Answers
Uploaded by
tyuuihn97Answers
Uploaded by
tyuuihn97Answers
Chapter 1 Pythagorean Relationship 4. a) 144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3; both prime factors occur an
even number of times in the prime factorization so 144 is a
perfect square.
Get Ready, pages 4–5
b) 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5; not a perfect square because the prime
1. a) 80 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 factors 3 and 5 occur an odd number of times.
b) (1, 80), (2, 40), (4, 20), (5, 16), (8, 10) c) 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5; not a perfect square because the prime
2. (1, 18), (2, 9), (3, 6) factors 2 and 5 occur an odd number of times.
3. 6 5. 8 mm
4. 24 6. 30 cm
4 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
5. a) 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54; 5 7. a) 7 b) 11 c) 18
b) Answers may vary. For example: Except for 1, each number 8. a) 3 b) 5 c) 40
in both sets is a multiple of 2 and/or 3. The list of factors of 54 9. a) 64 72 91
include both prime and composite numbers, as well as 1.
6. a) 26 cm, 36 cm2 b) 36 m, 81 m2 8 8.5 9
7. Yes. For example: 1 cm by 8 cm.
8. a) 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 b) 100 103 121
b) 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49
10 10.1 11
9. 20.5 is halfway between 16 and 25; 42.5 is halfway between
36 and 49 c) 49 55 64
10. When both numbers are even or both numbers are odd.
11. a) 13 b) 8 7 7.3 8
12. Answers may vary. For example: Ask yourself what number
10. Answers may vary.
when multiplied by 4 equals 32. The answer is 8. a) For example: 3.9 b) For example: 9.2 c) For example: 11.6
13. a) _ 2x = _
18 Divide both sides by 2. 12. No, the squares of odd numbers will be odd. For
2 2
x = 9 example: 52 = 25.
b) 15 + 4x − 15 = 35 − 15 Subtract 15 to start isolating x. 13. 20 m
4x = 20 14. 15
4x = _ 15. Answers may vary. For example: No, the approximate square
_ 20 Divide by 4 to isolate x.
4 4 root of 18 is 4.24. Therefore, the side length of the rug, 4.24 m is
x = 5 longer than the shorter dimension of the room, 4 m.
c) 3x + 2 − 2 = 11 − 2 Subtract 2 to start isolating x. 16. a) 56 m2
3x = 9 b) Answers may vary. For example: 7 m by 8 m is one set of
_ 3x = _ 9 Divide by 3 to isolate x. dimensions for the patio.
3 3
x = 3 c) No, it is not possible to make a patio with the same area that
d) 7 + 6x − 7 = 31 − 7 Subtract 7 to start isolating x. is a square since 56 is not a perfect square.
6x = 24 17. 1360 m
_ 6x = _ 24 Divide by 6 to isolate x. 18. a) Answers may vary. For example: 4.4 cm b) 4.5 cm
6 6 19. Answers may vary. For example: 5.2 m
x = 4
20. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
1.1 Squares and Square Roots, pages 6–13 21. a) _ 5 c) _
1 b) _ 9
1 d) _
4 6 4 49
1. a) 400 cm2 b) 400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 22. a) 60
c) Answers may vary. For example: Yes, both prime factors are b) No, there is only one answer. The number must be between
represented an even number of times in the prime factorization. 49 and 64. The only multiple of 12 in this range is 60.
d) Answers may vary. For example: 5 cm by 80 cm 23. a) _ $40 000 b) _5 people
2. Answers may vary. For example: You could count the number 24. √ 26 , 5.8, √ 46 , 7
of times each prime different prime factor occurs. Since the 25. 1806
factor 3 occurs three times, which is not even, 72 is not a perfect 26. a)_ perfect squares:__ 100 and 10 000
square. b) √ 100 = 10and √ 10000 = 100
3. a) 42 = 2 × 3 × 7; not a perfect square c) Answers may vary. For example: The number 1000 is not a
b) 169 = 13 × 13; a perfect square perfect square. The prime factorization of 1000 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
c) 256 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2; a perfect square × 5 × 5. There is an odd number of factors of 2 and 5.
336 MHR • Answers
d) Any power of 10 with an even number of trailing zeros will 14. No, the angle is not a right angle. The diagonal would
be a perfect square. have
_ to be 10 m for the angle to be right angled. 62 + 82 = 100;
e) No, 1 000 000 000 is not a perfect square because it has an √ 100 = 10not 9.5
odd number of trailing zeros. 15. a) 32 + 42 = 52, 62 + 82 = 102, 0.62 + 0.82 = 1.02
27. 106 500 and 106 800 b) Each set is a multiple of each other. For example, if you
28. 14 multiply each number in the set 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 by a factor of 10
you get the second set: 6, 8 and 10.
1.2 Exploring the Pythagorean Relationship, pages c) Answers may vary. For example: 0.8 mm, 1.5 mm and 1.7
14–21 mm; 16 mm, 30 mm, 34 mm
16. No, the walls are not at right angles to each other since
1. e2 = 900 mm2; f 2 = 1600 mm2; g2 = 2500 mm2
30 2 + 30 2 ≠ 43 2.
2. a)
17. a) 1225 cm2 b) 144 mm2
85 mm 18.
Triangle Side Lengths Check
A 9, 12, 15 92 + 122 = 152
40 mm B 7, 8, 11 72 + 82 ≠ 112
75 mm C 7, 24, 25 72 + 242 = 252
D 16, 30, 34 162 + 302 = 342
E 10, 11, 14 102 + 112 ≠ 142
b) 1600 mm2, 5625 mm2, 7225 mm2
19. a) 28 m2 b) 16 m2
c) 1600 + 5625 = 7225
20. 5 cm2 and 25 cm2
3. a) 25 + 144 = 169
b) 5 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm
c) The sum of the areas of the two smaller squares is equal to the
area of the largest square: 52 + 122 = 132. 25 cm2
15 cm2
4. a) 81 cm2, 144 cm2, 225 cm2 10 cm2
5 cm2
b) 81 + 144 = 225
c) The sum of the areas of the two smaller squares is equal to the
10 cm2 15 cm2
area of the largest square: 92 + 122 = 152.
5. No. The sum of the areas of the smaller squares is not equal
to the area of the largest square: 20 + 40 ≠ 50. 21. Answers may vary. For example: The sum of the areas of
6. a) 4 cm2, 9 cm2, 16 cm2 the two smaller semicircles is equal to the area of the semicircle
b) No. The sum of the areas of the smaller squares is not equal attached to the hypotenuse of the triangle.
to the area of the largest square: 22 + 32 ≠ 42.
7. Answers may vary. For example: The triangle is not a right 1.3 Applying the Pythagorean Relationship,
triangle because the sum of areas of the squares of the two pages 22–30
shorter sides does not equal the area of the square of the
1. a) 20 cm b) 34 m
hypotenuse. 52 = 25, 62 = 36, and 8 2 = 64; 25 + 36 ≠ 64.
2. a) 9.2 cm b) 13.6 cm
8. The sum of the areas of the smaller squares is equal to the
3. a) 24 cm b) 10 cm
area of the largest square: 64 + 225 = 289.
9. a) 52 cm2 b) 676 mm2 c) 65 cm2 d) 24 cm2
7.5 mm b) 10.2 mm
4. a) _
10. No, the correct relationship is p 2 = r 2 + q 2. The sum of the
13 ≈ 3.6
5. √
6. 7.2 cm
squares of the two legs, r and q, will be equal to the square of the
7. 13
hypotenuse, p.
8. a) 420 m b) 323 m c) Maria walked further by 97 m.
11. a) 9 square units b) 12 units
9. a) 1700 m b) 600 m
c) Answers may vary. For example: Although the yellow square
10. 9.8 m
was rearranged, the sum of the area of the green and yellow
11. No, Kira is incorrect. The length of side y is 12 cm. The
squares is equal to the area of the pink square.
12. No, the garden is not a right triangle. The sum of the areas
hypotenuse is side x so the correct relationship between the
of the smaller squares is not equal to the area of the largest sides is x 2 = w
2 + y 2 which corresponds to 13 2 = 5 2 + y 2.
12. 8.6 cm
square: 4800 + 4800 ≠ 9800.
13. 120 cm
14. b = 4 m; c = 7.2 m
Answers • MHR 337
15. 12.6 cm 2 + 122 = 152, C: 122 + 352 = 372,
8. A: 9
16. Answers may vary. For example: Shahriar is correct. The D: 3 0 0002 + 40 0002 = 50 0002
diagonal is 39.1 inches when calculated with the Pythagorean 9. v
relationship, which is smaller than the advertised 42-inch 10. 8 m
diagonal. 11. a) AC = 5.4 cm2, EF = 6.7 cm2 b) 15.7 cm
17. maximum of 291.7 cm, minimum of 279.1 cm 12. 10.0 m
18. 52 cm 13. 400 mm2
20. 51 km 14. a) 15.7 m
21. 1764 mm2 b) It is 0.7 m shorter than the actual distance traveled.
22. a) 14.8 mm c) Since the car has actually traveled further than the radar
b) Answers may vary. For example: First, find the hypotenuse of gun is measuring, the radar gun will underestimate the car’s
the right triangle of 12 mm and 7 mm. Then use that as a side actual speed.
length with 5 mm to find the length of the red diagonal with the
Pythagorean relationship.
23. 16.1 mm
Chapter 2 Surface Area
Rich Problems, pages 31
Get Ready, pages 36–37
1. 16 cm2
p 2 2 1. a) 1, 3, 5
2. a) A = _ d
b) A = _ b) The top is 4, the front is 6 and the side is a 2.
16 2
3. 90 cm2 c) Answers will vary. For example: I can see three sides of the
4. 3.46 m die so it looks 3-D.
2. a) 3
b) The faces are rectangles.
Chapter 1 Review, pages 32–33
c) front: 320 cm2, side: 128 cm2, top: 160 cm2
1. C d) 1216 cm2
2. A 3. I know b = 12, but I don’t know the height. Use the
3. 9 mm Pythagorean relationship to determine h. Then, substitute the
4. 196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7; group the factors into two identical value for h into Area = (b × h) ÷ 2.
groups that each contain one factor of 2 and 7; this product, 14, 4. a) Answers will vary. For example: triangles.
is the square
_root of 196. _ b) Answers will vary. For example: diamonds, hexagons,
5. Since √
10 is slightly bigger than 3 and √
17 is slightly bigger trapezoids.
than 4, the sum of these expressions will be a little larger than 7. c) Answers will vary. For example: Count the number of
10 + 17 triangles and multiply the area of one triangle by the number
of triangles.
6 7 8 9 5. Answers will vary.
6. C 6. a) 6 mm b) 10 cm
7. 14 cm2 or 66 cm2 7. a) 9.42 cm b) 113.04 mm2 c) 38.47 cm2
2.1 Views of Three-Dimensional Objects, pages 38–43
40 cm2 1. top: D, front: A, side: B
2. a) top front side
26 cm2
14 cm2
b) top front side
66 cm2
40 cm2
c) top front side
26 cm2
338 MHR • Answers
3. a) top front side 6. No. You need at least three views to sketch an object: the top,
front, and side views. If the object is complicated, you may need
more views. For example, if the front and back are different, you
would need both of those views, plus the top and side.
7. Answers will vary.
8. a)
b) top front side
top front side
b)
c) top front side
top front side
d) top front side
9. a) top front side
4. a)
b) top front side
c) top front side
10. Answers may vary. For example: a cube and a rectangular
prism.
b) 11. a) Answers may vary. For example:
1m
b) 8 m
2.2 Nets of Three-Dimensional Objects, pages 44–49
1. a)
5.
b)
c)
Answers • MHR 339
2. a) 8.
28 cm
21.5 cm 5 cm
b) 15 mm
50 mm
3. a) 20 cm 10.
9 cm
3 cm 11. b) triangular prisms
12. a)
H
T
9 cm A O
M P
D
E
3 cm N
b) 10.5 cm 6 cm b)
M A T H
11 cm 3 cm
E O
6 cm N P
13. a) yellow, green, brown
3 cm
b)
11 cm
4.
2.3 Surface Area of a Prism, pages 50–57
1. 819.5 cm2
2. 501.7 m2
3. 7.7 cm2
4. Answers may vary. For example: Measure the dimensions of
the prism. Use the appropriate formula for each face. Add the
areas of the faces.
5. 106.7 cm2
5. b) triangular prism 7. 94 mm2
6. rectangular prism: E; triangular prism: D; cylinder: B 8. a) 4 b) 6.36 m2
7. No, only Net A will form a cube. Net B is too many sides c) $349.80; Answers will vary. For example: Paco does not need
attached to one another. If you try to fold it into a cube, the sides extra glass to account for waste. Paco can buy the exact amount
can’t all connect. of glass he wants.
9. 1131 cm2
10. 9.96 m2
340 MHR • Answers
11. The triangular prism would require less wrapping paper Chapter 2 Review, pages 65–67
because its surface area of 770 cm2 is less than the surface area 1. a) front side
of 1000 cm2 of the rectangular prism.
13. 266 pans top
15. a) 1 : 4
b) The ratio of the old surface area to the new surface area is
1 : 9. Yes, there is a pattern. The surface area is increased by a H
factor equal to the square of the multiplier of the edge length.
16. a) one 4-L can and two 1-L cans of wall paint plus one 4-L b) top front side
can of ceiling paint
b) $73.88
2.4 Surface Area of a Cylinder, pages 58–63 2. a) A: top front side
1.
2. a) 736.3 cm2 b) 2009.6 cm2
3. a) 135.4 cm2 b) 0.2 m2
4. a) 88.31 cm2 b) 149.15 cm2 B: top front side
5. Answers may vary. For example: Use a formula. It is quicker,
and you are less likely to miss part of the
calculation.
7. 5604.9 cm2
8. The 85-cm long container required more plastic. Its
surface area of 3125.87 cm2 is greater than the surface area of
2758.49 cm2 of the other container. b) Answers may vary. The objects are the same. The only
9. 345.4 cm2 difference from A to B is it is turned onto its side.
10. 538.51 cm2 3. a) top front side
11. 3228.31 mm2
12. a) length: 251.2 cm; width: 21 cm
b) 5275.2 cm2
c) $131.52 b) top front side
Rich Problems, page 64
1. 1202 mm2
2.
