Pre Test TOEFL
Pre Test TOEFL
COMPLETE TOEFL
TEST I
PART A
1. _________ necessary dimension for measuring astronomical space and the distance of
heavenly bodies form the Earth.
(A) Once in time
(B) Time is
(C) The time
(D) It is time
2. Jackie Joyner-Kersee, _____ the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics, also
won the long jump in the year.
(A) whose setting
(B) which she set
(C) whoever set
(D) Who set
3. The fossilized remains of a type of camel _____ a dog have been found in the Bad Lands of
South.
(A) no more large
(B) no larger than
(C) not larger which
(D) no larger
4. Gorillas are quiet animals, _____ they are capable of making about 20 different sounds.
(A) whether
(B) which
(C) even though
(D) as well as
5. Although the Earth's chemical composition had been studied for years, only toward the end
of the nineteenth century _____ as a discipline in its own right.
(A) when geochemistry was recognized
(B) was recognized as geochemistry
(C) then recognized as geochemistry
(D) as geochemistry was recognized
6. Because the wood of the dogwood tree is very hard, _____ is used for objects, such as roller
skate wheels, in which hardness is desired.
(A) And
(B) It
(C) what
(D) thus
7. In hot, dry regions, the Sun's heat causes the outer layer of rocks _____, a process called
exfoliation.
(A) are expanded and peeled away
(B) to expand and peel away
(C) expands and peels away
(D) they expand and peel away
8. The lower _____ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus.
(A) the level of lighting
(B) light level
(C) leveling of light
(D) Lighting is level
9. _____ Sarah Orne Jewett, a nineteenth-century writer, read widely in her family's extensive
library.
(A) That she received little education formally
(B) The little formal education that she received
(C) Little formal education that was received by
(D) Although she received little formal education
10. A) In the early twentieth century, the "Model T" automobile was mass-produced and sold at
a price _____ could afford.
(A) the average person who
(B) that the average person who
(C) and the average person
(D) the average person
11. Not only _____ all the positive charge of an atom, it is also the site of the weight of every
atom.
(A) does the nucleus hold
(B) the nucleus holding
(C) the nucleus does hold
(D) holds the nucleus
12. The wind-rippled sand at California's Kelso Dunes resembles _____. to be an ocean floor
(A) as an ocean floor
(B) an ocean floor
(C) being an
(D) ocean floor
13. Fossil records indicate _____ existing in the past have become extinct.
(A) that many species of organisms
(B) many species of organisms that
(C) many species of organisms are
(D) there are many organisms
14. Experiments related to the sense of smell are more easily _____ than those related to
perception of color.
(A) setting them up
(B) to set up
(C) set up
(D) sets up those
15. The Pulitzer Prize has been _____ in American literature for more than seventy years.
(A) the award most prestigious that
(B) the most prestigious award
(C) a prestigious award that most
(D) most prestigious award
16. Those interested in covered bridges can find six of they between Keene and Winchester
A B C D
17. The Sun’s energy is generated deep in solar core by the synthesis of helium from hydrogen
A B C
trough a sequences of termonuclear fision reaction
D
18. Using carbon dating techniques, archelogies can determine the age of many ancient objects
A B
by measurement the amount of radioactive carbon they contain
C D
19. The evolutionary adaptation of a particular species of animal over time occurs in
A B
response to environmental conditions, including others animals.
C D
20. Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter, with a diameter nearly ten times
A B
those of Earth
C D
21. Ogden Nash often extended sentences over several lines produce surprising and
A B C
comical rhymes.
D
22. By the second month of life, most infant can turn their heads and move their eyes
A B
to follow the movements of people and large objects around them.
C D
23. Early movies had appeal immediate and became a means to present contemporary
A B C
attitudes, fashions, and events.
D
24. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., clergyman and civil rights leader, won the 1964 Nobel
A B
Peace Prize for his work toward racially equality in the United States
C D
25. Leontyne Price ranks among the most celebration sopranos of her time
A B C D
26. Carrie Chapman Call was instrumental in passing the Nineteenth Amendment to
A B
the United States Constitution gives women the right to vote.
C D
27. Discovery in 1789 and isolated from other element in 1841, uranium is valued as a AB
A B C
source of atomic energy.
D
28. Ulysses S. Kay was among the United States composers visited the Soviet Union
A B
in 1958 to participate in a cultural exchange program
C D
30. True ferns have undergone remarkably little change during its long geological
A B
history, which extends back to the Devonian period.
C D
31. Diplomatic negotiations generally take place in embassies or in the foreign offices
A B C
of the countries which in ambassadors are accredited.
D
32. The novelist Shirley Hazzard is noted for the insight, poetic style, and sensitive
A B C
she demonstrates in her works.
D
33. Compare with the jagged estuaries of the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast seems
A B C
almost uniformly straight
D
34. Because of its low cholesterol content, margarine is a widely used substitute from
A B C D
Butter
35. After the Boston Tea Party in 1773, coffeehouses in the North American colonies
A
became centers for gossip, gamble, and political criticism.
B C D
36. Studies by B.F. Skinner indicate that reward positively reinforces behavior and makes
A B C
that behavior likely more to recur.
