Four Quadrant Operating Luo-Converters

Fang L. Luo and Hong Ye Muhammad H. Rashid

Nanyang Technological University University of West Florida
Nanyang Avcnuc. Singaporc 639798 Pcnsacola, Florida 325 14-5754, USA

-
A b s t r a c t Classical DC-DC converters usually perform
in single quadrant operation, such as buck converter, 1. Modc A (Quadrant I): electrical energy is transferred
boost converter, buck-boost converter, Cuk-converter from sourcc side Vi to load side V2;
and Luo-converters. In industrial applications four- 2. Mode B (Quadrant 11): clcctrical cncrgy is transferrcd
quadrant operation is required, e.g. a DC motor runs from load side V2 to source side V 1.
forward and reverse in motoring and regenerative 3. Mode C (Quadrant 111): electrical energy is transferred
braking states. This paper introduces a new converter from source side V I to load side -V2:
that can perform four-quadrant DCfDC conversion. 4. Mode D (Quadrant IV): electrical energy is transferred
Because this converter implements dual-direction energy from load side -V2 to source side V 1 .
transference it is a second-generation DC/DC converter.
The experimental results verified its characteristics. The circuit 1 in Figure I (a) implements Modes A & B,
and the circuit 2 in Figure 1 (b) implements Modes C & D.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. I Mode A
DC/DC converters have been widely used in computer
For Mode A, state-on state is shown in Figure 2 (a):
hardware and industrial applications. In recent years DCiDC
switch S1 is closed, switch S2 and diodes D1 and D2 are not
conversion technique has been greatly developed. Many new
types of DC/DC converters were created. for example, Luo- conducted. In this case inductor currents iL1 and iL2 increase,
Converters and Cuk-converter [ 1-51, As other traditional and i l = iL1 + i ~ 2Statc-off
. is shown in Figurc 2 (b): switchcs
converters, e.g. buck-, boost- and buck-boost converters, SI, S2 and diode DI are off and diode D2 is conducted. In
they are called the classical converters because they perfom this case current iL1 flows via diode D2 to charge capacitor
in single-quadrant operation [6-91. This paper introduces C. in the meantimc current i ~ 2is kept to flow through load
Four-Quadrant Operation Luo-Converter in Forward and battery V2. The free-wheeling diode current iDz = iL1 + iL2.
Reverse operation, which is derived from Double Output Some currents and voltages waveforms are shown in Figure
Luo-Converter [4]. It performs four-quadrant operation 2 (c). Mode A implcmcnts the characteristics of thc buck-
corresponding to a DC motor drive in forward and reverse boost conversion.
running with motoring and regenerative braking states.
This converter is shown in Figure 1. The input source 2.2 Mode B
and output load are usually constant voltages as shown VI For Mode B, state-on is shown in Figure 3 (a): switches
and V2. Switches S, and S2 are driven by a PWM switching S2 is closed, switch Si and diodes D1 and D2 are not
signal with repeating fiequency f and conduction duty k. conducted. In this case inductor current i ~ 2increases by
Thc switch repeating period is T = 1 I’ f, so that the switch- biased V 2 , inductor current iL1 increases by biased VC,.
on period is kT and switch-off period is (1 - k)T. The Therefore capacitor voltage VC reduces. State-off is shown
equivalent resistance is R for each inductor. During switch- in Figure 3 (b): switchcs SI, S? and diodc D2 arc not on, and
on the voltage drop across the switches and diodes are Vs only diode D1 is on. In this case source current i i = iL1 + iL2
and VDrespectively. For general description,
which is a negative value to perform the regenerative
Ai,, f 2 operation. Inductor currcnt it,: flows through capacitor C. it
Variation ratio of current iL1: 51 =-
I, 1 is charged by current i ~ 2 ARer
. capacitor C , i ~ - ,then flows
12 through the sourcc VI. Inductor currcnt iL1 flows through thc
Variation ratio of current i ~ 2 : & =- source VI as well via diode D1. Some currents and voltages
1L2
waveforms are shown in Figure 3 (c). Mode B implements
AiD I 2
Variation ratio of current iD: -+I
the characteristics of the boost conversion.
I D
Avc / 2 2.3. Mode C
Variation ratio of voltage vc: p=- For Mode C, statc-on state is shown in Figurc 4 (a):
v,. switch S1 is closed. switch S l and diodes D1 and Dz are not
conducted. In this casc inductor currents iL, and i ~ incrcase,
2
2. CIRCUIT E X P L A N A T I O N
and i i = iL1. State-off is shown in Figure 4 (b): switches Si,
There are four modes of operation of this converter: S-, and diode DI are off and diode D2 is conductcd. In this

