ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10.1 Introduction Relationship between rate of change of variables rather than variables themselves gives rise to differential equations. Mathematical formulation of most of the physical and engineering problems leads to differential equations. Itis very important for engineers and scientists to know inception and solving of differential equations. These are of two types: 1) Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) 2) Partial Differential Equations (PDE) An ordinary differential equation (ODE) involves the derivatives of a dependent variable w.r.t. a single independent variable whereas a partial differential equation (PDE) contains the derivatives of a dependent variable 'w.r.t. two or more independent variables. In this chapter we will confine our studies to ordinary differential equations. Prelims: e*” = cos@ +i sing cos@ = ze!” +e7!) sin@ = ze" —e) sinh@ = Ze? —en*) If u and v are functions of x and u vanishes after a finite number of differentiations > > > > cosh@= 3+ e~*) > > Suv dx = uv, -—u v2 + uv -—uM vy + Here uis derivative of u-") and vz, is integral of v4 For example Jx*.sinx dx = (x*)(—cos x) — (2x)(—sin.x) + (2)(cos x) =-x* cos x + 2xsinx+2cosx Page | 1Order and Degree of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) A general ODE of n™ order can be represented in the form apt ae F(x,y,2,5¥ ,...,%)=0 Order of an ordinary differential equation is that of dx? dx? "at the highest derivative occurring in it and the degree is the power of highest derivative after it has been freed from all radical signs. 3 ‘The differential equation(S2 + 2y) + Bey =0 is having onder 3 and degree 1. Wheres, (22495) 825 y= ie taving orien’ and degrees ax * *Y, at y= 5 ° . . ton | 2 The differential equation | — rE +y is of order 3 and degree 2. 10.2 First Order Linear Differential Equations (Leibnitz’s Linear Equations) A first order linear differential equation is of the form + Py = Q, ......@ where P and Q are functions of x alone or constants. To solve @, multiplying throughout by e/* 4 (here e/” 4 is known as Integrating Factor (IF)), we get Refrary Py ef Pax = Q es Pax = d(yelPar)= Qelrt =yelPar— (QelPtrdx +C Algorithm to solve a first order linear differential equation (Leibnitz’s Equation) 1, Write the given equation in standard form i, + Py = Q 2. Find the integrating factor (IF) = e/ ? 4 3, Solution is given by y. IF = f Q IF dx +C, Cis an arbitrary constant Note: If the given equation is of the type etre =Q, then IF = e/? 4¥and the solution is given by x,IF = [ Q IF dy+C a é «ody _ xtysinx Example 1 Solve the differential equation: an ance Solution: The given equation may be written as: Page | 2dy sing ik dx iteosx” —1+eosx ® This is a linear differential equation of the form + Py = Q sinx Treosx ieosx Where P = — IF= efP4e— @~ = eleltteoss! = 1+ cosx + Solution of © Bayenly y. (1 + cosx) = f——(1 + cosx) dx +C oe >y (tcosx)= +C Example 2 Solve the differential equation: & = (1 +x) + (1-y) Solution: The given equation may be written as: B+ ya2+z .....O This is a linear differential equation of the form = + Py=Q Where P = land Q=2+x IF= e/P dx = ef dx — ex + Solution of © is given by y.e* =f(2+x)e* dx+C sy =1+x 4+Ce™ Example 3 Solve the differential equation: (x + y + ne= 1 Solution: The given equation may be written as: =xtyt+1l = S-x=y+1. This isa linear differential equation of the form S + Px=Q Where P = —1land Q=y+1 IF= e/? 