Sound
*
How sound is produced.
-
to produce sound.
>
-
A source needs to vibrate
particles
vibrate
random back
and
- of
motioarticles forth
not
1
T
arallel
I
vibrating vibrating to
the
direction
of sound
speaker off speaker on
sound
travels ?
vibration of the sources causes particles of the medium to vibrate
>
-
in the same direction .
>
-
These vibrations are transferred to the neighbouring particles .
closer together and
>
Regions where
particles are
pressure is
-
greater than
surroundings is called a
Compression
far apart and
>
Regions where
particles ave
pressure is
-
lower than
surroundings is called varefaction.
a
>
-
sound travels as
Longitudinal waves
Pressure
M
L [ C
A M
*
atmospheric - >
distance
pressure
i
·
R
needs
medium to travel
.
a
>
- Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum
.
sound travels vibrating and
>
-
This is because via
particles
vacuum does not have
any particles
demonstrate that sound needs medium to travel
Experiment to a
>
- sound can be heard from the bed
when there the
is air in
jar
.
> When the is switched
vacuum
pump
-
or
,
the sound gets quieter .
>
-
When all air is removed no
,
sound can be heard
.
Range of
-dible sound frequencies
20 He to 2000 He >
-
frequencies that can be
(20kHz) heard healthy
human ear
(long by a
wavelength) (short
wavelength)
As
the end of the decreases.
>
- me
age , upper range
Ultrasound
These are sound waves of frequency greater than
20000 H2 .
Loudness of sound
Loudness of sound increases as its
amplitude increases
↑ A
In Louder sound
Pitch of the sound
>
-
Higher pitched sound has greater frequency.
Land shorter wavelength)
sound
higher pitched
Echo
>
-
echo is the reflection of sound
.
>
- Hard and flat surfaces increase echo
>
-
Soft and irregular surfaces decrease echo
Experiment to show that sound obeys the law of reflection
wall
11111111111111111 11
>
-
The echo (reflected
& A
sound) is heard through
cardboard J
I v
the
the
cardboard
right
tube on
tube
-
>
- The cardboard tube on the
right is rotated gradually .
>
-
sound heard is loudest
E
T
L ( angle i angle .
r
O
when =
&
source
sound ⑪ > This shows that sound also
Lear
-
of sound barrier
the law of reflection
obeys .
sound
speed of
Typical values of of sound
speed
in air : 330 -
350m/s
m/s
in liquids : 1500
in solids: 5000 m/s
Experiment to measure the speed of sound in air
(1)
distance
[ >
flare
stopwatch
B gan ground
⑫
X
open ⑰
&
stand far apart in large field.
Two people open
a
>
-
>
-
One person fires the gun upwards .
As the other sees the light he starts the
> soon as
person stopwatch
.
-
,
He hears the bars of the later as sound travels much
-
gun
hears the sound he
stops
slower than light .
As soon as he ,
the .
stopwatch
>
-
Distance between them is measured by measuring tape
>
-
speed of sound I
distance
-
time
method percentage due
This reliable the
to
error
*
+ is not very as
reaction time is very large .
Experiment to measure the speed of sound in air
(2)
distance = som
&
2
,
stopwatch /wall
"
E bricks
P
↓
↑
*
> One bangs the bricks together and listens for the echo
. As soon
person
-
as
he hears the echo he bangs the bricks again . He
keeps doing it in
a regular rhythm.
> The other the total time for bricks to be banged
person measures
-
20 times .
76 seconds (
>
-
The distance from the two
persons to the wall is measured using
measuring tape . (50m)
>
-
time for sound to travel from bricks to the
wall =
0 . 15
s
of sound m/s
Speed this
>
- = =
333
Uses of Ultrasound
& Medical Scanning Short pulses of ultrasound are transmitted into the body.
The pulses of ultrasound reflect from the boundaries
-skin between different tissues.
(
The time of reflection gives the information about the
depth of the boundaries under the skin.
-
to computer The intensity of the reflected pulses gives information
- about the nature of the boundaries between the tissues.
(
ultrasound
transmitter/
receiver
2
cleaning The object to be cleaned is placed in a cleaning fluid.
Pulses of ultrasound are passed through the liquid causing
it to vibrate with ultrasonic frequencies.
The vibration of the liquid dislodges any dirt or residue
from tight spaces which are otherwise hard to reach.
③ Sonar
- W --
M
--
--
~ -
M
d
--
- -
depth ,
--
--
--
- -
--
m
V
~ ocean floor
time to return = t
&
speed of sound =
v
v =
Edx find