4. a)
b)
3. a) Answers will vary. For example: Each new figure has one
more row on the bottom. The new row is always two cubes
more than the previous row. The surface area increase by 4
units2 each time.
b) Figure 6
4. 340 cm2 5. a) cylinder b) triangular prism c) rectangular prism
5. 2 hours and 13 minutes.
Answers • MHR 341
6. a) Chapter 3 Volume
Get Ready, pages 70–71
1. a) 416 cm2 b) 20 m2
2. a) 122 cm2 b) approximately 164.9 cm2 c) 159.5 cm2
b) 3. a) 60 cm3 b) 189 cm3 c) 135 cm3 d) 216 cm3
4. The volume does not depend on which face is used as the
base. Answers will vary. For example: A rectangular prism has
sides 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. If the area of the base is 30 cm2
SOUP
(5 cm × 6 cm), the volume is 210 cm3 (30 cm2 × 7 cm). If the
area of the base is 35 cm2 (5 cm × 7 cm), the volume is 210 cm3
(35 cm2 × 6 cm). If the area of the base is 42 cm2 (7 cm × 6 cm),
the volume is 210 cm3 (42 cm2 × 5 cm).
7. Answers will vary. For example: 5. a) 27 cm3 b) 28 cm3
c) approximately 502.4 cm3
d) approximately 4710 cm3
6. a) approximately 12.8 cm
b) approximately 6.4 cm
7. a) approximately 20.9 cm
b) approximately 7.9 cm
3.1 Cubes and Cube Roots, pages 72–77
1.
8. a) 864 cm2 b) 10.5 m2
6
9. 3648 mm2
10. a) 144 cm2 b) 3865 cm2
11. Answers may vary. For example: Liza needs 5309 cm2 more
paper, not including overlap. Estimate another 2 cm per side for
overlap. So, Liza needs 6241 cm2 of wrapping paper. 6
12. a) 20 in. b) 314 in.2 c) 285.74 in.2
6
d) Answers may vary. For example: calculating the area of a 63 = 216
circular piece of hide large enough to cover the sides includes 2. a) side length = 8 units; volume = 512 cubic units
more hide than is necessary to cover the side of the drum. b) side length = 10 units; volume = 1000 cubic units
13. 19 939 cm2 3. Answers may vary. For example: draw or build a cube with
14. $1907.48 side lengths of 7. Count all the cubes.
15. 558.02 mm2 4.
16. a) 6 cm2
b) Answers may vary. For example: Cutting the diamond
increases the surface area because there are so many facets cut 4
into it.
17. a) 800.7 cm2
b) 109.9 cm2 4
c) Answers may vary. For example: Adding a layer results in 4
3
___
another 109.9 cm2 of cake that needs to be iced. 64
√ = 4
d) Answers may vary. For example: You know each layer results 5. Answers may vary.
in approximately 110 cm2 of surface area along the side. If you
estimate the top area as about 150 cm2, you can add 110 cm2 for
3
each layer of cake.
3
3
The model shows a cube with___ side lengths of 3 units. It is built
3
27 = 3.
from 27 unit cubes, so, √
342 MHR • Answers
6. a) 9 15. 13 pails
b) Answers may vary. For example: build a cube using 729 16. a) the cylinder
cubes. The side lengths are 9 so the cube root of 729 is 9. b) Answers will vary. For example: If the manager charges 1 cent
7. 343 per cm3, then the cube should cost approximately $3.50 and the
8. a) 13 cylinder should cost approximately $4.50.
b) Answers may vary. For example: Prime factorization may be 17. 26 cones
preferred because it doesn’t require building a model with so 18. a) approximately 763.02 in.3 b) 1728 in.3 c) 624 drums
many unit cubes. 19. approximately 25 m3
9. 125 000 cm3; 50 × 50 × 50 = 125 000 20. No. She will need 1.45 m3 more.
10. 1 mm; 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 21. 1300 cm3
12. Answers may vary. For example: A squared number is when 22. There is no difference in volume.
a number is multiplied by itself once. A cubed number is when a 23. a) 0.8 m b) 810 m3 remaining; 0.675 m c) 12 h
number is multiplied by itself twice. 24. approximately 6280 m3
13. 9 cm2 25. a) approximately 149 250 m3 b) approximately 4 h 9 min
14. Use prime factorization to see that 1728 is a perfect cube. 26. 540 672 cm3
15. Answers may vary. For example: Yes. An odd number
multiplied by an odd number gives an odd result. 3.3 The Relationship Between Surface Area and
16. 512 oranges Volume, pages 88–93
17. 3375 cm3
1. a) 3 : 5 b) approximately 1.8 : 1
27
18. _ 2. a) approximately 1 : 2 b) approximately 1 : 2
64
19. 7 cm; Answers will vary. For example: The cardboard can be 3. a) 2.25 b) approximately 0.5644
cut to create a cube with no wasted cardboard. 4. Answers may vary. For example: The surface areas are
20. Answers will vary. a) 2.1 b) 4.5 c) 10 d) 20 15 000 cm2, 21 600 cm2, and 29 400 cm2. The volumes are
21. Answers will vary. a) 2.1 b) 2.3 c) 2.8 d) 4.5 125 000 cm3, 216 000 cm3, and 343 000 cm3. The volume
22. 12 increases more quickly than the surface area.
23. Yes. There are 2 arrangements possible. 353 = 42 875and 5.
383 = 54 872 Surface Area to
Height (cm) Surface Area (cm2) Volume (cm3) Volume Ratio
3.2 Volume of Prisms, pages 78–87 0.5 9.42 1.57 6
2.5 21.98 7.85 2.8
1. a) 294 cm3 b) 133.65 m3 c) 13 440 000 mm3
Answers may vary. For example: Smaller pieces of carrot will
2. a) 144 m3 b) 84 m3 c) 1200 cm3 d) 514.15 mm3
cook more quickly. The surface area to volume ratio is larger for
3. 4800 cm3
a smaller piece of carrot, so there is proportionally more surface
4. a) Yes, he needs all 6 prisms.
area in contact with the hot water compared to the volume of
b) approximately 8.3 m3
carrot to cook.
5. a) approximately 7385.28 cm3
6. Answers may vary. For example: The small diameter greatly
b) approximately 0.785 m3
increases the area available for the transfer of waste and
6. a) approximately 628 cm3
nutrients compared to the amount of blood inside the capillary.
b) approximately 1589.625 cm3
8. a) Answers may vary. For example: A squirrel would lose heat
c) approximately 602.88 cm3
much faster because it has a higher surface area to volume ratio.
7. 46.9cm
This means there is proportionally more surface area to lose
8. 1309.38 cm3
heat from, compared to the volume of the animal.
9. Answers will vary. For example: Find the volume of the
b) Answers may vary. For example: Small mammals have to
outside cylinder as if it were solid. Then, subtract the volume of
pump blood more quickly to keep themselves warm.
the inner empty cylinder.
9. Answers will vary. The animal should be large and could have
10. approximately 2.8 m3
fur or some other way of keeping warm.
11.
10. Answers will vary. For example: Since the slice opens up
Base Height of Height of an area that looks larger than the top and bottom, the surface
(cm) Triangle (cm) Prism (cm2) Volume (cm3)
would be doubled while the volume remains the same.
7 2 10 70
11. Three rows of 4 has less surface area and so it uses less
18 12 10 1080
20 14 5 700 packaging. A company may want to use less packaging material
because it costs less and reduces waste.
13. 27 prisms
12. a) 3 × 3 × 4 prism = 66 units2
14. a) approximately 372 875 cm3
b) 1 × 1 × 36 prism = 146 units2
b) approximately 1 864 375 cm3
13. The sphere has a smaller surface area.
c) approximately half a garbage can.
Answers • MHR 343
Rich Problems, page 94 14. a) approximately 1.5303
1. approximately 2.9 cm b) approximately 0.0952
2. 6 c) approximately 1.19
3. Answers will vary. 15. Answers will vary. For example: When cells are small, the
4. Answers will vary. surface are to volume ratio is relatively large. As cells get bigger,
5. Answers may vary. For example: cylinder where r = 2, h
= 9, this ratio gets smaller, so it is more difficult for the cell to absorb
V = approximately 113.04, S.A. = approximately 138.16; enough food quickly enough to maintain the cell.
cylinder where r = 3, h
= 4, V = approximately 113.04, 16. Answers will vary. For example: Huge leaves on tropical
S.A. = approximately 131.88 plants increase their surface area so that the plants can absorb as
6. Cylinder: Has a round face. Rectangular prism: Orientation is many nutrients as possible. Cacti have no leaves, so their surface
taller than it is wide. Cube: Has all equal sides. Triangular prism: area to volume ratio is much smaller. They are better able to
Volume does not equal approximately 27 cm3. retain their water in dry climates, instead of losing the water to
evaporation.
17. Answers will vary.
Chapter Review, pages 95–97
18. Answers will vary.
1. 512 19. a) Answers will vary. For example: Box A has dimensions
2. 64 cubes; The volume of a cube is the side length cubed. 2 cm × 4 cm × 6 cm, box B has dimensions 1 cm × 4 cm ×
3. a) 12 cm, and box C has dimensions 1 cm × 6 cm × 8 cm.
b) S.A.box A = 88 cm2, S.A.box B = 128 cm2, S.A.box C = 124 cm2
3 c) Box A: $4.40, box B: $6.40, box C: $6.20
3 Chapter 4 Adding and Subtracting
3
Fractions
b) 216
Get Ready, pages 100–101
2 108 1. a) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 b) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 c) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
2. 40
2 2 54
3 b) 1__
1 , __
3. a) 1__ 3 , __
7 c) 2__ 16
4 , __
2 2 4 4 6 6
2 2 6 9
4. a) Three quarters; Answers may vary. For example: part of a
2 2 2 3 3 3 dollar
b) One eighth; Answers may vary. For example: part of a pizza
2 × 3 = 6 c) Seven tenths; Answers may vary. For example: money
_____ may vary. For example: 13 = 2197, 15 = 3375,
3 3
c) Answers 5. a)
3
3375 = 15
so √
4. a) 100 cm3 b) 14 400 mm3
5. a) approximately 125 600 cm3
b) approximately 327 910.2 m3
6. 301.3 mm3 b)
7. a) 55 080 m3 b) 1312 loads c) 11 days
8. 2009.6 cm3
9. 8.78 m
10. Answers will vary. For example: Estimate of volume when
c)
the top of the cylinder is 28 cm (the circumference of the
opening): 1300 cm3. Estimate of volume when the top of the
cylinder is 22 cm (the circumference of the opening): 1000 cm3.
The way that produces the largest volume is when the 28 cm
side forms the top of the cylinder (the circumference of the d)
opening). –1– 1 1
0 2 1 1 –2– 2 2 –2– 3
11. a) 0.9375 m3 b) 1 min 34 s
12. a) 0.049 m3 1 b) __
6. a) __ 1 c) __
1 d) __
1 e) __
1 f) __
1
b) outside: 0.003 54 m3; inside: 0.001 68 m3 4 2 6 8 3 5
13. approximately 1.14 m3 1 , __
7. __ 1 , __
1 , __
1 , __
1 , __
1
8 6 5 4 3 2
344 MHR • Answers
8. a) The value gets smaller. 11. a)
Multiples
b) Yes, if the numerator was the same in all of the fractions. of 4
9. Fraction strips can be used to compare the fractions.
4 8 12
a) equivalent b) not equivalent 28 36 44
c) not equivalent d) equivalent
10. a) equivalent b) not equivalent
20 8 24 40
c) not equivalent d) equivalent 40 16 32 48
Examples will vary but could include: number of people in a 40
class, pieces of a set, or slices of a pizza. Reduce each fraction to
5 10 15
its lowest terms to determine if the fractions are equivalent. 20 25 30 40
11. If there is no common factor for the numerator or 35 45 50
denominator the fraction is in lowest terms. Multiples Multiples
12. of 5 of 8
Representation b) The numbers in the common spaces are multiples of each
Type Advantages Disadvantages other.
Circle • Easy to draw • Hard to cut into 12. Common multiples can be used to determine the number
• Can be cut into multiples of equal size pieces of each type of cell. There should be one white blood cell, 34
half easily
34 , and 660 red blood cells (___
175 700 )
platelets (___
350 700 )
Rectangle • Easier to cut into equal size 17 = ___ 165 = ___
660 .
pieces 13. Answers will vary. All of the examples are factors of 60 so all
• Can be cut into rows and
columns could work. Tenths could also work.
• Can be folded 14. a) 1 b) 3 or 4 c) 5, 6, or 7
• Quick to draw 15. Answers will vary. Use equivalent fractions with
Set of Objects • Represent real world situations • Takes longer to
denominator of 12. __ 1 , __
1 , __ 1 , __ 3 , __
2 , __ 5
draw 4 3 2 3 4 6
16. a) The rectangle shows the multiples of 2 and 3. Six, the
number of spaces, is the common denominator.
4.1 Common Denominators, pages 102–107
b)
1. a) 15, __ 9 b) 24, __
5 , __ 20 , __
6
15 15 24 24
3 , __
2. a) 12, __ 8 b) 8, __ 6
4 , __ The common denominator is 28.
12 12 8 8
3. a) Denominator 6; divide each side into 3 and 2 pieces 5 = __
17. __ 15 > __ 7 ; the grass takes up more space.
14 = __
respectively for 6 in the whole. 12 36 36 18
b) Denominator 15; divide each side into 5 and 3 pieces 18. a)
respectively for 15 in the whole.
c) Denominator 30; divide each side into 5 and 6 pieces
respectively for 30 in the whole.
4. a) 10, __ 5 , __ 4 b) 12, __ 4 , __ 3 c) 24, __ 15 , __ 4 , __ 10
10 10 12 12 24 24 24
5. a) 8, __ 3 , __
2 b) 12, __ 2 , __ 3 c) 30, __ 6 , __ 20 , __ 21
8 8 12 12 30 30 30
7. Ian is correct. Meko likely added the denominators. b) Answers will vary. For example: The rectangle, circle, and
8. Multiples of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, … octagon are easier to divide into 8 pieces.
Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, … c)
Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, …
Common denominator = 20
12 > __
9. a) __ 11 b) __ 35 > __ 34 c) __ 11 > __ 9 d) __ 12 = __ 12
16 16 49 49 30 30 27 27 Answers will vary. For example: A rectangle may be easier to
10. fold because it can be folded into rows and columns.