4y = eJ-d¥-e-¥ + Solution of @ is given by x.e¥=f(y+1e” dy+C = xeV=—(y+2)e%+C = x=-(y +2) +Ce Page | 3; ‘ oa a Example 4 Solve the differential equation: xlog x + y = 2logx Solution: The given equation may be written as: By ay ed... ® dx” xlogx? x This is a linear differential equation of the form 2 + Py=Q 1 xlog x Where P = and Q == IF= ef Px = eSroge = los loos) = logx + Solution of © is given by y. log x = S#logx dx +C = ylogx = (logx)? + C,Cis an arbitrary constant 2 Example § Solve the differential equation: & = “—* Solution: The given equation may be written as: dy_ 1 _ en a We ® This is a linear differential equation of the form 2 + Py=Q one ve [P= of Pax = ol Gt = oni « Solution of © is given by 1 Where P =—= and Q= yee = Steewe dx+C = y.e7Ne =JHax+e = y.e7*® =2VF+C => y =2Vx e+ C e* 10.3 Equations Reducible to Leibnitz’s Equations (Bernoulli’s Equations ) Differential equation of the form 2 + Pf(y) = Qg(y), ......B Page | 4where P and Q are functions of x alone or constant, is called Bernoulli's 5 ei, : 1 ay 1) equation, Dividing both sides of ®) by g(y), we get on a Po =Q. Now putting & = t,® reduces to Leibnitz’s equation. Example 6 Solve the differential equation: 2 + + Solution: The given equation may be written as: yp denynd or S eee as.....@ Putting e~Y ea a ed @ ; ; ate Using @ in @, we get “--lt=—s .......O @ is a linear differential equation of the form<+ Pt = Q =-i sed Where P = —= and Q = I= ef Pax = ef -74 = p-logx = gloge _1 z + Solution of @ is given by oie feo: te =f wy te 1 1 == = getc Substituting ¢ = e~” 1 = aat = 2x = e¥(2cx? +1) Example 7 Solve the differential equation: ® Solution: The given equation may be written as: tany dy 4 tame _ cogdy cosy dx | cosy tan ye + tanx = cos ycos?x = secy tany 2+ secy tanx = cos?x ......2 Putting secy = ¢, secy tany= & ies @ Using @ in @), we get = +(tanx)t=cos?x ........ ® @ is a linear differential equation of the form + Pt=Q Page |5Where P =tanx and Q = cos*x IF= ef? 4 = eftanxdx — plogisecxl = secy + Solution of @ is given by t.secx =fcos*x,secx dx+C =tsecx =fcos?x dx+C = tsecx sj dx+C stsecx== + SiC Substituting t= secy, => secx secy => + Bec Example 8 Solve the differential equation; &=—— Solution: The given equation may be written as: £ Dividing throughout by Vx tde 1 -_ * Fe 7 ing VE = t, 2H = Putting v¥ = t, 25, = dy ® < . at 1 Using @ in @, we get = at we Bas: @ is a linear differential equation of the form + Pt=Q aa = Where P = zy a a 3 ag ' dy IF= e!P 4 = efi = ze = al- + Solution of @ is given by a -SaeGg dx+C a tZasy dete = tee Flog y+C Page | 6Substituting ¢ = Vx f= log fy+C Example 9 Solve the differential equation: x2 + y = y? logy .....0 Solution: The given equation may be written as: oy z= Llogx Dividing throughout by y* wet tad Flogz......