Diagnosis - assess the “situational” needs or
context of teaching
• Country of the learning institution
• Socioeconomic and educational background of the learners
• Purpose for learning English (social, political, institutional)
• Motivation for learning English
Treatment - select learning techniques to
achieve learning aims
• controlled practice – drills
• semi controlled practice - information gap activities
• free practice - role plays, interviews
• group work - whole group, small group, pair work
Assessment - develop formative assessments
to obtain a picture of learning that allows
for pedagogical changes
mid-course
• performance-based assessment
• summative assessment
Method
Technique
Approach
Approach
Method
Technique
(Anthony, 1963)
Hierarchy of language-teaching
• Theories about the nature of language and language
learning that serve as the sources of practices and
Approach principles in language teaching.
• Approach is axiomatic.
• Overall plan for the presentation of language material
based on the approach.
Method • Level where theory is put into practice.
• A method is procedural.
• Exercises, activities, or tasks used in the classroom for
Technique accomplishing objectives.
(Richards & Rogers, 2001)
Learning Theories
BEHAVIORISM (B.F. Skinner)
• It emphasizes that language learning is a process of
habit formation through stimulus-response
interactions.
• It suggests that learners acquire language through
reinforcement and repetition. Correct responses are
reinforced, while incorrect responses are corrected
through feedback.
Learning Theories
BEHAVIORISM
e.g. Audio-Lingual Method (repetitive drills, pattern
practice, and habit formation)
Learning Theories
INNATISM/NATIVISM (Noam Chomsky)
• Language learning is a natural human ability and is
driven by an innate language faculty.
• Humans have an inherent ability to acquire language,
and language learning is not simply a product of
environmental stimuli.
Learning Theories
INNATISM/NATIVISM (Noam Chomsky)
• Chomsky proposed the idea of a Universal Grammar
(UG)—a shared set of grammatical structures
underlying all languages, which humans are
biologically predisposed to learn.
• Children are born with a Language Acquisition
Device (LAD), which allows them to rapidly acquire
language.
Learning Theories
INNATISM/NATIVISM (Noam Chomsky)
e.g. Total Physical Response (TPR)
Learning Theories
COGNITIVISM (Jean Piaget)
• It views language acquisition as a mental process
involving the active construction of knowledge.
Language is learned through mental processes such as
perception, memory, and problem-solving.
• It emphasizes the importance of understanding and
processing information, and how learners build
knowledge of language structures over time.
Learning Theories
COGNITIVISM (Jean Piaget)
• According to Piaget's (1936) Theory of Cognitive
Development, humans cannot just be “given” knowledge
that they can immediately use; they must build their
knowledge from experience.
Learning Theories
INTERACTIONISM (Lev Vygotsky and
Jerome Bruner)
• It emphasizes the role of social interaction in language
learning. According to this theory, language is
acquired through communication with others,
particularly when the learner interacts with more
knowledgeable speakers (e.g., parents, teachers,
peers).
According to Richards & Rogers (2001), three important
points of view are important to language learning.
Structural
Interactional Functional
Structural view
➢Focuses on
• Phonological (relating to the study of the speech
sounds used in a language),
• Grammatical,
• Lexical (relating to the words or vocabulary)
structures
➢Methods: Audio Lingual, Grammar-Translation
Functional view
➢Focuses on
• Meaning
• What is literal or “essential" meaning of the word, phrase,
functional expression, or grammar structure?
• What does it mean in the context it’s being used in?
• Function
• What is the situation we are in and/or what do we want to
communicate to our listeners?
➢Method: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
Interactional view
➢Focuses on
• Conveying and receiving authentic messages that
are meaningful to both speaker and listener.
➢ Method: Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
