CIRCLES

CIRCLES
› Definition of CIRCLE
› A circle is a set of all
coplanar points such
that the distance from
a fixed point is
constant. The fixed
point is called the
center of the circle
and the constant
distance from the
center is called the
radius of the circle.
 Standard Form versus General Form
Equation of a Circle
STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM

i. If the center is at the

origin (0, 0) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 Where
𝑫 = −𝟐𝒉
𝑬 = −𝟐𝒌
ii. If the center is at the 𝑭 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐
point (h, k)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 = 𝒓𝟐
 Derivation of Formulas

STANDARD FORM
●To derive the equation of a circle whose center C is at
the point (0,0) and with radius r, let P(x,y) be one of the
points on the circle.
●The distance from C(0,0) to P(x,y) is equal to the
radius r.
𝑥 − 0 2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 𝑟
by squaring both sides,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
●This equation is referred to as the standard
form of equation of a circle whose center is at the
origin with radius r.
 Derivation of Formulas

STANDARD FORM

●The equation of the circle whose center

is at the point (h,k) and with radius r.

(𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒉) +(𝒚 − 𝟐
𝒌) = 𝒓𝟐
● The standard form of equation of a
circle (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 can be presented in
another form.
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝟐
= 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝒙 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒌𝒚 + 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝒙 − 𝟐𝒌𝒚 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝒙 − 𝟐𝒌𝒚 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + −𝟐𝒉 𝒙 + −𝟐𝒌 𝒚 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎
●This equation is of the form 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
,
where 𝐷 = −2ℎ, E = −2𝑘, F = ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑟 2 .
●The equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 is called the
general form equation of a circle.
Solving for r in terms of D, E, and F in the general form:
F = ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑟 2
𝑟 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝐹
𝐷
But 𝐷 = −2ℎ implies that ℎ = − , and E = −2𝑘 implies that
2
𝐸 𝐷 2 𝐸 2
𝑘 = − . Thus, 𝑟 2 = − + − −𝐹
2 2 2
2 𝐷2 𝐸2
𝑟 = + −𝐹
4 4
𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐
If + − 𝑭 > 𝟎, then the graph of the equation is a
𝟒 𝟒
circle.
𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐
If + − 𝑭 = 𝟎, then the graph of the equation is a point
𝟒 𝟒
circle.
𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐
If + − 𝑭 < 𝟎, then the equation has no graph.
𝟒 𝟒
Finding standard form equation of a circle given its center and radius:

Example 1: Determine the standard

form of equation of the circle given
its center and radius then draw its
graph.
a. center (0, 0), radius: 5
b. center (-8, -5), radius: 3
a. center (0, 0), radius: 5
In this case,
ℎ = 0; 𝑘 = 0; 𝑟 = 5

Solution:
𝑟=5
Recall: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
b. center (-8, -5), radius: 3
In this case, 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼
ℎ = −8; 𝑘 = −5; 𝑟 = 3
Solution:

Recall:
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑟=3

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 − −𝟖 + 𝒚 − −𝟓 = 𝟑𝟐
2 2
𝑥+8 + 𝑦+5 =9 𝐼V 𝐼
Writing equation of a circle in GENERAL FORM given its center and radius:

Example 2:
a. Write the equation of the circle in
general form with center at (-1, -6) and
radius 8.
b. Write the equation of the circle in
general form with center at (2, 3) and
radius 2.
 a. center at (-1, -6) and radius 8
Note:
82 = 8 8 = 64
Solution:
Note: Square of a Binomial
𝐂 −𝟏, −𝟔 , 𝒓=𝟖 𝑥+1 2 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 1 + (1)(1)
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
(𝑥 − −1)2 + 𝑦 − −6 2 = 82 Note: Square of a Binomial
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 + 6 2
= 64 𝑦+6 2
= 𝑦 𝑦 + 2 𝑦 6 + (6)(6)
= 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 +12𝑦 + 36 = 64
2 2 Pattern: General Form
𝑥 + 𝑦 +2𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 1 + 36 − 64 = 0
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 +𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟎
 b. center at (2, 3) and radius 2
Note:
22 = 2 2 = 4
Solution:
Note: Square of a Binomial
𝐂 𝟐, 𝟑 , 𝒓=𝟐 𝑥−2 2 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + (2)(2)
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 − 3 2 = 22 Note: Square of a Binomial
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 − 3 2
=4 𝑦−3 2
= 𝑦 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 3 + (3)(3)
= 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 −6𝑦 + 9 = 4
2 2 Pattern: General Form
𝑥 + 𝑦 −4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 + 9 − 4 = 0 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
Example 3: Determine the center and radius of each circle. Then draw its graph.