@ Paige She Using @ in @, we get Sit =—thogx mensenal@) @is a linear differential equation of the form < + Pt=Q Where P and Q = —logx IP= ef? 4x = ¢ SE4t = e-lonx = elogx -2 x + Solution of @ is given by aif=al = =f -ylogx.> dx +C t. x st. = f-Zlogx dx+C Putting log x = u, =dx = du, also x = e* at.2 =—Jfuen™ du+C st.2 =—[u(-e) — 1] + Stt= e“(u+1) +C 2 > tl= xox) +C Substituting ¢ = ; > = $(logx +1) +C a xn = (logx +1) +Cx, Cis an arbitrary constant Exercise 10A Page | 7Solve the following differential equations: 1, eYsec*y dy = dx + xdy Ans, (xe¥ = C + tany) 2 +1) 2-2y=(@+1)* Ans, (y = (]+x +c) (x +19?) 3; 2a ey Ans, y.e2* =2¥%+C 4, & = (Genre) Ans, x1 + y? + cosy = C S; +a Bay Ans.x = y3+Cy 6. Lcosx+ysinx = Jysecx Ans. 2/ysecx = tanx+2C 7, H—xy+ yee =0 Ans. e* = y?(2x —C) 8 Bx(1 — x2)y? 2+ (2x? — 1)y? = x? Ans, y3 =x +Cx¥I—x2 9. ay ycos x = y"sin 2x Ans, (y""*? — 1e"* = ¢ 10.2 = e*-¥(e*-e%) Ans. e” = Cen** + e*-1 10.4 Exact Differential Equations of First Order A differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is said to be exact if it can be directly obtained from its primitive by differentiation, Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for the equation M(x, y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 to be exact is Be oN ox" Working rule to solve an exact differential equation 2. Solution of the given differential equation is given by | Mecaking yas constant) dx + J N(terms not containg x)dy = C Example 10 Solve the differential equation: (e% +1) cosxdx+ esinxdy =0 .....0 Solution: M = (e% + 1)cosx , N =e sinx = e¥cosx, % = e¥ cosx ay a | Page | 8= = a , « given differential equation is exact. Solution of © is given by: Se’ +1)cosx dx + f0dy=C y constant => (e%+1)sinx =C Example 11 Solve the differential equation: (secxtanx tan y — e* )dx + (secx sec? y)dy =0.....0 Solution: M = secxtanx tany— e*, N =secxsec*y am an 5 = secxtanx sec? y, == secxtanxsec? y ay we = as . given differential equation is exact. Solution of © is given by: JS(secxtanx tany— e*) dx + fOdy=C y constant = secxtany— e*~=C Example 12 Solve the differential equation: ly (a +4) + cosy] dx + [x +logx —xsiny]dy =0....0 Solution: M = y (1 +4) +cosy, N=x+logx—xsiny oes aye oN = er = (1+) siny, = (1+4) siny OM ON ay ax’ Solution of © is given by: Sy (1+4) + cosy] dx + f0dy=C y constant = y (x + logx) + xcosy =C Example 13 Solve the differential equation: xdx+ ydy= TeM-y) «. given differential equation is exact. say? Solution: = & ts <5) dx+ (- =) a= atx M=x+ #s »N=y- say? Page | 9OM _ at ixtay2) aN _ a2 (x? -y2) ay (xtey?)® ' Ox (xFty?)? aM _ oN . Boa * given differential equation is exact. Solution of © is given by: S(x+ $4) ax + fydy=c y constant = 2+ @tanti+2%=¢ 2 y 3 = xt+ 2a*tan™\= + y=D ,D=2C 10.5 Equations Reducible to Exact Differential Equations Sometimes a differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is not exact i.e, Re x . It can be made exact by multiplying the equation by some function of x and y known as integrating factor (IF). 10.5.1 Integrating Factor (IF) Found By Inspection Some non-exact differential equations can be grouped or rearranged and solved directly by integration, after multiplying by an integrating factor (IF) which can be found just by inspection as shown below: Term IF Result = WWE Ty 4 laa 1 = oe sty t+odx= d[log(xy)] 1 xdy + ydx 2, trent wart Ho 2 af 4 | (xy)" Gy? Uin=n) xy) wa xdy= ydx 2} x x 1 xdy — ydx _ - | ar yy 3. 