Multiples Multiples
of 4 of 6 19. a) C; Answers will vary. For example: Use a common
4 8 12 6
16 20 24 18
denominator of 200 and find equivalent fractions.
28 32 36 30 b) Answers will vary. For example: Any fraction between
40 44 48 42
139
101 and ___
___
400 400
Least common multiple = 12 20. a) Kindergarten b) Grade 5
c) Grade 4 and Grade 6 d) 360 students
21. a) ab b) abc
Answers • MHR 345
4.2 Add and Subtract Fractions with Unlike b) 1
––
Denominators, pages 108–115 –1– = ––
3 12
4 12
1 + __
1. a) __ 3 b) __
1 = __ 3 = __
2 + __ 7 1 ––
2 ––
3 –– 5 ––
4 –– 6 ––
7 ––
8 ––
9 10
4 2 4 5 10 10 ––
0 12 –– 11
––
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 1
3 + __
2. a) __ 5 b) __
1 = __ 1 + __ 9
1 = __
8 4 8 7 2 14
c)
7 c) __
1 b) __
3. a) __ 3 d) __
17 e) __
7 f) __
13 11 –1– = ––
2 –1– = ––
3
2 8 4 20 10 24 –– 6 12 4 12
12
__ 7 11
__
4. a) b) c) d) __ 11 __ 5
8 12 12 9 1 ––
2 ––
3 –– 5 ––
4 –– 6 ––
7 ––
8 ––
9 10
––
0 12 –– 11
––
1 1
5. a) + = b) + = __
__ __ __ 5 __ 1 __ 1 1 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 1
2 3 6 6 3 2
6. a) __ 3 − __ 3 = __ 3 b) __ 7 − __ 1 = __ 1 63 .
21. No. The sum is ___
4 8 8 10 5 2 64
22.
7. a) __ 5 − __ 2 = __ 1 b) __ 9 − __ 3 = 0
6 3 6 12 4 1 5 5
__ __ ___
8. a) __ 3 b) __ 1 c) __ 2 d) __ 3 e) __ 5
4 f) __ 6 12 12
10 3 5 8 15 24 7 1 1
1 3 3 1 ___ __ __
__ __
9. a) b) c) d) __ __ 12 3 12
6 4 20 18
1
__ 1
__ 1
__
__ 1 1
10. a) − = b) − __
__ __ 1 2
__ 1 = __ 1 4 4 2
2 6 3 3 6 2
12. You cannot subtract the numerators because the 1 , B = __
23. a) A = __ 1 , C = __
1 , D = __
1 , E = __ 1 , G = __
1 , F = __ 1
4 4 8 16 8 16 8
denominators are not the same.
15 d) D and F e) Answers will vary.
1 c) __
b) __
13. a) __ 3 b) __ 5 c) __ 1 d) 0 2 16
8 8 8
a + __
24. Yes. __ c = __
ad + __ ad +
bc = _____ bc
1 of a length
14. __ b d bd bd bd
8
7
15. a) The numerators and denominators were added. b) __
4.3 Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers, pages 116–123
12 3 = 2 __
5 b) 2__
2 + 1 __
1. a) 1__ 5 + 2 __
4 = 5 __ 3 + 1 __
1 c) __ 1 = 1 __
11
1 roll
16. __ 6 6 6 8 8 8 4 6 12
2
5 + 2 __
d) 3__ 3 = 6 __
1
19 larger than the
17. The outer and inner cores combined are ___ 12 4 6
200
crust and mantle combined. 3
2. a) 8 b) 4 c) 3__
__ 1
__ 4 d) 6__ 9 e) 5__ 7 f) 4__ 11
4 5 35 10 12 15
3 = __
18. Answers will vary. For example: __ 45 and __ 5 , so
1 = __ __ 1 5
__ 3
__ 4
__
4 60 12 60 3. a) 6 b) 3 c) 6 d) 11
Gosha is correct. 6 12 7 5
19. a) 2 1 1
4. a) 3 − 2 = 1 b) 3 − 2 = __
__ __ __ 1
__ 2
__ 7 c) 4__ 6 − 2 __ 2 = 2 __
1
–1– –1– = –2– 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 4 4
8 4 8
d) 4__ 7 − 2 __ 3 = 1 __5
12 4 6
0 –1– –2– –3– –4– –5– –6– –7– 1 5. a) 1__ 1 b) 2 c) 3__ 4 d) 3__ 3 e) 2__ 8 f) 1__ 2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 7 10 9 15
__ 1 5
__
6. a) 1 b) 2 c) 1 d) 2 1
__ __13
b)
–1– = –4– –1– 5 12 2 35
2 8 8 7. 4 rooms
8. 3__ 11 hor 3 h 55 min
–1– –2– –3– –4– –5– –6– –7– 12
0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1
9. 1 17 or 1 h 51 min
__
20
c)
–1– = –2– –1– = –4– –1– 10. 1__ 5 < 1 __ 6 , Mei ran __ 1 of a lap further.
4 8 2 8 8 12 12 12
__2
12. h
3
0 –1– –2– –3– –4– –5– –6– –7– 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 13. Yes. Jack will have __ 1 of a bottle left for his hike. 2__ 3 − 2 __
1 = __
1
2 4 4 2
20. a) or 2 __ 1 + __ 3 .
1 = 2 __
–1– 4 2 4
–1– = –4– 8
14. They have consumed exactly half of the sports drink. There
2 8
are 4 __ 7 bottles left. If they drink the same amount during the
–1– –2– –3– –4– –5– –6– –7– 8
0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 second half, there is enough.
346 MHR • Answers
1 sheets
15. a) 2__ b)
6 Multiples
of 3
3 9 15
21 27 33
– 6
18
30 12
24
36
= 4 8
2 10 14 16 20
22 26 34 24 28
32
b) Julia should by 3 sheets of plywood to allow for wasted Multiples Multiples
material. of 2 of 4
1 more. 1__
16. No. He needs __ 2 = 3 __
1 + 2 __ 11
12 4 3 12 12 and __
2. a) __ 48 and __
5 b) __ 25 , __
7 c) __ 9
12 , and __
20 20 28 28 30 30 30
17. He uses 4__ 5 dozen eggs. There are 2 eggs left. 3. Arrange the wrenches and fractions from smallest to largest
6
18. a) She has practiced for 9 h, not counting the partial hours. __ 3 , __
1 , __ 9 , __
1 , __ 5 , __
21 , __ 3 and then match them.
11 , __
4 8 2 16 8 32 16 4
The partial hours total more than 1 h, so she has surpassed her
goal. 2 + __
4. a) __ 1 = __ 7 − __
11 b) __ 4 = __
1 c) __
1 + __
1 = __
2
3 4 12 9 6 9 2 6 3
b) 2 h
8 − __
d) __ 1 = __
1
8 2 2
19. __ 1 h
2
5 b) __
5. a) __ 3 c) __
1 d) __ 3 f) __
41 e) __ 17
20. Answers will vary. Fractions should total 1. 6 20 3 42 4 24
21. a) i) 8__ 1 ii) 9__ 1 iii) 7__
4 iv) 12 __1 1 h more.
6. Yesterday, she biked for __
6 3 5 5 6
b) 1___ 3 p.m. c) 7___ 6 p.m. d) 9___ 35 a.m. 5 of the bag b) __
7. a) __ 1 of the bag is left.
60 60 60 12 4
35
___ 35
___ 3 + 2 __
8. a) 2__ 9 b) 2__
6 = 4 __ 3 − 1 __
3 = 1 c) 3__
3 + 2 __
1 = 6 __
1
e) 2 h, 3 h f) 11:20 a.m. 10 10 10 5 5 4 2 4
60 60
11
__ 1 − __
d) 2__ 7
2 = 1 __
22. a) 16 b) $203 4 3 12
12
23. a) __ 5 b) 10 balls c) 68.75% 7 b) 4__
9. a) 3__ 11 c) 6__ 34 e) 9__
1 d) __ 3 f) __
3
6 8 12 14 45 20 4
7 h b) 3__
10. a) 1__ 11 h
12 12
Rich Problems, page 124
7 cup b) 3__
11. a) __ 1 cups
1. Answers will vary. 12 2
2. Answers will vary. For example: In the format shown, when 12. a) Answers will vary. For example: This bowl may not be
the first two denominators are consecutive numbers, and the 7 cups, and she may
big enough because the ingredients total 5__
third denominator is their product, the equations are correct. 24
need more room in the bowl to mix properly.
a) Multiple solutions include
17 cup
b) __
1 = __
__ 1 + __ 1 , __
1 = __ 1 + __ 1 , __
1 = __ 1 + __ 1 24
8 9 72 24 25 600 35 36 1260
13.
b) __ 1 + __ 1
10 15 7
1__ 1 __ 1 3 __ 5
1 _____ 1 1 9 3 9
c) Yes. The formula is __ _____
n = (n + 1) + (n × (n + 1)) . 4 2
2__ 4
__
9 9
3. a) __ 2 = __ 1 + __ 1 ; __
2 = __ 1 + __
1 ; __ 1 + __
2 = __ 1 8
5 3 15 7 4 28 9 5 45 __ 3 1
__ 2 __2
9 9 3
b) Yes.
14. a)
Chapter 4 Review, pages 125–127 Area of Focus Fraction of the Two Rooms Used
1. a) Aboriginal Peoples 1
__
Multiples Multiples 4
of 2 of 5
Settlement in British Columbia 9
__
2 4 6 10 5 16
8 12 14 20 15
16 18 22 30 25 Town History __ 3
24 26 28 16
Answers • MHR 347
b) Answers will vary. For example: The school does not appear 10 ;
c) __
3
to want to encourage local residents to come to the exhibit. =
More space could be allocated to the town’s history and to
Canadian Aboriginal Peoples to help encourage more people to
come. More than half of the allocated amount is currently going
8 ; –1– –1– –1– –1– –1–
d) __
–1– –1– –1– –1– –1–
to settlement in British Columbia. 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
=
–1– –1– –1– –1– –1– –1– –1– –1– –1– –1–
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Chapter 5 Multiplying and Dividing
3. a) There are 5 parts in the whole.
Fractions b) There are four groups.
c) The product is two wholes plus an additional 2 out of 5 parts.
Get Ready, pages 130–131
2 m
4. a) 2 m b) 2__
1. a) 4 + 4 3
b) 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 2 > 2.
c) The French flag is larger because 2__
c) 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
3
5. 9
d) 12 + 12 + 12
2. a) 1unit × 12 units or 2 units × 6 units or 3 units × 4 units 1 b) 3 cm2
6. a) __
6
b) 1 unit × 9 units or 3 units × 3 units 7. 10 L
c) 1 unit × 20 units or 2 units × 10 unit or 4 units × 5 units 8. approximately 31 491 km2.
3. a) 3__ 5 c) 12 __
2 b) 2__ 3
1 d) 1__ 10. The families will receive 8, 4, 10 and 2 baskets, respectively.
3 6 2 5
11. 6 students
14 b) __
4. a) __ 19 d) __
23 c) __ 25 12. The shortest side measures 3 cm, and the other sides are
3 8 3 7
5. 6 cm each.
1 –3– 7
–– –1– –3– –9– 1–1– 1 8 –5– 13. >; =; <
10 2 5 8 4
0 1 2 5.2 Dividing a Fraction by a Whole Number,
2 b) __
6. a) __ 1 c) __
1 d) __
4 pages 138–143
9 5 2 5
1. a) Answers will vary. For example:
7. a) __ 5 c) __
11 b) __ 11 d) __
1
12 7 12 2
0 –1– –1– –3–
8. a) __ 5 c) __
1 b) __ 7 d) __
7 4 2 4
6 9 12 10
1 b) 1__
9. a) 1__ 1 c) __ 19 e) 4__
5 d) 9__ 7
1 f) __ 1
__
2 6 6 20 6 12 8
10. a) __ 3 ; Answers will vary. For example: __ 1 + __ 1 = __ 3 and __ 1 < __ 1 b) Answers will vary. For example:
4 4 2 4 3 2
b) __ 3 + 1 __ 1 ; Answers will vary. For example: 1__ 1 + __ 3 = 2 __ 1 and
4 2 2 4 4
2 __1 − __ 3 < 2
2 4
c) 1 + __ 1 ; Answers will vary. For example: __ 19 < 1 and __ 3 < __ 1
2 20 8 2
1
__
__ 9 + __
1 ; __ 11 + __
11 Answers will vary. For example: __ 9 > __ 4 , 9
2 10 12 14 10 5 c) Answers will vary. For example:
7 14 7 ( 5 6 )
__ 11 > __ 5 , and although __ 6 > __
11 , __ 1 + __
1 < __ 1
12 6
0 –1– –2– –3–
5 5 5
5.1 Multiplying a Fraction and a Whole Number,
pages 132–137 1
__
10
1 = 1 __
1. a) 4 × __ 1 b) 3 × __ 6 c) 4 × __
2 = __ 1 = __
4 = __
2 d) Answers will vary. For example:
3 3 5 5 6 6 3
2. Answers will vary. For example:
a) 2;
+ + + =
21 ;
b) __ 5
__
10 = 24
348 MHR • Answers
3 b) __
2. a) __ 1 c) __
1 d) __
1 5.3 Multiplying Proper Fractions, pages 144–149
10 15 8 9
3. Answers will vary. For example: how many groups of 5
1. a) __
12
2 or how can __
2 wholes are there in __ 2 be cut in half? Example:
3 3
two thirds of a chocolate bar is shared between two people.
4. a) __ 1 of a coconut b) __ 1 of a coconut
4 8
__ 1
5.
6 15 = __
b) __ 5
6. Four sixths cannot be divided into three equal parts. When 24 8
breaking to three equal groups there would be 1 and __ 1 in each
3
group so the strips would need to be in ninths.
