INTRODUCTION

TO
CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN:
Open Loop and Close Loop Control System

Prepared By
Md. Tarek Ur Rahman Erin
 Control System
➢ As the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand for
automation is increasing accordingly. automation highly requires control of
devices.
➢ A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs
or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.
➢ The definition of a control system can be simplified as a system, which controls
other systems.
 Role of Control System
➢ In recent years, control systems have played a central role in
the development and advancement of modern technology and
civilization.

➢ Practically every aspect of our day-to-day life is affected less

or more by some control system.

➢ A refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron,

an automobile etc. are examples of control system.
 Role of Control System
➢ These systems are also used in industrial processes for
more output.
➢ We find control systems in the quality control of products,
weapons system, transportation systems, power system,
space technology, robotics and many more.
➢ The principles of control theory are applicable to both
engineering and non engineering field.
 Features of a Control System
➢ The main feature of a control system is that there should be a
clear mathematical relationship between the input and output
of the system.

➢ When the relation between input and output of the system can
be represented by a linear proportionality, the system is called
a linear control system.

➢ Again when the relationship between input and output cannot

be represented by single linear proportionality, rather the input
and output are related by some non-linear relation, the system
is referred to as a non-linear control system.
 Requirements of a Good Control System
➢ Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the
instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the
instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy can
be improved by using feedback elements. To increase the
accuracy of any control system error detector should be present
in the control system.

➢ Sensitivity: The parameters of a control system are always

changing with the change in surrounding conditions, internal
disturbance, or any other parameters. This change can be
expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be
insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
 Requirements of a Good Control System
➢ Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good
control system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better
performance.

➢ Stability: It is an important characteristic of the control system.

For the bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if
the input is zero then the output must be zero then such a control
system is said to be a stable system.

➢ Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the

bandwidth of the control system. Bandwidth should be as large
as possible for the frequency response of a good control system.
 Requirements of a Good Control System
➢ Speed: It is the time taken by the control system to achieve its
stable output. A good control system possesses high speed. The
transient period for such a system is very small.

➢ Oscillation: A small number of oscillations or constant

oscillations of output tends to indicate the system to be stable.
 PROCESSING CONTROL DEVICE

➢ All control systems can typically be defined as having inputs, outputs

and some form of decision making in between so that the outputs are
controlled based on the status of the inputs. This brings us to our third
category, the "decision making" element.

➢ The microprocessor used on the motherboard, along with its memory,

the operating system, and the application program would serve as the
decision making element.

➢ As a matter of fact, PCs are used in some automated control systems as

the decision making element, together with industrial input and output
(I/O) modules
 Purpose of Control Systems
i. Power Amplification (Gain)
– Positioning of a large radar antenna by low-power rotation
of a knob
ii. Remote Control
– Robotic arm used to pick up radioactive materials
iii. Convenience of Input Form
– Changing room temperature by thermostat position
iv. Compensation for Disturbances
– Controlling antenna position in the presence of large wind
disturbance torque
TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
OPEN LOOP
CONTROL
SYSTEM

CLOSED LOOP
CONTROL
SYSTEM
 TYPES OF
CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

ADAPTIVE NONLINEAR
CONTROL DESIGN CONTROL DESIGN
Control System Devices
INPUT

OUTPUT

PROCESSING
 INPUT CONTROL DEVICES
Input devices are used to sense a condition, detect movement or position,
indicate a limit or set point has been reached, sense intervention by an
operator, detect an alarm, etc. Typical input devices may include limit
switches, photoelectric sensors, pushbuttons, proximity sensors, an
operator interface, etc.
 OUTPUT CONTROL DEVICES
Output devices are used to control actions such as motion,
start/stop of equipment like conveyors and pumps, on/off control
of valves, status indications, etc. Typical output devices include
relays, motor starters, pilot lights, operator interface graphics
and numeric display, etc.
 Open Loop Control System
➢ It operates without the feedback loop
– Simpler and less expensive
– It has the risk that the actuator will not have the intended
effect
Closed-loop (feedback) control system
➢ It is a system in which the output variable is compared with an
input parameter,
➢ Any difference between the two is used to drive the output into
agreement with the input
 Practical Examples of Open loop System
➢ In a open loop control system, the control action is totally independent of
output of the system. A manual control system is also an open loop
control system.
➢ Some Practical Examples of Open Loop Control System are:

✓ Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your
hand under the machine, irrespective of how much your hand is dried.

✓ Automatic Washing Machine –The operator manually sets the operating

time of the machine. The machine stops operating after the set time, even
the desired cleanliness of clothes are not obtained. This happens because
the machine has no feedback system which signals the control action of
the system for desired output.
Practical Examples of Open loop System
✓Bread Toaster – This machine runs as per adjusted time
irrespective of toasting is completed or not.
✓Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker – These machines also function
for pre adjusted time only.
✓Timer Based Clothes Drier – This machine dries wet clothes
for pre-adjusted time, it does not matter how much the
clothes are dried.
✓Light Switch – Lamps glow whenever light switch is on
irrespective of light is required or not.
✓Volume on Stereo System – Volume is adjusted manually
irrespective of output volume level.
A Practical Example of Open loop System: Bread Toaster
 A Practical Example of Open loop System: Cloth Dryer

➢ Consider the clothes dryer whose control action is done manually by the operator.
Depending on the wetness of the clothes suppose the operator set the timer for 30
minutes. After 30 minutes the timer will stop even after the clothes are wet.