5 dy — ydx : xdy - xdy - ydx 2 aoe d [tog] 1 4. Page | 10xdy — ydx _ 42) ey? =d[tan | xdy — ydx xfx? = y? xdx + ydy _1 a yt qillog(x? + y*)] =d [sin | xdx + ydy _ 1 [(x? + y?)-n## Bay 2"| oa Example 14 Solve the differential equation: xdy— ydx +2x3dx =0 .....0 Solution: = (—y + 2x5)dx + xdy = 0 M=-yt 2x3,N=x aM an ay 1, ox om —+# = , “given differential equation is not exact. Taking 3 as integrating factor due to presence of the term (x dy — y dx) xdy= yd a @® may be rewritten as : + 2xdx=0 = d[t]+ 2xdx=0.....@ Integrating @, solution is given by ; nH a= sytx8 =Cx Example 15 Solve the differential equation: ydx— xdy +(1+x*)dx + x*cosydy =0 Solution: > (y + 1+ x*)dx + (x? cosy —x)dy M=yt+1+x*, N= x* cosy —x on —=1, un 2xcosy —1 Page | 11aM ay Taking yas integrating factor due to presence of the term (y dx — x dy) + x , « given differential equation is not exact. @® may be rewritten as: ao (3+ 1)dx + cosydy =0 =-d[]+ (S+1)ax + cosy dy MON axacd @ Integrating @), solution is given by ; ate (-2 + x) + siny =C =x? —-y-1+xsiny =Cx Example 16 Solve the differential equation: xdx+ ydy= a(x? +y*)dy ....0 Solution: = xdx + (y — a(x? + y?))dy =0 M=x,N= y-a(x? +y?) * = a , «given differential equation is not exact. Taking = as integrating factor due to presence of the term (x dx + ydy) ® may be rewritten as : “4+ — a dy =0 x24 y? > Fdllog(x? + y?)] - ady =0 = d[log(x? + y*)]-—2ady=0...... @ Integrating @, solution is given by: (x? + y?)— 2ay = C, C is an arbitrary constant Example 17 Solve the differential equation: a(x dy + 2ydx) = xydy .....0 Solution: > 2aydx + (ax — xy)dy = 0 M = 2ay, N=ax—xy 4 = 2g, Ne age ay Or gg AY “ + a , + given differential equation is not exact. Rewriting © as a(x dy + ydx) + aydx= xydy ...... @ Page | 12Taking = integrating factor due to presence of the term (x dy + y dx) @® may be rewritten as: ote $ dx—dy =0 = adflog(xy)] + $ dx -dy =0......@ Integrating @ solution is given by: alog(xy) + alogxy —y=C = alog(x?y) — y =C , Cis an arbitrary constant Example 18 Solve the differential equation: 2 +x4y + sec(xy) = 0 ® Solution: = (xy + sec(xy))dx + x*dy =0 M = xy + sec(xy), N=x* om ae ON = 4x8 iid + x sec(xy) tan(xy), ae A = # a. +. given differential equation is not exact. Rewriting @ as: x3(xdy+ ydx) + sec(xy) dx =0 (edy+ydx) xdx =0 sec(xy) = cos (xy) (xdy + ydx) — x“3dx =0 = d[sin(xy)] - $d(x™4)dx = 0 ...... Integrating ® we get the required solution as: => sin(xy) -— =C => a tintey) —1 =Cx? 10.5.2 Integrating Factor (IF) of a Non-Exact Homogeneous Equation If the equation Mdx + Ndy = ae is a homogeneous equation, then the integrating factor (IF) will be [—[-, 7a , provided Mx + Ny #0 Example 19 Solve the differential equation: (x3 + y3)dx — xy? dy =0 ....0 Solution: M = x3 + y? , N=—xy* OM we gy? Oh me wy? ay SF ae = oY eM, aN , ate given differential equation is not exact. Page | 131 1 1 As @ isa homogeneous equation, «. IF =o" Frome «@ may be rewritten as: (2+ X)ax- Fdy=0 ee (7) New M = + a , New we- OM