0-7803-5692-G/00/S10.00 (c) 2000 IEEE 1047

 case current iL1 flows via diode D2 to charge capacitor C and
the load battery V2 via inductor L2. The free-wheeling diode
current it)? = iL1 = ic + i2. Some currents and voltages
waveforms arc shown in Figure 4 (c). Mode C implements The variation ratio of capacitor voltage vc is:
the characteristics of the buck-boost conversion. Avc I 2 (1 - k ) l ,
p=-= (6)
1
vc 2f%(Vl - R I 2 -)
2.4. Mode D 1-k
For Mode D, state-on is shown in Figure 5 (a): switches The variation ratio of inductor current iLI is
S? is closed, switch SI and diodes Di and D2 arc not Ai I 2 VI - Vs - R I ,
conducted. In this case inductor current iL1 increases by 5, = L 1 = I c (7)
biased V2. inductor current iL2 decreases by biased (V2 - JLI 2JZIJl
The variation ratio of inductor current iL3is
VC). Therefore capacitor voltage Vc reduces. Current iL1 =
Ai,, I 2 V, - V,<- RI,
ic;-on + i2. State-off is shown in Figure 5 (b): switches SI, S? <?=-=k
and diode 9 are not on, and only diode D1 is on. In this JL2 2.fL2J2
case source current i l = iL1 which is a negative value to The variation ratio of the diode current i ~ is
2
pcrforni the rcgcnerative operation. Inductor current i2 flows
through capacitor C that is charged by current i2, i.e. iC-off =
i:. Some currents and voltages waveforms are shown in where L = LIL?/( L1+ Lz).
Figure 5 (c). Mode D implements the characteristics of the If the diode current becomes zero before S i switch on
boost conversion. again, the converter works in discontinuous region. The
Thc switch status is shown in Table 1. 2.jLJ,
condition is - 1, i.e. It2 = (10)
Table 1. Switch’s status (the blank status means OFF):
VI - V, - RI,
From equations (4) and (10) the boundary between
continuous and discontinuous regions is shown in Figure 6.
Particularly. since conduction duty k is grcater than k,,,, and
the current is high. the converter usually works in the
continuous region.

4. MODE B (Quadrant 11 Operation) ,

3. MODE A (Quadrant 1 Operation) Since variations of currents iLl and jL.2 are small so that
iL1 = ILI and iL?
=: 1~2.The relations between currents are:
Since variations of currents iL1 and i ~ are
2 sinall so that I-k I-k
ILZ = 12 I , = I,, I , =-I2
iLi = IL, and iL2 = 1 ~ 2 The
. relations between currents are: I,, = T I L 2 k
The input power is: PI = V2I, (11)
The output power is: Po = VII , (12)
The input power is: PI = V, I , (1) Power losses are: VsIl - Switch power loss:
The output power is: Po = v,r, (21 R I ~ , ?- Power loss across inductor L,;
Power losses are: VsIl - Switch power loss; VDll - Diode power loss;
RILl’ - Powcr loss across inductor LI; RIL; - Powcr loss across inductor L;
VoIl - Diode power loss; Sincc P, =Po -k P,,,,
R 1 ~ 2 ~- Power loss across inductor L2; hence = V i r , +(Vv + V I l ) I l + R ( I 1 2 + I , 2 )
[T21,
Since PI = p,
hence
4- L s s
V2 +v, +VD)---I - k
-vi
V,Ii = V J 2 +(Vs +V,,I, + R ( I I 2 + 1 2 2 ) Output current 1,= k (13)
I -CI k 1-k
v, -,’r - FD - v2__ I?---+-)
1-k k
Output current I2 =
k
IC I-k The minimum conduction duty k corresponding to 1, = 0 is:
R(-+-)
I-k k
Minimum conduction duty k corresponding to I2 = 0 is:
k niin. = (4)
v,+ v, - v,- v,
The power transfer efficiency is:

(c) 2000 IEEE

0-7803-5GY2-G/00~~10.00 1048
 Thc variation ratio of capacitor voltagc vc is
AV(: I 2 - kf, (16)
p=--
Vc "I2 k
2fC[- - VI - R I , ___1
1-k (1 -
The variation ratio of inductor current iL1 is
The variation ratio of inductor current iLIis