a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
To determine the center and radius of a circle in general form, first,
change the equation in center radius form using the completing-
the-square method in the x terms and y terms.

a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
2 2

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 4
(𝑥 2 −4𝑥 + 𝟒) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 𝟏) = 4 + 𝟒 + 𝟏
2 2
(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦 − 1 = 9
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 − 1 2 = 32
𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 → 𝐶 2, 1 , 𝑟 = 3 Answer
Example 3: Determine the center and radius of each circle. Then draw its graph.
Recall:
2 2
a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑫 = −𝟐𝒉 𝑬 = −𝟐𝒌 Where
−𝟒 = −𝟐𝒉 −𝟐 = −𝟐𝒌 𝑫 = −𝟐𝒉
𝑬 = −𝟐𝒌
−𝟒 −𝟐 𝑭 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐
=𝒉 =𝒌
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝟐=𝒉 𝟏=𝒌

𝑭 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟗 𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 → 𝐶 2, 1
−𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓= 𝟗 𝑟=3
Answer
−𝟒 = 𝟒 + 𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓=𝟑
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒
Example 3: Determine the center and radius of each circle. Then draw its graph.
2 2
b. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 7 Recall:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 7 = 0 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
𝑫 = −𝟐𝒉 𝑬 = −𝟐𝒌 Where
−𝟔 = −𝟐𝒉 𝟎 = −𝟐𝒌 𝑫 = −𝟐𝒉
𝑬 = −𝟐𝒌
−𝟔 𝟎 𝑭 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐
=𝒉 =𝒌
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝟑=𝒉 𝟎=𝒌

𝑭 = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘 → 𝐶 3, 0
−𝟕 = 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟎𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟔 𝑟=4
Answer
−𝟕 = 𝟗 + 𝟎 − 𝒓𝟐 𝒓=𝟒
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟗 + 𝟎 + 𝟕
We can determine whether each equation represents a circle, a
point circle, or the equation has no graph using the formula
below:
Example 4: Determine whether
each equation represents a
circle, a point circle, or has no
graph.
2 2
a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑦 = 0
2 2
b. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10 = 0
2 2
c. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 18 = 0
 𝟐 𝟐
𝐚. 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 = 𝟎 b. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 c. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎

Solution Solution Solution

𝑫 = 𝟎, 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝑭 = 𝟎 𝑫 = −𝟔, 𝑬 = 𝟐, 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑫 = 𝟒, 𝑬 = −𝟔, 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝑬𝟐
+ −𝑭 + −𝑭 + −𝑭
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐 −𝟔𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟐 −𝟔𝟐
= + −𝟎 = + − 𝟏𝟎 = + − 𝟏𝟖
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟔
=𝟎+ −𝟎 = + − 𝟏𝟎 = + − 𝟏𝟖
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
= 𝟐𝟓 > 𝟎 = 𝟗 + 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒 + 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟖
=𝟎 = −𝟓 < 𝟎

The equation represents a The equation represents a The equation has NO

CIRCLE. POINT CIRCLE. GRAPH.
 GENERALIZATION
1. What are the different conics sections? Describe
each.
2. What is a circle?
3. What is the standard form of the equation of a circle
when the center is at the origin and with radius r?
4. What is the standard form of the equation of a circle
when the center is not at the origin and with radius r?
5.What is the general form of the equation of a circle ?