ON ye ay ee x wes = —,. @ isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: s(¢+%) dx + fOdy y constant 3 mings = (0) =e Example 20 Solve the differential equation: (3y* + 3x?y?)dx + (x3y — 3xy3) dy =0 .....0 Solution: M = 3y* + 3x?y?, N= x3y—3xy3 = 12y3 + 6x?y , we 3x?y — 3y3 aM, aN , pt a given differential equation is not exact. As (is a homogeneous equation Toy 1 =e Mx+Ny — Sxyteaxdylexlyioaay! oxy? «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: (3+ S)ax+ (5-2 *)dy=0 sere ® 4x0 ay ax a4 2 am dk, New M = 25+ 7 New N= >a OM _ by _ ay i =» dy 4x) 2x8 Ox 2x? > = x. +» ® isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: SCB+ dare st 5 dy y constant Page | 14= E+ Hogx +tlogy = c = logx?y - 22 = D,D=4C 10.5.3. Integrating Factor of a Non-Exact Differential Equation of the Form yfs(xy)dx + xf2(xy) dy = 0 : If the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 is of the given form, then the integrating factor (IF) will be provided Mx — Ny #0 Example 21 Solve the differential equation; y(1+xy)dx + x(1—xy) dy =0 .....0 Solution: M = y+xy?, N=x—x*y 1 Mx=Ny ON = 1+2xy, cs 1—2xy om On > * jr: Siven differential equation is not exact. As (is of the form y/,(xy)dx + xf,(xy)dy = 0, .Fs——= ——__-—l_ Mx-Ny xyexty=xysxty? — Dety? «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: (Sot d)ae+ (Q-S)ay=o.....® axty aoe ay. 1 NewM = o>+5 »New N= =57- yy OM st ON at dy axty? ! Ox uty? S-F me ® isan exact differential equation. Solution of @ is given by: i434 1 SGata) &+I-3% neem esti 5 log x — Slog y = Cc > log? D, D=2C Example 22 Solve the differential equation: y( xy + 2x*y*)dx + x(xy — x*y*) dy =0 .....O Solution: M = xy? + 2x?y3, N =x#y — x5y? Page | 15= 2xy + 6x*y?, == 2xy — 3x?y? oa an wt x given differential equation is not exact. As (Dis ofthe form yf, (xy)dx + xfp(xy)dy = 0, IF =—— = Mx-Ny xtytyaxdySaxtytexty® — axty? «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: 1 2 1 (+ 2)ax + ( + a - 3) dy =0.....@ New M = ++ 2, New N=- xy x xy a ay ay ‘Ox xy? aM == —.,.. @ isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: 1 2 i S(+2) ax + f- tay y constant 7yt? log x —logy = C > log— -s =C 10.5.4 Integrating Factor (IF) of a Non-Exact Differential Equation om Mdx + Ndx =0 in which s and SY are connected in a specific way as shown: oM_ oN i, If 2s = f(x) , a function of x alone, then IF = eJ /@)4x oM_ ON ii, If 2% = g(y) ,a function of y alone, then IF = e/ ~90)4y Example 23 Solve the differential equation: Ge +y?+x)dxt xydy=0 ....0 Solution: M = x3 +y? +x, N=xy s w= Dy, the =2y, f= y fit an Bt ae given differential equation is not exact. Page | 16As @ is neither homogeneous nor of the form yf,(xy)dx + xf(xy)dy = 0, on a Computing -R ty OM_ ON Clearly = 2 = 3 = t= (x) say sIF= fies = ofa = gloet ay «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: (xt + xy? + x*)dx + x*y dy =0 ....... @ New M = x*+xy?