➢ The dryer stops working even if the desired output is not obtained. This shows that the
system has no feedback. Here clothes dryer is the example of the open loop system
and the timer is the controller of the system.
 Open loop system

Dynamic Response Open-Loop Control

System (No feedback)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Open loop System

Advantages of Open Loop Control System

1.Simple in construction and design.
2.Economical.
3.Easy to maintain.
4.Generally stable.
5.Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.

Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System

1.They are inaccurate.
2.They are unreliable.
3.Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
 Practical Examples of Close loop System
➢ In close loop system, the output has an effect on the input quantity in such a
manner that the input quantity will adjust itself based on the output
generated.

➢ Open loop control system can be converted to closed loop control system by
providing a feedback. This feedback automatically makes the suitable changes
in the output due to external disturbance. In this way closed loop control
system is called automatic control system

➢ Practical Examples of Closed Loop Control System are:

✓ Automatic Electric Iron – Heating elements are controlled by output

temperature of the iron.
✓ Servo Voltage Stabilizer – Voltage controller operates depending upon
output voltage of the system.
 Practical Examples of Close loop System

✓ Water Level Controller – Input water is controlled by water

level of the reservoir.
✓ Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar – The
direction of missile is controlled by comparing the target
and position of the missile.
✓ An Air Conditioner – An air conditioner functions
depending upon the temperature of the room.
✓ Cooling System in Car – It operates depending upon the
temperature which it controls.
 Practical Examples of Close loop System
The air conditioner is the example of the closed-loop system. The
air conditioner regulates the temperature by comparing it with
the surrounding temperature. The comparison of temperature is
done with the help of the thermostat. When the AC provides the
error signal which is the difference between the surrounding
temperature and room temperature the thermostats turn on or
off the compressor.
 Practical Examples of Close loop System
Example 1: A human traveling on the road
The human body itself is the perfect example of closed-loop control systems. He
looks around for traffic and changes his position accordingly.

Human traveling on the road

Input Information about surrounding
Plant Human
Controller Brain
Output Position adjustment

Example 2: Automatic Clothes Iron

The automatic clothes iron adjusts the required temperature for proper pressing.

Automatic clothes iron

Input Temperature
Plant Iron
Controller Heat elements
Output Temp adjustment
 Practical Examples of Close loop System

Example 3: Turbine Water Control System at power Station

In modern hydroelectric power stations, the level of water coming from
the nozzles and gate is adjusted using automatic controls.

Turbine water control

Input Flow rate of water
Plant DAM
Controller Governor sets
Output Change of flow rate
 Advantages of Close loop System

1.Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the

presence of non-linearity.
2.Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to
presence of feedback signal.
3.Bandwidth range is large.
4.Facilitates automation.
5.The sensitivity of system may be made small to make system
more stable.
6.This system is less affected by noise.
 Disadvantages of Close loop System

1.They are costlier.

2.They are complicated to design.
3.Required more maintenance.
4.Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
5.Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.
6.Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to
design a stable closed loop system.
Comparison Between Open Loop & Close loop System
 Feedback

■ Feedback is a key tool that can be used to modify the

behavior of a system.

■ This behavior altering effect of feedback is a key

mechanism that ensures that the desired performance
specifications are achieved.
 Feedback Loop in a Closed Loop
Control System
➢ Feedback is a common and powerful tool when designing a control
system. The feedback loop is the tool that takes the system output into
consideration and enables the system to adjust its performance to meet
the desired result of the system.

➢ In any control system, the output is affected due to a change in

environmental conditions or any kind of disturbance. So one signal is
taken from the output and is fed back to the input.

➢ This signal is compared with a reference input and the error signal is
generated. This error signal is applied to the controller and the output is
corrected. Such a system is called a feedback system. The figure below
shows the block diagram of a feedback system.
 Feedback Loop in a Closed Loop
Control System
➢ When the feedback signal is positive then the system called a positive feedback system.
For a positive feedback system, the error signal is the addition of a reference input signal
and a feedback signal.

➢ When the feedback signal is negative then the system is called a negative feedback system.
For the negative feedback system, the error signal is given by the difference between the
reference input signal and the feedback signal
 Effect of Feedback in a Control System

➢ The following labels apply to the figure below:

➢ R = Input signal
➢ E = Error signal
➢ G = Forward path gain
➢ H = Feedback
➢ C = Output signal
➢ B = Feedback signal

Feedback has the following effects on a control system:

➢ The error between system input and system output is reduced.

➢ System gain is reduced by a factor 1/(1±GH).
➢ Improved insensitivity (i.e. less reactive to change).
➢ Stability is improved.
(https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/effects-of-feedback-in-control-system/)
Effect of Feedback on Time Constant of
Control System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_T6mfi_4I0
Thank you