(17)
The variation ratio of inductor current iD2is
The variation ratio of inductor currcnt iLzis
V2 - I.:(. - RI2
t2=--Ai,? I 2 -
IL2 2.fL212
The variation ratio of the diode current iDl is The variation ratio of inductor current iE is
c2=-=AiL2I 2 I 2 CI
16f2CL2
whcre L = LILz/( Ll+ L).
If the diode current becomes zero before S2 switch on If thc diode currcnt becomes zcro bcfore S I switch on
again. the convcrtcr works in discontinuous region. Thc again, the converter works in discontinuous region. The
I

ri I T T
condition is GU2 = 1, i.e. k = 2.fz,I,
L.W 2
condition is L D I = 1. i.e. k' =
V2 - Vs - RI,
(20) - v,s- RI]
From equations (24) and (30) the boundary between
From equations (14) and (20) the boundary between continuoiis and discontinuous regions is shown in Figurc 8.
continuous and discontinuous regions is shown in Figure 7. Particularly, since conduction duty k is greater than k,,,, and
Particularly, sincc conduction duty k is greater than k,,, and the current is high. the converter usually works in the
the current is high, the converter usually works in the continuous region.
continuous region.
6. MODE D (Quadrant 1V Operation)
5. MODE C (Quadrant 111 Operation)
Since variations of currcnts iL1and iL2 arc small. iL1=
Since variations of currents i ~ and
, iL2are small, iLI =:
lLl and iL1 = 12. The rclations bctween currents arc:
1 ~ and
1 iL2 = It2 = 12. The relations between currents are:
1 I-k I,, =-f]1
1 k 1 ILI = - I , I , =-I,
I,, =--I, II = - I 2 I,, =-i, k - k I-k
I-k - I-k k
Thc input powcr is: PI = V zI , (3 1)
The iiiput power is: Pl = V,I , The output power is: Po = VI I , (32)
The output power is: Po = V212
Powcr losses arc: VslI - Switch powcr loss;
Power losses are: Vsl I - Switch power loss; -
RILl' Power loss across inductor L,;
RILl' - Powcr loss across inductor Ll; VDll - Diodc powcr loss;
VDll - Diode power loss: RILzz - Power loss across inductor Lz:
-
RIL22 Power loss across inductor L2; Since PI = Po t- 4 " A A
Since PI = P,, + e<,,,
hence V212= V l f l +(P',(.+VD)Il+R(I,,' + - I 2 ' )
hencc Vlll = V,1, + (Vs + VD)II +I?[(--) 1 1 2 + 1,2 1 K, - ( y +E; +"I"'-
1-k
I-k Output current is = (33)
VI - r,: - v, - v2 - k 1
Output current 1, =
1 -..I-k,
k (23) Rrk(l_U+-I 1-k
+-I
KL- The minimum conduction duty k corresponding to I1 = 0 is
k(1-k) k
r< + vs + q, (34)
The minimum conduction duty k corresponding to I? = 0 is km,, =
4+ v2 + v.5 + v,
The power transfer eficiency is

The power transfer efficiency

The variation ratio of capacitor voltage vc is

The variation ratio of capacitor voltage vc is

10.00 ( C) 2000 IEEE

0-7803-5692-6:OO~~ 1049
 Table 4. Experimental results for Mode C (kin
= 0.2536):

The variation ratio of inductor current iL1is

The variation ratio of inductor current iDI is

Table 5. Experimental results for Mode D (bin
= 0.7535):