+x? ,New N=x?y a a > =2xy, ae axy = = a ie . @) is an exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: — Jdx + fody y Constant | Eusmple Zt 24 a the differential equation: (4 + 2y)dx + (xy3 + 2yt— 4x) dy =0 ....0 Solution; M = y* + 2y, N=xy? + 2y4— = 4y8+2, = ys 4 s OM a. *. given differential equation is not exact. oy @ is neither homogeneous nor of the form yf, (xy)dx + xf:(xy)dy = “ Computing - a =3y3+6 ow 2 Clearly So pe = se gy) say aI = eS-00)d = ef -74Y = entlony — a y «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: (v+3 B)ax+ (x+2y-S)ay = Os068 Page | 17New M = y+ 5 New N=xt2y-S om 4 aN as Yor” a @ isanexact differential equation. Solution of Q) is given by: 2 S(y+ z ) dx + f2ydy y constant a(y+3)z +y?=C Example 25 Solve the differential equation: (x? - y? + 2x)dx— 2ydy=0 ....O0 Solution: M = x? —y*+2x, N=-2y aM _ 5 ONL a zy, 5 = 0 aM >t a“ , * given differential equation is not exact. As ( is neither homogeneous nor of the form yh (xy)dx + xflxy)dy = 0, aM an + Computing wo a —2y am_ on Clearly 2 ai = f(x) say IF = eS /@)dx = pf idx = ox « @ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: e* (x? —y? + 2x)dx — 2e*y dy =0....... @ New M = e*(x? — y? 4+ 2x) ,New N =—2e*y Oh —Jety oh — 29% 2e*y , rs 2e*y x= =, + @ isan exact differential equation. Solution of @ is given by: J e*(x? — y? + 2x) dx + f0dy y constant => (x? -y? +2x)e* — (2x +2)e* + (2)e* =C => (x?-Yy*)e* =C, Cis an arbitrary constant Page |Example 26 Solve the differential equation: 2ydx + (2xlogx — xy) dy=0 ....0 Solution: M = 2y, N = 2xlogx — xy aM _ an _ _ ym 2 a= ACh + logs) —y aM on ms + a «- given differential equation is not exact. As Mis neither homogeneous nor of the form yf, (xy)dx + xf,(xy)dy = am aN a —2logx+y calogety_ ie x(Zlogx-y) ox F(%) say a IF = eS /@4x = eSZt* = glogx «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: Zadx + (2logx - y)dy =0 ....... @ New M = 2 »New N = 2logx— y M2, WN L8 ay x ox x Se ae @ isan exact differential equation. Solution of 2) is given by: ay SH dx + f-ydy y constant 2 => 2ylogx — = =C 10.5.4 Integrating Factor (IF) of a Non-Exact Differential Equation x*y(myydx + nxdy) + x*y“(mzydx + n,xdy) = 0, where a,b,c,d, M4,Ny,Mz, Nz are constants, is given by x“y*, where a and B are connected bythe relation S+8*2 = D+B*¥ ang Start _ d+ Bet ™, 7 ™ 7 Example 27 Solve the differential equation: (y? + 2x?y)dx + (2x3 —xy)dy =0.....0 Page | 10Solution: M = y* + 2x*y, N = 2x3 -xy OM = 2, ON 6x2 ay = 2 + 2x ogee Gray aM an ae given differential equation is not exact. Rewriting @ as x?y°(2ydx + 2xdy) + x°y'(ydx — xdy) =0....... @ Comparing with standard form a = 2, b= 0, c= 0, d =1, m, =2,n, =2,m,=1,n,=-1 2eati 0+ Bri 0+ a+ 1+ Bet Seth OE ang Steet = = a-B= -2 anda+p= -3 Solving we get a = = and B so IF = x%y8 = ay? + @ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: Fy Fy? + 2x2y)dx + x Fy (2x3 — xy)dy = 0...... 33 44 1 aa = (xFyt + axdy?) de + (2edy7 —xFy2) dy =0 = New M = xy? a axty? » New N= 2axiy? —eay aM _ 3 ae sa tot Saaxtyt+xay? a oa? a Sxaya + ety = = a @ is an exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: S(x3y3 + 2x7y?) dx + f0dy y constant =» A(xy)? - x)? = C, Cis an arbitrary constant Exercise 10B Solve the following differential equations: dy | axthytg _ 1. at hxeby+f Ans. (ax? + 2hxy + by* + 2gx + 2fy = 0) 2. (y2ex* + 4x3)dx + (2xye*” — 3y?)dy = 0 Ans. (e*”” + x* — y? = C) Page | 203. ydx — xdy + 3xye*"dx =0 Ans, (x + ye** = Cy) 4. y(2xy + e*)dx = e*dy Ans. € +x? =C) 5. (ylogx )dx + (x—logy)dy=0 Ans. (x logx) -} (log y)? = C) 6. (3xy — 2ay*)dx + (x? — 2axy)dy = 0 Ans, (x?