7. Using 3 hexagons as one whole there are 9 parts in the 2 = __
2. a) __ 1
12 6
whole. __ 2 would be 2 out of 9 or __ 2 ;
3 9
7
b) __
20
1 h b) 5 min
8. a) __
12
9 of a
3 of a charge per hour. He would use __
9. He averages __
10 10
charge in 3 h, so he would have enough battery power.
1 b) __
3. a) __ 9 d) ____
1 c) __ 11
10. a) __ 3 b) Answers will vary. For example: December, 4 14 16 1000
20
January, and February are the coldest months, so they are more 8 b) __
4. a) __ 7 c) __ 3
1 d) __
25 10 3 32
likely to have frost. 5. a) Answers will vary. For example: __ 3 is less
2 of a group of __
3 5
11. __ 2 than one but Brendan has an answer greater than one, so his
5
answer is incorrect.
12. 1
_
20 b) __ 6
14. D 25
15. __ 8 , __
2 6. a) __ 1 b) 2 h per day
15 3 12
16. a)
––2–– 7. Approximately ___ 1
20 200
__
8. 3
10
0 –1– –2– –3–
5 5 5 9. a) __ 1 b) 28
3
8 . When
2 = __
b) A number line can be used to show that __ 10. __ 13
5 20 15
2 = __
divided into 4 equal parts, one of those parts is __ 1 as
20 10 12. __ 1
shown by the red arrow. 50
17. Each person would receive __ 1 . 13. __ 3
9 26
14. a) __ 1 b) __
1 c) __ 1 d) __ 1
8 15 8 8
5
__ __ 7
15. a) b) c) d) 3
__ 5
__
8 9 4 6
Answers will vary. For example: cut the leftover brownie into 1 1
16. a) and b) and __
__ __ 1
__ 1 c) __
1 and __
1
half and then cut each half into thirds. 4 4 3 2 6 2
Answers • MHR 349
5.4 Multiplying Improper Fractions and Mixed c)
–1–
Numbers, pages 150–155 1 2
Area of A: 2
1. a)
1 –1– Area of B: 1
3
Area of A: –3– 2 A B
4 Area of C: –1–
–3– 3
A B Area of B: ––3––
4 12 Area of D: –1–
–1– C D 6
Total: 1 3
Total area = 1 Total: 3–1–
2
b) 1
Total area = 3 __
2 –1– 2
2
d)
Area of A: 2
6
Area of C: –5– –1–
1 5
1 A B Area of A: 1
Area of B: –1– Area of D: ––3––
2 10 1 A B
Area of B: –1–
–3– C D Total: 4 5
5
–1– C D Area of C: –1–
2 2
Total area = 4
c) Area of D: ––1––
–1– 10
1 3
Total: 1–4–
5
Area of A: 1 Area of C: –1– 4
2 Total area = 1 __
1 A B 1 5
Area of B: –3– Area of D: –1– 3 b) 1__
6 3. a) 18 __ 1 c) 3__ 7
2 d) 1__
4 7 3 8
Total: 2
4. a) 4__ 8 b) 11 __ 1 c) 22 __3
–1– C D 9 3 4
2
5. It is possible. The whole number in the first term must be
Total area = 2 multiplied by the whole number and the fraction in the second
d) term and the fraction in the first term must be multiplied by
2 –1–
4 the whole number and the fraction in the second term. The
Area of A: 4 Area of C: 1 resulting four products are then added. This is the same process
1 1 as used with an area model, but without using a diagram.
2 A B Area of B: –2– Area of D: –8– 6. a) Henri did not multiply the whole numbers by the fractions.
Total: 5 –5– b) 8__ 1
8 8
7. a) There are three parts in each whole and with four wholes
–1– C D
2 there are twelve parts plus two additional parts of the whole for
5 fourteen in total.
Total area = 5 __
8 b) Multiply the whole number by the denominator in the
2. a) fraction and add the numerator to determine the numerator in
–1–
2 the improper fraction. The denominator stays the same.
Area of A: 1 c) Divide the numerator by the denominator. The number of
2 A times the denominator divides to the numerator is the number
Area of B: –1– of wholes and the remainder is the numerator in the fraction.
4
1 Total: 1–1– 1 × 3 = 7 __
8. 2__ 1
–– B 4 2 2
2
1 9. 54 h
__
Total area = 1
4 10. 3__ 1 h
b) 2
–1–
2 3 11. a) __ 5 h b) 37 __ 1 min
8 2
Area of A: 4Area of C: –2– 13. Argon: 18 protons; Zinc: 30 protons; Cadmium: 48 protons;
3
Total: 96 protons
2 A B Area of B: –2– Area of D: –1– 14. $1.75
3 9
15. The product will be more than the proper fraction but less
4 than the mixed number.
Total: 5 –9–
–1– C D
3
4
Total area = 5__
9
350 MHR • Answers
1 h to
16. Answers will vary. For example: It took McKenna 3__ 15 b) __
5. a) __ 10 c) 4__ 13
4 d) __
3 16 17 11 30
finish her project. Logan spent 1 __ 1 times as long as McKenna
2 6. a) Divide two by a quarter. Answer: 8
to complete his project. How many hours did it take Logan to b) Draw a number line and count the number of quarters
complete his project? Answer: 5 h in two.
17. a) Two and a half groups of two is around five. Another half
group is between one and two so the number seems reasonable. 0 1 2
This is the correct solution.
7. a) Divide two thirds by one sixth.
b) Answers will vary. For example: in the second line, Moira
2 > __
b) The answer should be greater than one since __ 1 .
found a common denominator, but this step is not necessary 3 6
in multiplication. Answer: 4
18. a) If each fraction is changed to its improper fraction 8. a) 8 b) Answers will vary. For example: There are 8 quarter-
form, the numerator is 13, and the denominator is twice the hours in two hours.
denominator of the previous term; __ 13 , __
13 , ___
13 9. You can make 60 servings.
48 96 192
10. a) __ 2 as much energy b) __ 8 less energy
b) Each term is multiplied by __ 3 to get the next term; 20 __ 1 , 9 9
2 4
3 , 45 __ 9 11. Divide the amount of land in South America by the amount
30 __ 3 ÷ __
8 16 in Asia; __ 3 . Answer: 2__ 1
19. a) Answers will vary. For example: cooking more than one 10 25 2
13. a) approximately 4200 km
batch of a recipe.
b) approximately 2000 km
b) Answers will vary. For example: calculating the volume of a
14. a) 8; The quotient is doubled each time the divisor is halved.
rectangular prism.
5 d) 3__ b) 9 ÷ 9 = 1, 9 ÷ 3 = 3, 9 ÷ 1 = 9, 9 ÷ __ 1 = 27
20. a) 15 b) 10 c) 12 __ 11 3
6 15
15. Answers will vary. For example: Sebi can ride his scooter
21. a) 1__ 1 b) 1__
1 c) 2__
1 d) 2__
1 3 h. If he takes the bus, he can
2 5 2 2 to his grandmother’s house in 3 __
4
make the trip in 2__ 1 h. How many times longer does it take him
5.5 Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers, 4
to ride the scooter than it takes him to ride the bus? Answer: It
pages 156–163
takes Sebi 1__ 2 times longer to ride his scooter.
1
a) 2__ 3
2 –5– ÷ –1– = 2–1–
8 4 2 16. 4__ 1
3
35
3
b) __ __
17.
4 –1– ÷ –1– = –3– 39
4 3 4
5.6 Order of Operations with Fractions,
1
c) 2__ 1–1– ÷ –2– = 2–1– pages 164–169
4 2 3 4
5 b) 4 c) 4__
1. a) __ 3
12 4
4
d) 2__
5 2–1– ÷ –5– = 2–4– 9 b) 2__
2. a) __ 7
1 c) 7__
3 6 5 14 2 11
3. a) $584 b) $656 c) $728 d) $620
1
2. a) 4__ 1
4. __
2 ––9–– ÷ –1– = 4–1– 6
10 5 2
3 b) __
5. a) __ 1
16 8
2
b) __
6. ( 5 ) × 28 = 8; __
5 × 28 = 20, 28 − 20 = 8; Eight students
3 –1– ÷ –3– = –2– 1 − __
7 7
4 8 3
did not go.
7. a) 105 g b) 150 g c) 125 g
1
c) 3__ 2
1–– ÷ –1– = 3–1– 8. a) 4__ 1 pages b) $1050 c) approximately $247.06
3 3 2 3 4
9. a) × (
5 5) 2
5
__ 3 − __
__ 2 + __ 1 = 1
1
d) 4__ 2–3– ÷ –2– = 4 –1– 2
8 4 3 8
2 (4 8)
b) 1__ 1 + 2 __ 1 ÷ __ 3 − __ 1 = 5 __ 1
2 2
2 b) 1__ 9 d) __
4 c) 1__ 1 c) (
3 6 6) 9 4
3. a) __ 2 − __
__ 1 + __ 5 ÷ __ 16 = __ 3
3 5 11 2
5 b) 3__
4. a) __ 3 c) 4 d) __
10
9 5 11
Answers • MHR 351
11. a) Ranjeet subtracted 2 from 10 and then multiplied by c) 5
one-half. 0 –1– 1 –3– 2 –5– 3 –7– 4 –9– 5
b) Ranjeet multiplied 2 by one-half and then subtracted the 2 2 2 2 2
result from ten. 5 10
2 × –2– = ––2–– or 5
c) The correct answer is 9 because you must multiply before
subtracting. 3 kg
2. 3__
5
12. Manuel is correct. Dave cannot be correct since __ 3 × 6 = 4 __
1
3. 1280 km
4 2
which is less than 6. 6 ÷ __3 = 8which is larger than 6 and 3
4. a) __
4 8
3 × 8 = 6.
__
4
–3– ÷ 2 = –3–
13. a) She multiplied __ 5 and then added __
1 × __ 5
1 . b) __ 4 8
4 3 2 4
13
__ 1
b) __
14. 6
12
15. There are 36 black keys and 52 white keys.
–2– ÷ 4 = ––2–– or –1–
16. The shelves hold 128, 64, and 32 books. 3 12 6
1 of an onion
5. __
Rich Problems, page 170 12
6. 40 m
1. 80 cm
2. You can show this by using letters for numbers. Let a be a 7. __ 3 = __
1 of __ 3 –1– of –3– = –3–
2 4 8 2 4 8
b be a fraction.
whole number and __ c 3 of __
__ 3
1 = __
4 2 8
a ÷ __ bc = __ a –3– of –1– = –3–
b 4 2 8
__
c
a × __c 9 b) __
8. a) __ 1 c) __
1
= ____ b 25 3 14
c × c
__ b __
1
9. __
b 5
c
__
= a ×
b 10. a) 3__ 49 c) 9__
1 b) __ 1
5 12 2
3. Each successive term is found by dividing the previous term 11. 675 km
into the term prior to it. 12. 84 h _
6th term 13. C ≈ 44 cm; d
≈ 0.318 m
= 4th term divided by 5th term 14. a) No, she multiplied the two numbers instead of
243
= ____ dividing them.
3125
7th term 2
b) __
9
= 5th term divided by 6th term
15. a) __ 4 b) 1__ 5 c) 7__
5
= 59 ____ 3526 5 9 7
6561 16. 30 days
4. a) __ 8 + __ 7 − __ 3 − __ 4 = 10 __ 1
17. 7__ 1 h
1 2 6 5 5 2
b) __ 7 + __ 2 − __ 1 − __ 4 = __ 27 18. a) __ 7 b) 1__ 4
8 3 5 6 40 8 5
5. 721 buttons 1 1
19. 3 ÷ = 14; 16 × __
__ __ 1 = 4; He only has enough pasta to cook
6. __ 1 + __ 1 + __ 1 ; this is the only other set of three unit fractions 2 4 4
2 4 4 14 dinners. He would need four full packages of pasta to cook
that sum to one. 16 dinners.
20. __ 1 of a charge
Chapter 5 Review, pages 171–173 2
21. 6 m
5
1. a) __ + + + + = 22. 352 256 bits
4
23. 14 weeks
5 × –– = –5– or 1–1–
1
4 4 4 24. V = __ 21 m3 ; SA = 2 __ 21 m2
80 40
2
b) 2__ + + + = 25. a) 45 carousels b) 25 carousels c) __ 3 times
3 2
4 × –2– = –8– or 2–2– d) 250 carousels; 75 ÷ = 250 3
__
3 3 3 10
352 MHR • Answers
Chapter 6 6.1 Representing Patterns, pages 178–187
1. a) 17 b) −3 c) −2 d) 11
Get Ready, pages 176–177 2. a) For each octagon added the number of sides increases by 6.
1. a) b)
Figure Number Number of Blocks Number of Octagons # of Sides
1 4 1 8
2 6 2 14
3 8 3 20
4 26
Answers will vary. For example: The number of blocks increases
c) Expression: 6n + 2. Equation: s = 6n + 2, where s represents
by two. 2x + 2
the number of sides and n represents the number of octagons.
b)
The 2 represents the starting number of sides, and 6 represents
Figure Number Number of Blocks the number of sides added multiplied by the number of
1 10 octagons, n.
2 7
d) 104 sides
3 4
e) 120 octagons
Answers will vary. For example: The number of blocks decreases 3. a)
by three. 13 − 3x
2. a) 19 b) 23 c) 53 Figure # of Yellow Tiles
1 8
3. a) 494 cm2 b) 408 cm2
2 12
4. a) 3 16
=
b) Four yellow tiles are added to each subsequent figure.
p + 7 = 12 c) Expression: 4f + 4. Equation: t = 4f + 4, where t represents
b) the number of yellow tiles and f represents the figure number.
= The 4 represents the starting number of tiles, and 4 represents
the number of sides added multiplied by the figure number, f.
x − 3 = 11 d) 100 tiles
c) e) Figure 43
1 1 1 1 f) No, when t = 54is substituted into the equation the results if
=
k 1 1 1 1 1 f = 12.5. There cannot be half of a figure.