The variation ratio of inductor current iL2is

AiLzI2 I-k
<? =-= (39 )
I2 16f2CL2
If the diode current becomes zero before S? switch on
again, the converter works in discontinuous region. The
condition id TDI = 1, i.e. = 2.fzlI2 8. CONCLUSION
r/, - v5- HI 2
From equations (34) and (40) the boundary between A new type DC-DC Converter Four-quadrant
continuous and discontinuous regions is shown in Figure 9. Operation Luo-Converter has been developed. It is deriked
Particularly, since conduction duty k is greater than k,,,, and from the Double Output Luo-Converter, and completes
the current is high. the converter usually works in the power transference in dual directions between two voltagc
continuous region. sources with high power density and high efficiency. It is
possible to be used in the Prof. Kassakian’s new power
7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS supply system as the 42lk14 V DCiDC converter.
Experimental results verified the advantages of our
In order to verify the above analysis and calculation theoretical analysis and calculation.
formulae, and the characteristics of this Converter, we
collected the following experimental results. The REFERENCES
experimental testing conditions are: Luo F. L. “Positive Output Luo-Converters, Voltage Lift
1.
VI - 42 V, k72- 14 V, V s = 0.3 V, k7D - 0.5 V. R - 0.05 a, Technique” IEE Proceedings on Electric Power and
L, = L2 = L = Lo = 0.5 mH, C = 20 pF, f = 50 kHz. Applications, Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999, pp. 415-432.
The experimental results corresponding to various 2. Luo F. L. “Negative Output Luo-Converters. Voltage Lifl
Techniquc” IEE Proceedings on Electric Power and
conduction duty k are shown in Table 2 for the Mode A, Applications, Vol. 146, No. 2, March 1999, pp. 208-224.
Table 3 for the Mode B, Table 4 for the Mode C and Table 5 3. Luo F. L. “Re-Lift Converter: Design, Test, Simulation and
for the Mode D. Stability Analysis” LEE Proceedings on Electric Power and
Applications, Vol. 145, No. 4, July 1998,pp. 315-325.
Table 2. Experimental results for Mode A &,,,in = 0.2536): 4. Luo I;. L. “Double Output Luo-Converters” Proceedings of
the International Confcrence lI’EC’99, Singapore. 24-26 May
k 11 (A) 12 (A) Vc (V) PI (W) Po(W) q~(‘%) 1999,pp. 647-652.
0.26 3.0 8.5 11.28 126 119 94.4 5 . Smedley K. M. and Cuk S. “Dynamics of One-Cycle
0.28 13.7 35.1 15.07 575 491 85.4 Controlled Cuk Converter” IEEE Transactions on PE, Vol.
0.30 26.5 61.8 15.77 1 I13 865 77.7 10, No. 6, November 1995, pp. 634-639.
0.32 I 11.5 I 88.2 I 16.33 I 1743 I 1235 I 70.8 6. Rashid M. H. “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and
0.34 I 58.8 I 114.2 I 18.77 I 2470 I 1599 I 64.7 Applications” Second edition, Prentice-Hall, USA, 1993.
7. Mohan N., Undeland T. M. and Robbiris W. P. ‘‘Power
Table 3. Experimental results for Mode B (kin
= 0.7535): Electronics: Converters. Applications and Design” John
Wiley & Sons, New York. 1995.
8. Massey R. P. and Snyder E. C. “High Voltage Single-Ended
DC-DC Converter”E E E I’ESC, 1977 Record. pp. 156- 159
9. Jonvik J. J. and Kazimerczuk M. K. “Dual Sepic PWM
Switching-Mode DC/DC Power Converter” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1989,
pp. 64-70.
10. Kassrtkian J. Ci., Wolf H-C.. Millcr J. M. and Hurton C. J.
With comparison to the analysis and calculation. the “Automotive electrical systems, circa 2005” IEEE Spectrum,
experimental results are reasonable. From thcsc data we can August 1996, pp. 22-27.
see that the function of this converter has been verified.

(c) 2000 IEEE

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 (a) Circuit 1 (b) Circuit 2
Figure 1. Four-Quadrant Operating Luo-Converter

it
C

'I2

I I
0
- I

(c)Waveforms with enlarged

(a) Switch on; (b) Switchoff; variations
Figure 2. Mode A

I
U
(c)Wavcforms with enlarged
(a) Switch on; (b) Switchoff; variations
Figure 3. Mode B

I
U r

U f
(c)Waveforms with enlarged
(a) Switch on; (b) Switchoff; variations
Figure 4. Mode C

0-7803-5692-6:00~510.00(c) 2000 IEEE 105 I

 "E0

(c)Waveforms with enlarged

(a) Switch on; (b) Switch OR variations
Figurc 5. Mode D

'2

Figure 6. Boundary between continuous and discontinuous Figure 7 . Boundary between continuous and discontinuous
regions ofMode A regions of Mode B

'2

Figure 8. Boundary between continuous and discontinuous Figure 9. Boundary between continuous and discontinuous
regions of Mode C regions of Mode D

10.00 (c) 2000 IEEE

0-7803-5692-~/00:S 1052