(x — ay)y = C) 7. y(x? y? + xy + 1)dx + x(x? y? —xy + Ddy =0 Ans, (2x?y? + xylog=— 2=Cxy) 8. (x8 y? +x)dy + (x? y?-y)dx =0 Ans. (log® + gxty? =C) 9. (3 y? + 2xy)dx — (2xy +x? dy =0 Ans.(x° = Cy(x + y)) 10.(2 x?y — xy? + y)dx + (x-y)dy =0 Ans. (e** (2xy —y?) =C) 10.6 Previous Years Solved Questions QI. Solve y( 2xy + e*)dx — e*dy =0 (Q1(g), GGSIPU, December 2012) Solution: M = y(2xy + e*), N= —-e* aM. Oe i . e we = * , “ given differential equation is not exact. Rearranging the equation as ( ye*dx — e*dy) + 2xy*dx = 0 ....© Taking zs integrating factor, may be rewritten as: ies ¥ + 2xdx=0 2 d[E]+ 2xdx=0..... Integrating @), solution is given by : Sex =C = e* + yx? =Cy Q2. Solve the differential equation: (Q8(a), GGSIPU, December 2012) Page | 21(x? +y? +2x)dx+ 2ydy=0 .....O Solution: M = x? + y?+2x, N=2y ag ae om oN > * 3, * Siven differential equation is not exact. ay As (is neither homogeneous nor of the form yf, (xy)dx + xf,(xy)dy = 0, + Computing a ay = 2y oM_ oN Clearly 2 = = 1= f(x) say sIF= eS /@)dx = eS idx — ot «@ may be rewritten after multiplying by IF as: e* (x? + y? + 2x)dx + 2e*ydy =0.......2 New M = e*(x? + y? + 2x) ,New N= 2e*y aM _ an _ a= 2e*y , 5 = ery aM _ aN , «@ isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: Se*(x? + y? + 2x) dx + JOdy y constant => (x? +y? + 2x)e* — (2x + 2)e* + (2)e* =C => (x*+y?)e* =C, Cis anarbitrary constant. Q3. Solve (xy? +x)dx+ (yx? +y)dy (Q1(f), GGSIPU, December 2013) Solution: M = xy’ +x, N=yx*?+y aM _ on oy = 2M Gem ery a = s, «given differential equation is exact. Solution is given by: Sy? +x) dx + fydy=C y constant Page | 22ay? xt = Sty a xryr+x?+y?=C Q4, Solve the differential equation: (Q1(c), GGSIPU,2"term 2014) (x?y = 2xy?)dx = (x3 = 3x?y dy =0 .....O Solution: M = x?y — 2xy? , N =—x3 + 3x?y > OM _ 2 ON _ _3y2 a= * wy B= 3x? + 6xy > # a, +. given differential equation is not exact. As © is a homogeneous equation + IF=— = = MxtNy — x8y=2xtytaxdysaxty? — x2y? «@ may be rewritten as: (- 3ax- (5-2) dy=0......@ am _ on Be ® isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: fG- Dae +iQy y constant ee 2log|x| + 3logly| = C QS. Solve the differential equation: (Q3(a), GGSIPU, 2" term 2014) 2 + () logy = % (logy)? a Solution: It is Bernoulli's equation which can be reduced to linear form Dividing throughout by y(logy)* 1 ay 121 @ Ylogyy ax xtogy ¥ Putting may t; ‘ A dea a Using @in @, we get aati eens @ is a linear differential equation of the form- maT 1+ Cx , Cis an arbitrary constant Q6. Solve the differential equation: (Q1(i), GGSIPU, December 2014) (y3 — 3xy*)dx + (2x?y — xy?) dy =0 .....0 Solution: M = y? — 3xy? , N = 2x?y— xy? aM _ _ aN _ _ Bn oy = ey -9* * S, +. given differential equation is not exact. As © is a homogeneous equation SS «@ may be rewritten as: (+ s)ax+ (-2+3) dy =0...... ®@ NewM= +3 New N=—24+ ate yt Ce ee ee ay x? ' Ox x au _ ow yo Ee ® isan exact differential equation. Solution of @) is given by: -y , 3 2 S(B+ 3) ax + fF ay y constant B+ 3log|x| — Zlogly| = C Page | 24