––
6 4. a)
k = 9
__
6 Figure # of Circles
20 , x = 5 b) h + 13 = 152; h = 139 c) 2t = 50; t = 25
5. a) x = ___ 1 11
4 2 8
6. a) Subtract 4 from both sides of the equation, then divide 3 5
both sides by 2. b) The number of circles decreases by 3 for each subsequent
b) Subtract 6 from both sides of the equation, then divide both figure.
sides by 7. c) Expression: 14 − 3f. Equation: c = 14 − 3f, where c represents
7. a) j = 8 b) x = 3 the number of circles and f represents the figure number. The 14
8. t represents the length of trim and r represents the length of represents the starting number of circles, and −3 represents the
ribbon. number of circles subtracted multiplied by the figure number, f.
r d) There is no Figure 17 as that would have to have −37 circles.
r e) −32
= 240 f) Pictorial models do not work when they are comprised of
r
negative numbers of objects or when the number of objects
r
result in a negative figure number.
Equations: 4r + 40 = t 5. a)
When t = 240, r = 50. Jan uses 50 cm of ribbon. Term Value
1 −14
2 −8
3 −2
4 4
5 10
b) v = 6t − 20 c) 718 d) 45
Answers • MHR 353
6. a) 14. a) t = 2s − 4, where t is the number of tiles and s is the side
length of the frame.
b) 96 c) 100 cm by 100 cm
15. a)
Number of Intervals Year
For each heptagon added, the number of sides increases by 5. 1 1834
2 1910
b)
3 1986
Figure Perimeter 4 2062
1 7 5 2138
2 12 6 2214
3 17 b) 2062. Answers will vary: Assuming the year is 2016 and the
4 22
student is 15 years old, the student will be 61 years old the next
5 27
6 32 time Halley’s comet is seen.
c) y = 1758 + 76n, where y is the year and n is the number of
c) p = 5f + 2; p represents the perimeter in centimetres, and f
76 year intervals since 1758.
represents the figure number. d) 62 cm e) 23 heptagons
d) No it will not appear. If 2370 is substituted into the equation,
f) No, it cannot. A figure with perimeter of 74 cm require
the result is not a whole number (~8.05). It will appear in 2366.
14.4 heptagons. A fraction of a heptagon is not possible.
16. a) v = 3t + 1, where t represents the term number and v
7. a)
represents that term’s value.
Term Number b) 127
1 −5 c) Subtract 1 from 45 678. Divide the resulting number, 45 677,
2 −8
by 3. If the result is a whole number, then 45 678 is one more
3 −11
4 −14
than a multiple of 3. It is not.
5 −17 17. a) r = 2.2n − 2.2, where r is the row length and n is the
b) n = −3t − 2 c) −149 d) 39 number of trees.
8. a) y = 13 + 3x b) p = 17 + 7r c) t = 3k − 5 d) w = −2f + 1 b) 92 trees. The trees will not be evenly spaced because a whole
10. Christina is correct. The situation is modeled by the number of trees will not create a length of 100 m.
equation w = 6p + 35where the wage, w, is equal to the flat rate 18. a)
of $35 plus $6 for every pair of shoes sold. Liam’s mistake was Term Number
that he did not include the flat rate in his calculation. 1 −27
11. Answers will vary. For example: Observe in the number 2 −18
pattern that each value decreases by 3. The resulting equation 3 −7
is y = 7 − 3x. Substitute x = 59into the equation and evaluate 4 6
5 21
the result. y = 7 − 3(59) = −170. The value of the 59th term is
−170. b) No, the pattern is not linear. The difference between each
12. a) p = 4t + 2, where p is the number of people and t is the subsequent pair of numbers is not the same.
number of tables. b) 22 c) n = t2 + 6t − 34 d) 11 193 e) 18
c) 19. a)
Number of Bounces Height (m)
1 __ 4
3
Count the sides of the figure = 22 2 8
__
9
d) 7
13. a) 3 16
___
27
Number of T-Shirts Cost ($) 4 ___ 32
81
0 125 5 64
_____
5 200 243
10 275 b) No, the pattern is not linear. The difference between each
15 350 subsequent pair of heights is not the same.
35 650
c) h = 2(__
2 ) , where h is the bounce height and b is the
b
55 950
3
b) c = 15n + 125, where c is the cost in dollars and n is the bounce number.
number of t-shirts. The 15 represents the $15 charge for each
32 ≈ 0.395 m
d) ___
t-shirt printed. c) $5795 d) 148 81
e) They can order 111 t-shirts. They will have money left over e) bounce 7
because 111 t-shirts costs $1790, with $10 left over.
354 MHR • Answers
6.2 Graphing Linear Relations, pages 188–199 6. a) h = 6t, where h is the height in centimetres and t is the
1. a) B b) A c) C time in hours.
2. a) p
b) 30 m
c) Yes, as long as the depth and time are not less than 0 and the
60 water height is not beyond what the pool can hold.
7. a) y
Pay ($)
40
8
20
4
0 2 4 6 8 t
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
Time (hours)
b) The graph shows that for each additional hour worked, the –4
pay increases by $11.
c) Method 1: Use the equation by substituting t = 8and –8
evaluating. $88.
Method 2: Extrapolate from the graph by extending the points
y = 3x − 1
past t = 8.
b) y
3. a) d
600
4
Distance (m)
400
2
200
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
0 2 4 6 8 t –2
Time (hours)
b) approximately 3.5 hours
y = x + 1
4. a) r
c) n
s r 4
8
0 4
1 1
0 2 4 6 8 s 4
2 −2
3 −5 –4
4 −8 –4 –2 0 2 4 h
5 −11 –8
–4
6 −14
–12
n = 2h + 4
d) n
b) m
–4 –2 0 2 4 h
k m 40
0 13 –4
1 18 20
2 23 –8
3 28
0 2 4 6 8 k
4 33 –12
5 38
6 43 –16
5. a) C = 2m, where C is the cost in dollars and m is the mass
in kilograms. n = −3h − 9
b) 2.5 kg 8. a) y = −4x b) y = 2x + 2
c) Yes, because you can purchase a mass that is a fraction of a 9. a) y = x − 2 b) y = −x + 4
kilogram or spend part of a dollar (limited to $0.01) 10. Create a table of values by first selecting at least 3 x-values.
Substitute the values into the linear equation to calculate the
corresponding y-values. Plot the three coordinate pairs.
Answers • MHR 355
12. a) approximately 1200 m 19. a) C Cost of Music Downloads
b) approximately 12.5 min
120
c) a = 80t, where a is the altitude, in metres, and t is the time, in
minutes.
Cost ($)
80
d) The balloon is rising at a rate of 80 m per minute.
13. a) 20 min. Join the coordinate points and extended the 40
resulting line until it reaches the 100 °C line of the graph. From
there, draw a line straight down to the x-axis (time) where the d
0 10 20 30 40 50
value is approximately 20 min.
Number of Downloads
b) 50 °C
b) If you purchase fewer than 10 songs per month, Plan B is
100 °C = 5 °C/min
c) __ a better deal. If you purchase more than 10 songs per month,
20 min
14. a) K Kelvin vs. Celsius Plan A is a better deal.
20. a)
400
Year, y Interest, I($)
0 0
Kelvin (K)
300
1 35
200 2 70
3 105
100 4 140
5 175
6 210
–40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 C 7 245
Celcius (C) 8 280
b) 373 K 9 315
10 350
c) It’s the point on the y-axis of the graph.
15. a) p b) I Interest Earned
Pressure vs. Depth
600 600
Pressure (kPa)
Interest ($)
400 400
200 200
d 0 2 4 6 8 10 Y
0 20 40 60 80
Depth (m) Year
b) approximately 250 kPa. Verification: P = 10(15) + 102 = 252 c) approximately 2.85 years, approximately 5.71 years
c) approximately 40 m. Verification: 500 = 10d + 102; d = 39.8 d) approximately 14 years
d) “+ 120” represents the air pressure at sea level. It’s
represented on the graph as the point on the y-axis. x + b = c or
6.3 Modelling and Solving Equations: a
16. a) d Distance vs. Time x
__
a + b = c, pages 200–207
300
1. a) x = 1 b) g = 2
Distance (km)
2. a) x = 21 b) b = −18
200
3. a)
100 g g
0 1 2 3 4 t
Time (h)
b) approximately 180 km g = −4
c) approximately 2.4 h b)
–1 –1 –1 –1
d) d = 90t e) 90 km/h =
17. a) Girls’ growth appears to be linear at greater than –1 –1 –n –1 –1 –1 –1
–––
24 months of age. 5
b) Girls’ growth appears to be non-linear prior to 24 months n = −20
of age. 4. a) x = 3 b) t = −7 c) z = 4
18. a) 3:00 pm b) 3:30 pm 5. a) r = 2 b) m
= 1 c) g = 4 d) f = −17
356 MHR • Answers
6. a) k = −7 b) n = −2 c) x = −3 d) n = 2 14. a) 3 extras b) 3 extras.
7. a) t = 15 b) p = −13 c) k = −108 d) x = −9 30 = 2e + 24
8. 6 = 2e
–x e = 3
15. $174.50
–x 2m − 50 = 299
=
–x 2m = 349
–x m = 174.50
16. a) The value of 6 represents the number of metres that the
–x
eagle drops every second. b) 12 s
17. a) −25 °C b) 9000 m
18. The first step is the same, to subtract the value, b, from both
–x sides of the equation. The second step is different to solve for x
–x c − .
as the answer is either (c − b)a or ____b
= a
–x 19. The deck width is 5.75 m.
–x 30 + 8x = 76
–x 8x = 46
x = 5.75
24 − 14 = 14 − 14 − 5x 20. There are 3 possible values for m: 667, 668, and 669
–x 21. 3.7 km/h
–x 22. a) Mara hears each sound first.
b) approximately 4.7 m
= –x
–x 6.4 Modelling and Solving Two-Step Equations
–x a(x + b) = c, pages 208–213
10 = −5x 1. a) x = 6 b) s = −5
x = −2 2. a) x = 4 b) x = 8
9. a) subtract 10 from both sides, then divide each side by 5. 3. a) t
b) Yes, but I would add 10 to both sides, then divide by 5. t =
10. a)
t
Left side: Right side:
= −8(−3) − 1 = 25 t = −2
= 24 − 1 b) j
= 23 j
not a solution
j
b) =
Left side: Right side: j
= 30 = 6(−3) + 12 j
= −18 + 12 j
= −6
not a solution j = 0
4. a) –p
11. a)
=
Left side: Right Side: –p
−72 = 14
( )
= 6 + ______ p = −7
9
= 6 − 8 b) n
= −2 n
not a solution
n
b)
Left side: Right side: n
−72 + 6 = −18
( )
= ______ n
−3
n
= 24 + 6
= 30 n
not a solution n = 2
Answers • MHR 357
5. a) r = −9 b) m = 6 c) g = −26 d) f = −7 b) BE FREE
6. a) k = −10 b) n = 8 c) x = 3 d) n = −11 c) Answers will vary.
7. Answers may vary. For example: You lent a friend some d) Answers may vary. For example: To create the statement
money. She pays back $3, but then borrows the amount that “LAUGH OUT LOUD”, I know that each letter is a value of x.
she currently owes again. The amount she now owes you is Using the Eqtnsolv encryption, the cipher for this statement is
$6. How much did your friend borrow in the first place? 13 −1 45 10 29 Z 39 91 72 Z 69 65 137 12.
9. Julia’s strategy will not work, but Chris’ first step is correct. e) Answers may vary. For example: Yes, you may use 1, 1, 2,
10. a) 3, 5, 8, … as the x term’s coefficient, or as the b value for the
Left Side: Right Side: expression ax + b = y.
= −8(−4 − 1) = 24 4. Answers will vary.
= −8(−5)
= 40 Chapter 6 Review, pages 215–217
not a solution
1. a)
b)
Left Side: Right Side: Figure # Number of Toothpicks
= 3(−8 − ( −4)) = −24 1 4
2 7
= 3(−4)
3 10
= −12 4 13
not a solution
c)
Starting with figure 1, which has 4 toothpicks, each figure has 3
Left Side: Right Side: toothpicks more than the previous figure.
b) 3f +1
= 25 = −5(−4 − 1)
c) 31
= −5(−5)
d) 3 represents the number of toothpicks added to each
= 25
is a solution subsequent figure, and the +1 represents the additional
d)
toothpick for the starting figure.
2. a)
Left Side: Right Side:
= 66 = 6(−4 + 7) Week Bank Balance ($)
= 6(3) 1 1560
= 18 2 1545
not a solution 3 1530
4 1515
11. a) 3(s + 7) = 99 b) 26 cm
5 1500
12. a) 5(x + 22) = 500 b) 78 kg
13. a) 17 750 kJ b) −30 °C b) b = 1575 − 15w, where b is the bank balance and w is the
14. a) 4(x + 10) = 96 week number.
b) 14 cm by 14 cm c) $1050
15. 4 h d) 47 weeks
16. $17 3. a)
17. a) 12 km/h Pairs of Shoes Sold Earnings ($)
b) 9 km/h 0 75
c) Answers may vary. For example: Andrew would not be able 1 77
2 79
to get to his grandfather’s apartment in two hours if he was
3 81
riding his bicycle through a city with several traffic lights and 4 83
several steep hills. It would also depend on the types of roads, 5 85
the terrain that he would have to bicycle over, and on his athletic 6 87
ability. 7 89
18. a) h = 7.8 cm b) a = 1.3 m 8 91
9 93
10 95
Rich Problems, page 214
b) w = 2p + 75, where w represents her wage and p represents
1. 36 tiles the number of pairs of shoes sold.
2. Answers may vary. For example: 10(x − _
5 ) + 20 = 0 c) $99
4
3. a) The x-term is repeated 1 time and increases by 1, + and −
is repeated, and the last digit on the left hand side is 1, 2, 3, ….
358 MHR • Answers
4. a) the base rental cost 8. a) t = −4 b) j = −24 c) p = 4 d) n = 13
b) C Snowboard Rental 9. a) a = 4m − 3, where a is the number of albums and m is the
number of movies.
120
b) 7 movies
10. a) v = 12 b) d = 15 c) x = −42 d) n = 36
Cost ($)
80
b − 135, where s is the number of Saskatchewan players
11. s = __
5
40
and b is the number of British Columbia players. British
Columbia has 119 750 players.