D
37. Mathematical puzzles are common into history because they have been used a
A B C
intelligence tests and amusements.
D
38. Most authorities consider both dreaming while sleep and daydreaming to be forms
A B C
of fantasy
D
40. The Montessori method of education stresses initiative and self-reliance to permitting
A B
pupils to pursue independently whatever interests them, but within disciplined limits.
C D
READING SECTION (60 minutes)
Question 1-8
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural
pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most
dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and
distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the
nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments
and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and
distribution of goods.
In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton
presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's
farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was
marked by the emergence of a "new factory system" in which plants became larger, more complex,
and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked
by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered
the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.
To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products
ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city
tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars
on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual
contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a
single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to
4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive
Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600
employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern United
States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of
those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with
more than 1,000 employees.
2. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil
War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed
in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
5. Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the
passage?
(A) Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.
(B) Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.
(C) The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.
(D) Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy.
8. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24 because it was
(A) a well-known metal-works
(B) the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia
(C) typical of the large factories that were becoming more common
(D) typical of factories that consisted of a single building
Question 9-19
Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical. Objects in the universe show a
variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds,
ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this list
describes the largest single entities in the universe. These are the double radio sources, galaxies with
huge clouds of radio emission that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or
more. Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio- emitting regions
resemble twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy
(when it is visible) in the center.
These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle. Their radio emission arises from the
synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through
magnetic fields. However, in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should
disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and cease producing radiation. Somehow
new electrons must be continually accelerated to nearly the speed of light, otherwise, by now almost
none of the double radio sources would be observed.
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer
became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the
center of galaxy. Remarkably narrow and highly directional, the jets move outward at speeds close to
the speed of light. When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permcales intergalactic space, the
fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.
Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as
astronomers strive to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy eject matter at such
tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way?
11. In the first paragraph, the author describe objects in the universe in terms of their
(A) color
(B) origin
(C) location
(D) shape
12. Which of the following is the best representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the
first paragraph?
(A) galaxies
(B) planet
(C) comets
(D) universe
13. According to the passage, scientist do not fully understand why double radio sources
(A) have not eventually disappeared
(B) Cannot be observed with a telescope
(C) are beginning to slow down
(D) are not as big as some planets and stars
15. According to the passage, what happens when electrons and gas colide in spare?
(A) the gas becomes more condensed
(B) the gas becomes less radiated
(C) the electrons disperse
(D) the electrons becomes negatively charged
16. The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be
(A) an obsolete scintific field
(B) an unprofitable venture
(C) an intriguing challenge
(D) a subjective debate
17. In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other
galaxies?
(A) lines 4-6
(B) lines 12-14
(C) lines 19-20
(D) lines 23-24
18. Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of
double radio sources?
(A) Line 2
(B) Line 7
(C) Line 17
(D) Line 21
Questions 20-28
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far
from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and
craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of
death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled
craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural
decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often
achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans
skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as
"sculptors" in today's use of the word.
On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign
sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned
the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead
equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous
patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were
produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches-as in King's Chapel
in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their
Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting,
and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many
years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose - either the local
craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.
The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add
to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans - originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or
cabinetmakers - attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late
eighteenth century.
20. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.
(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.
(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.
(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.
22. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?
(A) European sculptors
(B) Carpenters
(C) Stone carves
(D) Cabinetmakers
26. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?
(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.
(B) He was well known for his wood carvings
(C) He produced sculpture for churches.
(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.
27. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?
(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import
(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.
(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.
(D) The materials found abroad were superior.
28. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A) It was less time-consuming
(B) It was more dangerous.
(C) It was more expensive.
(D) It was less refined.
Question 29-39
Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the
effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the
Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a
constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the
body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their
temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees
Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold
desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius
in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in
warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be
fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without
harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An
equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can
drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a
few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate
at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of
the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious
advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from
grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed
normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even
under conditions of moderate thirst.
30. According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?
(A) It helps them hide from predators.
(B) It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.
(C) It helps them see their young at night
(D) It keeps them cool at night.
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals?
(A) Variation in body temperatures
(B) Eating while dehydrated
(C) Drinking water quickly
(D) Being active at night.
Questions 40-50
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they
can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages
during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York
City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on
apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica,
California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which,
combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record
levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the
levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the
overall price level.
In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance
of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce
housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.
One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have
artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability - rents. Consider some
examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control
laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000
units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent
rent control laws. In New York City, except for government- subsidized construction, the only rental
units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new
apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are,
however. They are exempt from rent controls.
42. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in SantaMonica,
California?
(A) Rapid population growth
(B) Inflation
(C) Economic conditions during wartime
(D) Record-high housing prices
47. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?
(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.
(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units
(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control
(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.
48. According to the passage, which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?
(A) Santa Monica
(B) Dallas
(C) San Francisco
(D) New York City
50. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?
(A) Luxury apartments
(B) Commercial development
(C) Moderatelypricedapartments
(D) Office space.