (torque) making it easier to accelerate
ii) Why does the student not always use the lowest (5cm) gear?
e) A cybertruck produces 1400 Nm of Torque (moment) and has wheels 0.2m in radius.
Calculate the force with which a cyber truck can accelerate.
The principle of moments Moments
If the clockwise and anticlockwise moments are equal the object is in rotational equilibrium.
Translational Equilibrium Rotational Equilibrium
Forces are balanced, Moments are balanced
Resultant (Net force = 0 N) Resultant Moment is 0 Nm
Acceleration is 0 (constant velocity) Does not start to rotate
Solving problems.
A lightweight meter ruler is balanced on a pivot.
A 2 newton weight is placed on one edge 60cm from the pivot.
The student balances the beam by placing a weight at the other end (40cm from pivot)
← 60cm → ← 40cm →
2N↓ Δ ↓x N
To calculate the weight needed to balance the beam we…
Find the moment applied by the left (anticlockwise) force M = F × d = 2 × 60 = 120N.cm
SInce the beam is balanced the clockwise and anticlockwise moments are equal ↶Ma = Mc↷
Use the Moment and Distance to calculate the force F = M / d = 120 / 40 = 3N
2) Calculate the unknown value x. (The beams are in rotational equilibrium)
a) ←20cm→ ← 40cm →
2N↓ Δ ↓x N
b) ←30cm→ ← 80cm →
4N↓ Δ ↓x N
c) ←25cm→ ← x cm →.
6N↓ Δ ↓2 N
d) ← 30cm → ← x cm →
8N↓ Δ ↓12 N
A flat, solid, lightweight beam is supported at two ends (A and B) and a 5N load L is applied.
A L B
_N ↑. 囗 ↑. _N
← 60cm → 5↓N←40cm→
We can calculate the forces A and B by considering the moments.
1. Consider the pivot at A. The moments of FL and FB must be equal.
ML = FL × d = 60 × 5N = 300N.cm
MB = FB × d = 300N.cm so FB = MB / d = 300/100 = 3N
2. Consider the pivot at B The moments of FL and FA must be equal.
3. The total upwards force must equal the ____. (use to check your answer)
FA + FB = + = N
3) Calculate the unknown forces or distances.
A O B
a) Find FA and FB _N ↑. 囗 ↑. _N
(1m ruler) 60cm ↓10 N
A O B
b) Find FA and FB _N ↑. 囗 ↑. _N
(1m ruler) 30cm ↓20 N
We can use step 3 first if we have one of the forces.
c) Find FB and y A O B
50N ↑. 囗 ↑. FB N
2m ↓200 N y cm
FA + FB = 50 + FB = 200 N FB =
d) Find FO and y A O B
50N ↑. 囗 ↑. 100 N
2m ↓FO N y cm
Center Of Gravity
The weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity
You can balance an object on its Center Of Gravity
An object will hang freely with COG below the pivot.
To find the centre of gravity, find where it balances.
You can also hang it from two corners and draw a line vertically down.
Where the lines cross is the COG
Regular objects have known COG
Rectangular blocks
Spheres
Cylinders