0 1 2 3 4 5 d 12. a) 6 = 3(x + 4), x = −2
Days b) −8 = 2(−w + 3), w = 7
c) $60, $180 13. a) q = 9 b) g = −11 c) k = −14 d) x = 1
d) You could rent up to 12 days. On the 13th day the cost is 14. 4(x + 6) = 660, where x is the side length of the quilt before
the same. the border is added. The dimensions of the quilt are 159 cm by
5. d 159 cm.
15. 9 cm
300
16. p = 36c − 20, where p is the profit and c is the price of
Distance (km)
1 fruit bar. p = $16
200
17. Answers will vary. From the table the total cost of the
100 products is $310. In order to make a profit of $150, the
prices per item would have to be increased an average of
approximately 48.4%. Round this to 50%
0 2 4 6 t
granola bars = $0.54 × 1.5 = $0.81
Time (h)
chips = $0.56 × 1.5 = $0.84
a) Answers may vary. For example: the distance a family travels juice boxes = $0.49 × 1.5 = $0.74
over a period of 6 hours while on vacation. frozen milk treats = $1.00 × 1.5 = $1.50
b) d = 52t, where d is the distance in kilometres and t is the
time in hours c) The value 52 is the average speed of the car.
There is no constant (equals 0)
6. a) Chapter 7 Ratios, Rates, and Proportional
Hours (h) Cost ($) Reasoning
1 5
2 7 Get Ready, pages 220–221
3 9
4 11 1. a) 4 to 6, or 4 : 6 b) 6 to 4, or 6 : 4
5 13
6 15 6
c) 6 to 10, or 6 : 10, or _
10
7 17 2. a) white balls to black balls
8 19
b) white balls to total balls
b) C
c) total balls to black balls (in lowest terms)
20
3. a) Answers will vary. For example, the number of days of the
16 week that start with the letter ‘S’ to the total number of days of
the week.
Cost ($)
12
2
b) 2 to 7, or 2 : 7, or _
7
8 4. a) Yes b) Yes c) No d) Yes
5. a) Answers will vary. For example: _ 3 , _
2 , _ 4 , or _ 5
4 8 12 16 20
_3 _ 9 12
_
b) Answers will vary. For example: , , , or 18
_
8 24 32 48
0 2 4 6 8 10 t
1
_ _2 3
_
c) Answers will vary. For example: , , , or _8
Time (h) 3 6 9 24
c) $11 d) 6 h e) c = 2h + 3 _ 4 6
d) Answers will vary. For example: , , , or _
_ _8 10
7. a) −4x + 7 = −1, x = 2 22 33 44 55
6. a) 15 b) 6 c) 15 d) 4
v + 7 = −3, v = −50
b) __
5 7. a) Answers will vary. For example: _ 14 , _ 1 , or _ 7
j 28 2 14
c) −2 = − __ − 3, j = −4
4 b) Answers will vary. For example: _ 4 , _ 20 , or _ 40
5 25 50
Answers • MHR 359
36 , _
c) Answers will vary. For example: _ 18
3 , or _ b) 12 : 44, or 3 : 11
12 1 6
c) Both ratios from are appropriate to write as percents, because
3
8. a) 3 b) 2 c) 0.75 or _ they are both part-to-whole ratios. Approximately 33% of
4
passengers got off the bus at the stop, and approximately 27% of
31 b) _
9. a) _ 3 d) _
2 c) _ 6
50 5 20 25 the passengers on the bus after the stop were new.
10. a) 34% b) 32% c) 90% d) 35% 15. a) 25 kg of cement powder, 100 kg of gravel
b) 600 kg of sand, 1200 kg of gravel
7.1 Ratios, pages 222–231 16. a) 8.5 m
b) Canadian flag is longer
1
1. a) 3 : 4 b) 8 : 4 : 3 c) white to red d) 1 : 5 or _ c) Mexico. Its ratio of height to length is higher than that
5
2. a) of Canada or the United States. If equivalent ratios with a
common second term are used, Canada’s flag can be expressed
as 133 : 266, Mexico’s as 152 : 266, and the United States’ as
140 : 266. A square is 1 : 1, or 266 : 266, so Mexico’s flag is closest.
17. 4.5 kg of nitrogen, 6 kg of phosphorus, 3 kg of potassium
18. a) 3200 mL of gas
b) Approximately 2.4% of the mixture needs to be oil, 97.6%
needs to be gas.
c) Approximately 4.9 mL
19. a) 24 m × 38.9 m and 348 mm × 565 mm are both
6 or 30%
b) 9 c) 1 : 4 : 6 d) _ approximately golden rectangles, but 52 cm × 120.5 cm is not.
20
3. a) 2 : 8, 1 : 4 b) 21 : 26 c) 16 : 14 : 30, 8 : 7 : 15 b) approximately 10.4 m
_
3 , 33.3% c) _
4 , 40% b) _
4. a) _ 3 , 20% 1 , 0.25, or 25%
20. a) 1 : 4 b) _
10 9 15 4
5. a) 1 : 4 b) She is correct because raspberry juice concentrate c) i) the slope will increase ii) the slope will decrease
to the total amount of punch is 1 : 16 or 6.25%. iii) the slope will decrease iv) the slope will increase
c) 200mL of orange juice concentrate, 100mL of raspberry juice
concentrate, 100mL of lemon juice, 1200mL of soda water 7.2 Rates, pages 232–239
6. a) 50mL 1. a) 55 km/h b) 19.3 km/h c) 16 m/s d) 8 mm/min
b) She is incorrect. The mixed cleaner is 350mL water to 400mL 2. a) 11 kg/week b) 1.5 daffodils/min (or 90 daffodils/hour)
mixed cleaner or 86% water. c) 26 customers/hour
c) 5 full spray bottles d) 14.5 L/day
7. a) soccer and basketball since wins to losses for soccer is 9 : 6 3. a) hummingbird speed: approximately 40 km/h; butterfly
or 3 : 2 and for basketball is 12 : 8 or 3 : 2. speed: approximately 20 km/h
6 or 0.6 or 60% c) 15
b) _ b) hummingbird: 43.2 km/h; butterfly: 19.2 km/h
15
4. Asad’s rate of pay ($13.75/h) is greater than Gina’s ($13/h)
d) Prediction was incorrect since the overall winning percent is
27 or about 5. a) 2-L carton is $0.2095/100 mL, 1-L carton is $0.299/100 mL,
under 60%. Total games won to total game played is _ 250-mL carton is $0.316/100 mL
51
53%. b) 2-L carton is $2.095/L, 1-L carton is $2.99/L, 250-mL carton
8. a) She wants oranges : apples, so it is 4 : 3 since there are is $3.16/L
4 oranges and 3 apples. c) The 2-L carton is the best buy because is has the lowest unit
b) No, it does not make sense to write this ratio as a fraction price.
since it is a part-to-part ratio and not a part-to-whole ratio. d) Answers will vary. For example: Fraser might consider things
10. a) yellow to red, 30 : 20, or red to yellow, 20 : 30 like how much milk he actually wants to buy, how much money
b) yellow to total, 30 : 50, or red to total, 20 : 50 he has, and whether he wants to drink it all now or have some to
c) The part-to-whole ratios in part b) can be written as save for later.
fractions. 60% of the liquid is yellow, 40% is red. 6. a) By estimation the larger jar appears to be the better buy,
11. a) 12 b) 16 : 12, or 4 : 3 c) 15 because its size is four times more than the small jar but the
12. a) It’s a part-to-whole ratio because is compares the part of price is not even twice as much.
the group younger than 16 to the whole group. b) The large jar is the better buy. The small jar is $2.196/100 g
b) Answers will vary. For example: The ratio of people younger while the large jar is $0.799/100 g.
than 16 to the total number of people is 3 to 8. c) Answers will vary. For example: most people would be more
c) 30 likely to use estimation to determine the better buy, especially in
13. a) Romano to mozzarella to ricotta is 2 : 6 : 5 cases like this where the sizes are easy to work with mentally.
b) 300 g of Romano and 750 g of ricotta
14. a) 16 : 48, or 1 : 3
360 MHR • Answers
7. Yes, the data support the statement that bear cubs grow faster 19. a) 144 fish
immediately after birth compared to later on. The cub’s growth b) The biologist assumes that the fish that are tagged and
rate for the first 8 weeks is 0.7 kg/week, while its growth rate for released mix with the rest of the fish in the lake before the
the next 12 weeks is 0.5 kg/week. biologist returns to recapture fish.
8. A rate compares quantities with different units, such as time 20. a) Frogs eat 96 insects/day and dragonflies eat
worked in hours/week or water flow in L/min. A ratio compares 99 insects/day. Dragonflies eat more insects per day.
quantities with the same units, such as the ratio of red to yellow b) 693 c) 2976
flowers in a garden of 3 to 2 or a ratio of girls to boys in a class 21. a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 4
of 13 : 17.
11. a) Joe: 14.29 km/L, Sarah: 14 km/L, Martin: 12.25 km/L Rich Problems, page 248
b) Joe: 7 L/100 km, Sarah: 7.14 L/100 km, Martin: 8.16 L/100 km
1. The tomatoes grow by 0.5 inches each day, so this is a
c) Joe’s vehicle had the best rate. A higher rate is better for fuel
proportional relationship. The carrots grow by 0.6 cm each day,
economy (km/L) in part a), but a lower rate is better for fuel
so this is proportional. The onions grow by varying amounts
consumption (L/100 km) in part b).
each day, so this is not proportional. The zucchini grow by
12. a) Approximately 200 British pounds or 280 U.S. dollars.
2.25 cm each day, so this is proportional.
b) 260.12 euros
2. Caleb should pay $102.94, Jamal should pay $80.88, and Mina
c) 21357.96 Russian rubles
should pay $66.18. This is each persons proportional share of
d) Answers will vary. If a conversion rate are higher than those
the $250 total cost.
listed here, then it is more favourable for a Canadian travelling
3. Crust: 0.1137 cm, Upper mantle: 2.7288 cm, Lower mantle:
there.
8.2282 cm, Outer core: 8.5617 cm, Inner core: 4.6276 cm
13. Anywhere between $6.48 and $7.50
4. Eight years
15. Daniel will take 100 min to mow the area; Grace will take
16 min.
16. Venus: 13.54 km/h; Earth: 1669.76 km/h; Saturn: Chapter 7 Review, page 249‑251
37.01 km/h 1. a) 6 : 6 b) 6 : 12 c) 1 : 2, 2 : 4, or 3 : 6 d) 50%
17. 0.2 mL/cm2 3 c) 8 : 4
2. a) 6 : 16 b) _
8
3. a) 8 : 32 (or 1 : 4) b) 24 : 8 (or 3 : 1)
7.3 Proportional Reasoning, pages 240–247
4. a) silver to total
1. a) 2 h b) 60 goals c) 72 beats b) 40% of the cars are silver. She is not correct.
2. a) $4.95 b) 200 kg c) 30
3. a) $9.87 b) 50 blocks 5. a) 5 : 2 : 3
4. $23.20 b) 350 mL of oil, 140 mL of lemon juice, 210 mL of vinegar
5. a) 120 seconds 6. a) 50 steps/min b) $0.90/L c) 624 km/h d) 50 kg/year
b) Assuming that she continues to run at the same speed 7. Television
6. a) 10 b) 11 c) 14 d) 18 8. a) $0.83 or 83¢
7. 33 home runs b) It is a rate because the quantities being divided have different
8. 12 times units. The units are dollars per bar or cents per bar.
9. a) Yes. The ratios are equivalent. 9. a) Shelly b) 2.5 km
b) No. The rates are not equivalent. 10. a) 16 kg b) $10.50 c) 18 min
_
10. a) Yes b) No c) Yes 11. a) $7.84 b) 5.3
cm
11. a) Wendy is correct that a proportion cannot be used in this 12. No, this does not represent a proportional relationship.
case. The number of laps is not proportional—6 laps to 4 laps is Minji’s rate was 4.8 jars/hour the first day and 5 jars/hour the
only because Richie started first. After one more lap it will be 7 next.
to 5, then 8 to 6, and so on. These ratios are not proportional. 13. No, this does not represent a proportional relationship. The
b) 13 laps snow fell at a rate of 5 cm/h the first night and 5.25 cm/h the
12. $60 next day.
13. a) first missing value is 9.6; second value is 12.5 14. $18.96
b) first missing value is 367.5; second value is 102.4 15. $50
14. 150 g of rice
15. a) No, the relationship is not exactly proportional (but it is
close). The speeds are slightly different.
b) Approximately 49 minutes.
17. 13.75 mL
18. 17.5 min
Answers • MHR 361
_ _ _
16. Ratio and rates are a comparisons of quantities. For 5. a) 0.3
_ b) 0.45 _ c) 0.13_27 _
example, a ratio might be used to compare the number of 6. a) 0.81 b) 0.7 c) 0.83 d) 0.36
Physics to Biology classes in a school as 3 : 8, and a rate might 7. a) tens b) tenths c) units d) hundredths e) thousandths
be used to express that the average class size in a school is f) ten thousandths
25 students/class. A proportion is a comparison of equivalent 8. Answers will vary. For example:
ratios or rates For example, 3 : 8 = 6 : 16 is a proportion a) 17; 22% of 100 is 22, but 85 is less than 100, so 22% of 85 will
comparing two ratios, or ___ 100 students 25 students
= __ is a be less than 22.
4 classes 1 class b) 50; 48% of 100 is 48, but 102 is more than 100, so 48% of 102
proportion comparing two rates.
will be more than 48.
17. a) It represents a rate, because the units are different (dollars
c) 50; 75% of 100 is 75 and 75% of 50 is 37.5, so 75% of 70 will
and shirts).
be between 37.5 and 75.
b) $14/shirt
d) 72; 82% of 100 is 82, but 91 is less than 100, so 82% of 91 will
c) No, this is not a proportional relationship. The cost per shirt
be less than 82.
is different for each row of the table—the unit price decreases
for larger orders.
18. a) They have won 62.5% of their games, so slightly more 8.1 Understanding Large and Small Percents,
than 60%. pages 256–265
b) 16.875 points/game 1. a)
c) 304 points
d) No, it does not represent a proportional relationship because
the win : loss ratios are not equal. 11 to 7 is not equivalent to
5 to 3.
e) The team won 61% of its games, so the coach’s prediction was
quite accurate. With only 18 games in total, the value could not
have come out to be exactly 60%. 11 out of 18 games is as close b)
to 60% as the team’s winning record could have been.
Chapter 8 Understanding Percent
Get Ready, pages 254–255 c)
1. a) 15% b) 89% c) 64% d) 47%
2. a) 3 squares of one row shaded
b) 4 rows and 6 squares (46 squares total) shaded
c) 9 rows and 7 squares (97 squares total) shaded
d) 1 rows and 5 squares (15 squares total) shaded
1 ; 0.25; 25% b) __
3. a) __ 3 ; 0.375; 37.5%
1 ; 0.5; 50% c) __
4 2 8 d)
4 ; 0.8; 80%
d) __
5
4. a) b)
c) d) e)
e)
f)
f)
362 MHR • Answers
2. a) 3 b) 5 c) 12 3. a) 0.004; 0.4% b) 0.405; 40.5% c) 1.4; 140% d) 1.7; 170%
3 % e) 125.5% f) 282%
1 % d) __
3. a) 112% b) 0.2% c) 85 __ e) 0.3075; 30.75% f) 0.006; 0.6%
3 8
4. a) Answers will vary. For example: approximately 133%
23 b) 0.027; ____
4. a) 0.0575; ___ 27 c) 0.214; ___
107
400 1000 500
b) Assume that the increased size of the box reflects the _ ___ 19
d) 0.126;
increased amount of product. 150
c) The package
_ could_ say “33% bonus.” 5. a) __ 23 ; 2.3 b) ____ 19 ; 0.0038 c) ____ 199 ; 0.199
10 5000 1000
5. a) 41.6% b) 141.6
%
__ 17
6. a) ; 0.68; 68% b) or ; 0.375; 37.5% 9
__ 3
__
6. a) 1% of 229 373 is 2293.73, so dairy farms represent more 25 24 8
than 1% of all farms in Canada, and greenhouse vegetable farms
represent less than 1% of all farms in Canada. 7. a) __ 33 ; 1.32; 132% b) __ 47 ; 2.35; 235%
25 20
b) dairy farms: approximately 6.4%; greenhouse vegetable
8. 2.4, __ 12 , and __ 60 ; all three equal 240%.
farms: approximately 0.3% 5 25
7. 0.13%; the shaded area represents 13% of 1%. 9. a) The numerator is greater than the denominator.
_
8. maximum: 0.3%; minimum: 0.25% b) The value is more than 1.
9. Answers will vary. For example: “give an effort today that is c) The percent is greater than 100%.
110% of your effort last game,”or 10% more than the effort put 11. 0.6%, __ 5 %, 33.5%, 0.65, 1.32, 145%
forth in the last game. 8
_
10. a) The ratio would be less than one percent if there were 12 or ___
13. ____ 1 ; 0.004; approximately 0.4%
2700 225
more than 100 children for each adult.
14. Answers will vary. For example:
b) The ratio would be a fractional percent if there were 3 adults
a) Decimal format may be preferred because 1.3 sounds like
and 8 children.
c) The ratio would be more than 100% if there were more adults more than __ 13 .
10
than there were children. b) Decimal format may be preferred because 0.605 sounds like
11. a) 800 b) Answers will vary. For example: 47 more than ___ 121 .
13. Answers will vary. For example: chemicals that cause 200
pollution in water might need to be present in very, very small c) Fraction format may be preferred because ___ 3 sounds like
400
percents to be considered pollution. more than 0.0075.
14. Yes, the original is 8 mm long and the enlargement is 15. (percents and decimals are approximate)
20 mm long. 20 is 250% of 8. Percent of Decimal
16. Divide the area of each other mattress size by the area of Species Number Total Fraction of Total Equivalent
the single mattress, and convert to percent format; double: Chinook 143 53.6% _____ 143 0.536
approximately 138%; queen: approximately 163%; king: 267
approximately 213% Coho 122 45.7% 122
_____ 0.457
267
17. You could do a sequence of four hundreds grids, with each Steelhead 2 0.75% 2
_____ 0.0075
grid being a ‘zoom in’ of one square of the previous grid—one 267
shaded square of the fourth grid would represent 0.000 001%. 150 000 or __
16. ______ 6 ; 6.0; 600%
A percent this small might be encountered when talking about 25 000 1
_ _
substances that are found in very small trace amounts in water 90 or __
17. __ 125 or __
6 = 1.2 = 120%; ___ 150 or
5 = 1.6 = 166.6%; ___
75 5 75 3 75
or air.
2 = 2.0 = 200%
__
18. Answers will vary. For example: a situation where a 1
population of animals has grown to be more than ten times 18. Answers will vary. For example: _____ 74 or ____
37 ; 0.0074;
10 000 5000
the original population. 0.74%
19. Shade 7 of the 8 pieces to represent 87 __ 1 %; shade 4 of the
2 19. Answers will vary. For example: __ 3 = 0.75 = 75%;
4
1 %.
1 of another to represent 56 __ __ 4 __ 11
8 pieces and __ = 0.8 = 80%; = approximately 0.7857 = approximately
5 14
2 4
78.57%
8.2 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents, pages 266–273
8.3 Percent of a Number, pages 274–279
62 b) 0.0056; ____
1. a) 2.48; __ 7 c) 0.755; ___
151
25 1250 200 1. a) 6000 b) 1.35 c) 0.04
d) 0.0593; 593
_____ 11
__ ___ 1
e) 5.5; f) 0.008; 2. a) $0.12 b) $1000 c) $325.50
10 000 2 125
2. a) 0.72%; ____ 9 137
b) 54.8%; c) 345%; __
___ 69
1250 250 20
32 e) 0.05%; ____
d) 25.6%; ___ 1 f) 650%; __ 13
125 2000 2
Answers • MHR 363
3. Oxygen: 39 kg 8.5 Percent and Financial Literacy, pages 286–293
Carbon: 11.1 kg 1. a) $11.18 b) $4.47 c) $22.39
Hydrogen: 5.7 kg 2.
Calcium: 0.9 kg
Item Purchased Price Total Tax Total Cost
Phosphorus: 0.6 kg
Boots $119.99 $14.40 $134.39
Potassium: 0.24 kg Pants $89.99 $10.80 $100.79
Sulfur: 0.18 kg Gloves $39.99 $4.80 $44.79
Sodium: 0.12 kg Helmet $189.99 $22.80 $212.79
Chlorine: 0.12 kg 3. $67.17
Magnesium: 0.06 kg 4. $24.19
Other elements: less than 0.6 kg 5. $1092
4. a) 1.95 b) approximately 144.88 c) $219.63 6. a) $38.25 b) 55%
5. a) 3.25 b) 150.8 c) $185.90 7. a) $63 b) 47.5%
6. 1300 8. a) Answers will vary. For example: for a total tax rate of 12%:
7. a) 0.5% b) 5 tickets +12%
8. $32.25
9. 5957.73 m
10. 825 mL
11. 1100 km
$1000 $1120
13. a) earnings that are calculated as a percent of sale price
b) $32 575
14. 250; 12.5% of 500 = 62.5; 25% of 250 = 62.5 b) Answers will vary. For example: for a discount of 25%:
15. $7680 –25%
16. approximately 28.6%
17. 61 baskets
$400 $300
8.4 Combined Percents and Percent of a Percent,
9. a) $23 736 b) $26 584.32
pages 280–285
10. No, it is not free. These are percents of different values and
1. a) 18% b) 98.4% c) 19.25% d) 0.32% cannot be combined.
2. 1.75% 11. $539.68
3. 6.25% 12. a) $107.10 b) One person pays $37.48 (or $37.49), one
4. a) 652.8 b) 1311.31 c) 101.76 d) 4032 person pays $26.78 (or $26.77), and two people each pay $21.42.
5. a) 132 caribou b) The increase the first year was 10% of the 14. 70%
original amount, but the increase the second year was 20% of 15. approximately 71.43%
the amount after the first year. 16. 8% increase on the store’s cost
6. Answers will vary. For example: 17. $572.15
25% 18. a) i) $1090 ii) $1092.73
40% of 300
of 500 b) Answers will vary. For example: simple interest is more
simple to calculate. It is the same amount each year, whereas the
500 300 375 amount earned for compound interest increases each year.
19. a) $335.99 b) $180.61
8. No, Kyle is not correct. A 15% increase followed by a 10%
increase is an increase of 26.5% compared to the initial amount. Rich Problems, page 294
10. a) a decrease of 34% b) an increase of 23.5% 1. Answers will vary.
c) a decrease of 21.6% d) an increase of 48.75% 2. Answers will vary.
11. 50% of 50% of 50% is greater; 0.6 × 0.5 × 0.4 = 0.12; 3. 22 games
0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.125 4. Answers will vary.
12. 171.6%
13. approximately 38.3% Chapter 8 Review, pages 295–297
14. a) approximately 0.012 m (or 12 mm)
1. a) 0.7% b) 0.6% c) 50.25% d) 145%
b) In theory, she will never reach the door. If she continually
2. a)
cuts the distance in half there will always be some space left
between the marker and the door. In practice, when the distance
to the door is less than the width of the marker, she will reach
the door.
364 MHR • Answers
b) c) after; the kitchen/great room is approximately 31.1% of the
total floor area before the renovation, and approximately 32.7%
of the total floor area after the renovation.
d) approximately 14.7%
e) $38 150
f) approximately 8.3%
26 or __
16. a) __ 13 ; 0.325; 32.5%
c) 80 40
b) Answers will vary. For example: a fraction has the advantage
of showing the actual number of hits and at bats (if it is not
reduced to lower terms), a decimal has the advantage that is it
simple, and percents are very easy to relate to mentally.
c) 3.9%
d) 81 hits total, or 55 more hits this season
e) part-to-whole; batting average relates the number of hits to
3. a) approximately 171% b) 0.000 004 41% the total number of times at bat.
191 b) 1.4; __
4. a) 0.955; ___ 9
7 c) 0.009; ____ f) i) No, a batter cannot have more hits than the number of
200 5 1000
times at bat.
5. a) to d)
ii) Yes, if a batter had only one hit, and was at bat more than 100
Fraction Decimal Percent times.
23
_____ 0.115 11.5% iii) Yes. For example: if a batter was to get 3 hits out of 77 times
200
at bat, the batting average will be a fractional percent.
___ 19 0.2375 3 %
23 __
80 4
_____ 3 0.015 1.5%
200
Chapter 9 Statistics and Probability
77
___ 3.85 385%
20
3 ; approximately 0.029; approximately 2.9%;
6. a) swim: ___
Get Ready, pages 300–301
103
1.
bike: ___ 80 ; approximately 0.777; approximately 77.7%;
103 Fraction Decimal Percent
20 ; approximately 0.194; approximately 19.4%
run: ___ 1
__ 0.5 50%
103 2
_
b) swim: ____ 1125 ; approximately 0.172; approximately 17.2%; __ 2 _
0.6 66.6%
6538 3
bike: ____ 3565 ; approximately 0.545; approximately 54.5%; __ 2
or __ 1 0.2 20%
6538 10 5
1848 ; approximately 0.283; approximately 28.3%
run: ____ 37
_____ 37%
6538 100
0.37
c) No, they are not the same. He travels at different speeds for
80 or __
___ 8 or __ 4 0.8 80%
each portion of the race. 100 10 5
7. a) 264.5 b) 40 __ 3 c) 0.1 d) 0.8 125 or __
___ 5 1.25 125%
8 100 4
8. a) approximately 38.7
75 or __
2. a) 75¢, $0.75 b) ___ 3 c) 75%
b) 287.1 100 4
c) approximately 4.5 3. a) equivalent b) not equivalent c) not equivalent
d) 108 d) equivalent
9. $377.20 3 b) __
4. a) __ 7
1 c) __
10. 23.75% 8 2 10
11. a) 221 b) 10.5% 5. __ 3 , __
1 , __ 7 , __
2 , __ 11
6 5 3 10 15
12. $771.23
13. $258.94 6. a) yellow = __ 3 , red = __
4 , blue = __ 1
8 8 8
14. The final sale price will be 50% of the regular price at store 4
__ 1
__ 3
__
b) yellow: or , 0.5, 50%, blue: , 0.375, 37.5%,
A and 56.25% of the regular price at Store B. Store A is the 8 2 8
better buy. 1 , 0.125, 12.5%
red: __
8
15. a) approximately 127%
b) Yes, bathroom #2 makes up less than 1% of the total floor
area.
Answers • MHR 365
7. a) 16. a) 4 b) any number except 5 or 6
Die 17. a) 4 b) anything 4 or greater
1 2 3 4 5 6
Yellow Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 9.2 Choosing Measures of Central Tendency,
Spinner Blue B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 pages 308–313
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
_
Red 1. a) mean = 17.4; median = 13; mode = 11
Spinner Die Outcome
b) Answers will vary. For example: because one value is
1 Yellow, 1 significantly higher than the others, median may be preferred.
2 Yellow, 2 2. Mode may be preferred to reflect a group’s favorite movie.
3 Yellow, 3
Yellow
4 Yellow, 4
3. Answers will vary. For example: because one value is
5 Yellow, 5 significantly higher
_ than the others, median may be preferred.
6 Yellow, 6 4. a) mean = 7.916; modes = 7 and 8
1 Red, 1 b) mode; the number of each size that have sold is important for
2 Red, 2
3 Red, 3
knowing which sizes need to be restocked.
Red
4 Red, 4 6. Explanations will vary.
5 Red, 5 a) mean b) mode c) median d) mean e) mode
6 Red, 6
7. a) median = 21.5 min, mean = 21.5 min
1 Blue, 1
2 Blue, 2 b) modes = 19 and 24; Answers will vary. For example: the
Blue 3 Blue, 3 mean of the two modes is the same as the mean and median for
4 Blue, 4 the entire data set.
5 Blue, 5
6 Blue, 6 c) Mean may be preferred because all of the times are very close
to each other. She averages 21.5 min per game.
b) (Y, 1), (Y, 2), (Y, 3), (Y, 4), (Y, 5), (Y, 6), (B, 1), (B, 2), (B, 3),
9. a) approximately 7.5 b) 7.3 c) 6.8
(B, 4), (B, 5), (B, 6), (R, 1), (R, 2), (R, 3), (R, 4), (R, 5), (R, 6)
d) Mean may be preferred because there are no obvious outliers.
3 or __
c) __ 1 10. a) Answers will vary. For example: this practice can help
18 6
reduce bias, so one judge cannot influence the outcomes by
giving an unfairly high or low score.
9.1 Mean, Median, and Mode, pages 302–307
b) The mean is slightly altered, the median is not altered, and
1. a) 6 b) 2 c) 60 the mode is eliminated.
2. a) 3 b) 18 and 21 c) 8 11. Answers will vary. For example: the grade 4s averaged 6
3. a) median = 6, mode = 6 cans per student, which is more than any other grade, so they
b) median = 10, no mode should win the prize.
c) median = 18, mode = 18 13. a) median = 7, modes = 4 and 8, mean = 6.4
4. a) mean = 7.5, median = 7.5, no mode b) Answers will vary. For example: the mean may be preferred
b) mean = 2.3, median = 1.9, modes = 1.4, 1.6, and 2.2 because it is the average.
c) mean = 100, median = 100, no mode c) Answers will vary. For example: Min should likely make
d) mean = 9, median = 10, mode = 11 between 7 and 9 free throws, based on her most recent
e) mean = 10, median = 10, modes = 6, 10, and 14 performance.
5. Mean and average have the same meaning, so the mean d) Answers will vary. For example: none of the measures of
would be more useful than the median. central tendency account for improvement over time.
6. Answers and explanations will vary. For example: 2, 3, 3, 3, 5. 14. Answers will vary. One example is 1, 1, 28, 82.
7. Yes. The numbers must be reordered to determine the 15. a) 39.25
median. b) 43; 80% of 250 total marks available is 200. He already has
8. a) 6 157, so he needs 43 more.
b) Redistribute the cubes so that all towers are the same height. 16. 2, 7, 7, 8
9. 8.5
10. mode = 3. Explanations will vary. For example: if they can 9.3 Determine Probabilities Using Tree Diagrams and
increase the number of goals in each game by one, they are
Tables, pages 314–321
more likely to win.
11. 42,000 1. a) Coin Flip Spinner
13. a) 11 b) $15 per hour c) $16 per hour 1
d) The modes would now be $15 per hour, $16 per hour, and H 2
$18 per hour, but the median would not change. 3
14. a) 100 g and 110 g b) 102.5 g 1
T 2
c) median = 100 g, modes = 100 g and 110 g
3
15. Answers will vary. For example: 7, 7, 15, 16
366 MHR • Answers
b) (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3) 1 or 0.125 or 12.5%
d) __
_ _ 8
1 or 0.16 or 16.%
c) __ 6 10. He is not correct. There are four possible outcomes; (H, H),
6
2. a) (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)
11. a) (T, T), (T, N), (T, E1), (T, E2), (N, T), (N, N), (N, E1),
Spin 2 (N, E2), (E1, T), (E1, N), (E1, E1), (E1, E2), (E2, T), (E2, N),
T W O (E2, E1), (E2, E2)
T T,T T,W T,O
Spin 1 W W,T W,W W,O b) __ 2 or __ 1 or 0.125 or 12.5%
16 8
O O,T O,W O,O
4 or __
c) __ 1 or 0.25 or 25%
_ _ _ _ 16 4
1 or 0.1 or 11.1% c) __
b) __ 1 or 0.3 or 33.3%
9 3 d) __ 6 or __ 3 or 0.375 or 37.5%
3. a) (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), 16 8
13. a)
(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4) First Second Third
Spin Spin Spin
b) __ 6 or __ 3 or 0.375 or 37.5% T
16 8 T E
E
4 or __
c) __ 1 or 0.25 or 25%
N
T
16 4 E
E E
4. a) (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), T N
T
(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), E E
E
(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 4), (7, 5), N
T
E
(7, 6) N E
_ _ N
b) __ 4 or __ 15 or __
2 or 0.13 or 13.3% c) __ 1 or 0.5 or 50% T
E
30 5 30 2 T E
_ _ N
d) __ 10 or __ 1 or 0.3 or 33.3% T
E
30 3 E E
N
5. a) the probability of flipping heads and rolling a 3 E T
E
b) Only one branch leads from H to 3, so the probability is 1 out E E
N
of the total number of branches. T
E
6. Determine the number of branches that include HHT in any N E
N
order, and divide that number by the total number of branches. T
E
T E
7. a) and b) N
T
Stick 1 Stick 2 Stick 3 Stick 4 Results E
E E
D 4 E N
T
D N E
3 E E
D D 3 N
N N T
2 E
Decorated N E
D 3 N
(D) D N 2 T
N
D 2 T E
E
N N
N
1 T
E
E E
D 3 N N
D N T
2 E
D D 2 E E
Not Decorated N N N
1 T
(N)
D 2 N E
E
D N 1 N
N 1
D
8 or __
1 or 0.125 or 12.5%
N N 0 b) __
64 8
4 or __
c) __ 1 or 0.25 or 25% 2 or __
c) __ 1 or 0.031 25 or 3.125%
16 4 64 32
9. a) d) __ 42 or __ 21 or 0.656 25 or 65.625%
64 32
Second Baby _ _
14. a) __ 8 or __ 2 or 0.2 or 22.2%
B G 36 9
B,B B,G
18 or __ 1 or 0.5 or 50%
B
First Baby b) __
G G,B G,G 36 2
_ _
15 or __
c) __ 5 or 0.416 or 41.6%
2 or __
b) __ 1 or 0.5 or 50% 36 12
4 2 _ _
c) Answers will vary. For example: that the probability of a boy d) __ 8 or __ 2 or 0.2 or 22.2%
36 9
is the same as the probability of a girl.
Answers • MHR 367
9.4 Determining Probabilities Using Fractions, 3 b) __
12. a) __ 3
8 24
pages 322–331 c) The situations in parts a) and b) do not take into account the
1. a) probabilities that Jeremy is happy with either his appetizer or his
Die
main course.
1 2 3 4 5 6 13. a) __ 2 b) __ 3
5 8
A A,1 A,2 A,3 A,4 A,5 A,6 _ _
Spinner
B B,1 B,2 B,3 B,4 B,5 B,6 14. __ 7 or 0.23 or 23.3%
30
1 c) __
b) __ 1 d) __
1 15. a) ___ 1 b) ___ 3
12 c) ___
2 6 12 169 169 169
2. a) 16. P(C) = __ 3 ; the numerator must be 3 because 1 × 3 × 3 = 9,
5
Die and the denominator must be 5 because 2 × 7 × 5 = 70.
1 2 3 4 5 6
17. __ 1
Heads H,1 H,2 H,3 H,4 H,5 H,6 2
Coin
Tails T,1 T,2 T,3 T,4 T,5 T,6 19. 19
__
27
There are 12 possible outcomes.
1 c) __
b) __ 1 Rich Problems, page 332
12 4
3. a) __ 3 b) __ 9
3 c) __ 1. a) Answers will vary. For example: a coin works; heads can
4 5 20 represent one team scoring, and tails can represent the other
4. a) __ 1 b) __ 1 team scoring.
2 4
b) Results will vary.
c) First Coin Second Coin
Flip Flip
c) Results will vary.
d) Results will vary.
H e) Soccer is not random, so the better team will eventually score
H T more times and win more games.
H
T 2. The probability of selecting the special coin is __ 1 . If the regular
T 2
coin is selected, the probability of getting H, H, H is __ 1 . If the
5. a) __ 3
1 b) __ 8
24 8 2-headed coin is selected, the probability of getting H, H, H is 1.
3 .
6. First, calculate the probability of getting a red marble: __ The probability of selecting the 2-headed coin is still __ 1 .
5 2
2 . Multiply them
Calculate the probability of getting a nickel: __ 3. a) Answers will vary. For example: once one goat has been
6
together to get the probability of getting a red marble and a revealed, the probability of winning the car is __ 1 , so there is no
2
nickel: __ 1 . advantage either way.
5
b) Results will vary.
7. 15%
8. a) There are only 2 types of marbles, but there is not the c) The probability of winning is __ 1 either way.
2
same number of each, therefore, P(black) is not __ 1 . The same d) The probability that the car is behind any one of the
2
argument follows for the coins. remaining doors is equal, however the likelihood of winning,
decreases as the number of doors increases.
4
b) __
15 e) Answers may vary.
10. __ 3 ; approximately 0.429; approximately 42.9% 4. Not returning the ball each time increases the probability
7 of you guessing correctly as you are guessing from a smaller
11. a) number of balls with each successive try.
Chapter 9 Review, pages 333–335
2 1. approximately 2.7 days
A A 2. mode = 21, median = 20
2 3
3. mode = 5, median = 5
B 2
4. a) 7 b) 24 c) 11
5. a) Class A: 1; Class B: 3 b) Class A: 3; Class B: approximately
1 c) __
b) __ 1
2 12 2.53 c) Answers will vary. For example: Class B might be
selected because every student contributed.
6. a) The mode would be selected because 99% of germs were
killed in more than one trial.
368 MHR • Answers
b) Answers will vary. For example: the mean might be selected 4 or __
b) __ 2
42 21
because there are no obvious outliers.
7. a) Answers will vary. For example: 32 or __
c) __ 16
42 21
Die 2
9 or __
Die 1
1 d) __ 3
2 42 14
1 3 9. a) Answers will vary. For example:
4
5 First Flip Second Flip Third Flip
6
1
2 H
H
2 3 T
4 H
5 H
6 T T
1
2 H
3
3 H
4
T T
5
6 H
1 T
2 T
3
4 4
5 1
b) __
6 8
1
2
3 3
c) __
5 4
8
5 10. a) (H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (T,1), (T,2), (T,3)
6
1 b) 6
2
6 3 c) There are two possible outcomes from the coin, and three
4
5 from the spinner; 2 × 3 = 6
6
3 b) __
11. a) __ 4 c) __ 12
_ _ 5 5 25
3 or __
b) __ 1 or 0.083 or 8.3 12. a) 0.05 b) 0.02 c) The answer to part b) reflects the
36 12
probability of it snowing in Nanaimo, Chilliwack, and Whistler
6 or __
c) __ 1
36 6 on that day.
d) __ 6 or __ 1 13. a) 25% b) 15%
36 6 c) Answers will vary. For example: the number of trials is
8. a) Answers will vary. For example: quite low.
Card Die d) Answers will vary. For example: the experimental probability
1
2 should be closer to 25%. As the sample size increases, the
3 experimental probability tends to approach the theoretical
3 4
5 probability.
6
1 14. 62%
2
4 3 15. a) ___ 6 or __ 1 b) ___ 108 or __
1
4 216 36 216 2
5
6 16. a) $18.25 b) approximately 91.5%
1 c) Answers will vary. For example: $38.20
2
3 d) Answers will vary. For example: his current mean bill is
5 4
5 $38.20 per month, so he should not switch plans. If, however, he
6 wants the ability to send more texts, for an additional $1.75 per
1 month, he could have unlimited texting.
2
6 3
4
5
6
1
2
7 3
4
5
6
1
2
8 3
4
5
6
1
2
9 3
4
5
6
Answers • MHR 369
You might also like
- Chapter 1 8 - Pythagorean Theorem Square Roots 2016No ratings yetChapter 1 8 - Pythagorean Theorem Square Roots 201665 pages
- Math 8 Section 3.1 Extra Practice: Name: - DateNo ratings yetMath 8 Section 3.1 Extra Practice: Name: - Date8 pages
- Solving Problems Involving Quadratic EquationsNo ratings yetSolving Problems Involving Quadratic Equations7 pages
- Suppose, Breath X So, Length X Area X 384 Or, X 384 Or, X 256 Or, X 16 Length (3 16) /2 24No ratings yetSuppose, Breath X So, Length X Area X 384 Or, X 384 Or, X 256 Or, X 16 Length (3 16) /2 2416 pages
- Measurement: 2017 MTAP Dep-Ed - NCR Seminar Workshop in Mathematics Grade 7No ratings yetMeasurement: 2017 MTAP Dep-Ed - NCR Seminar Workshop in Mathematics Grade 749 pages
- Quadratic Equation Word Problems Worksheet100% (1)Quadratic Equation Word Problems Worksheet20 pages
- PlanE Solid Mensuration EASY 2 With AnswerNo ratings yetPlanE Solid Mensuration EASY 2 With Answer2 pages
- SK1-BRK-01-Brake System Bleeding-Rev 1.0No ratings yetSK1-BRK-01-Brake System Bleeding-Rev 1.09 pages
- Lance Design For Argon Bubbling in Molten MetalNo ratings yetLance Design For Argon Bubbling in Molten Metal12 pages
- Bhairahawa Engineering and Builders PVT - LTD: Core Contract Documents CLIENT: .No ratings yetBhairahawa Engineering and Builders PVT - LTD: Core Contract Documents CLIENT: .5 pages
- Cleaning Validation MACO Swab Rinse Ovais v1.1No ratings yetCleaning Validation MACO Swab Rinse Ovais v1.18 pages
- The Role of Financial Institution in Enhancing Business Activities in Nigeria100% (5)The Role of Financial Institution in Enhancing Business Activities in Nigeria54 pages
- Falke Talk - The Falke 80 - 90 Serial No Database - 03No ratings yetFalke Talk - The Falke 80 - 90 Serial No Database - 035 pages
- Existentialist Feminism and Simone de Beauvoir PDFNo ratings yetExistentialist Feminism and Simone de Beauvoir PDF2 pages
- Introduction To Data Science and Python For DataNo ratings yetIntroduction To Data Science and Python For Data12 pages
- Loop SMPTE - TST-B1 Until You Have Completed The QuestionsNo ratings yetLoop SMPTE - TST-B1 Until You Have Completed The Questions1 page
- Blockchain's Impact On Marketing by SlidesgoNo ratings yetBlockchain's Impact On Marketing by Slidesgo8 pages
- Singer 457U15, U125, U135, U140 Operator's Guide100% (1)Singer 457U15, U125, U135, U140 Operator's Guide8 pages