HAWASSA CITY ADMINISTRATION

EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
SECOND SEMESTER
COMPENSATIONAL LESSON 2012E.C.

GRADE-11

SUBJECT PHYSICS

UNIT-7

Equilibrium

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 UNIT-7

Equilibrium
7.1 Equilibrium of a particle
Equilibrium a body is in equilibrium when the net force and net moment on the particle are zero
Concurrent forces areforces that all pass through the same point
Newton’s first law of motion states that a particle will continue in its state of uniform motion along
straight line or rest unless it is acted on by a force. We can restate Newton’s first law to give the
equilibrium ofa particle, which is that in the absence of net external force a particle is said to be in
equilibrium.
If a net force acts on a particle, it is no longer in equilibrium and will move according to Newton’s
second law of motion.
If the sum of all the forces acting on a body in the x-direction is zero and the sum of the forces acting
on a body in the y-direction is zero, the body will be in equilibrium:
Mathematically, ΣFx = 0; ΣFy; ΣF = 0
If a body is not in equilibrium, the body will accelerate in the direction of the net force.
Example:1. Forces acting on a body are F1 =[ 4,5] N, F2 =[–3,–2] N and F3 = [–2,–3] N; does a body
in equilibrium?
Solution:ΣFx = F1x +F2x+F3x = 4N-3N-2N= -1N ≠0; then a body not in equilibrium
7.2 Moment of force or torque
Moment of a force isthe force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the point about which
the moment is being measured
Coplanar forces area set of forces that act in the same plane
The moment or torque is given by the vector product of the force and displacement from the axis of
rotation:
τ = r × F = rFsin θ; where θ is the angle between r and F
7.3 Conditions of equilibrium
For a body to be in equilibrium, two conditions must be satisfied: the net force (or the sum of the force
vectors) and the net torque must be zero.
If the body is in equilibrium – it could be moving at a steady velocity or it could be at rest.
If a body is not moving and there are no net forces or torque on the body, it is in static equilibrium.

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If the body is moving and there are no net forces or no net torque acting on the body, there is no net
acceleration. The body will continue to move at the same velocity. The body is in dynamic
equilibrium.
Rotational equilibrium
If a body is in rotational equilibrium, the sum of all the external torques acting on the body must be
zero.
7.4. Couples
Couples area set of forces with a resultant moment but no net force
The forces produce torques that act in the same direction.
the moment of a couple is independent of the position of axis.
The properties of a couple are:
the linear resultant of a couple is zero (e.g. F + –F = 0)
the moment of a couple is not zero and has the same magnitude
The moment of a couple is a product of magnitude of the force and the distance between the forces
τ =Fd

Example:2 Calculate the torque for couples of magnitude 120 N and 50cm distance perpendicular to
axis of rotation
Solution: τ =Fd =120Nx0.5m = 60Nm
Types of equilibrium
1. Stable equilibrium
 Has a tendency to return its original position after the disturbance is removed.
 Its center of mass is raises during the disturbance; this causes increasing in gravitational
potential energy.
2. Unstable equilibrium
• Has a tendency to move further due to a small disturbance or not to return its original position.
• Its center of mass lowers so that the gravitational potential energy is decreases.

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3. Neutral equilibrium
 The tendency of an object, to neither return to its original position nor to move farther from it.
 The center of mass and gravitational potential energy remains constant.

Summary
If a body is in equilibrium when the net force and net moment(torque) on the particle is zero
If the system satisfy 2nd condition equilibrium, clockwise torque is equal to counter clockwise torque
or the net torque must be zero.
Static equilibriumistype of equilibrium that occurs when a body is at rest and there is no net force or
net torque acting on it
Dynamic equilibrium istype of equilibrium that occurswhen a body is moving at asteady velocity and
there is no net force or net torque acting on itthe two conditions of equilibrium mathematically:First
condition: ΣF = 0; Second condition: Στ= 0
couple: Pair of forces
• Act in opposite direction.
• They have the same magnitude.
• Maintain translational equilibrium.
• Always produce moment (net torque).
 The net torque produced by couple independent of the position of axis of rotation but depends
on the magnitude of one of the force and distance between the two forces
Work Sheet

1.Are these set of concurrent forces are in equilibrium? F1 = [4,5]N, F2= [-3,-2]N and F3= [-1,-3]N
2. Find a). the moments at P and Q
b). net force . Does the system satisfy both conditions of equilibrium.

.
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 3.A beam, which is 1metre long, is pivoted at its center O. The beam has negligible mass. The system
is in equilibrium. Find the weight W and the force Facting o pivot

4. Three forces act on a bar as shown in Figure below. There is a net torque of 2.8 N m anti-clockwise
around the axis at A. What is the size of the force at B?

5. Two forces each 150 N act at a distance 40cm from the center of rotation. The torque produced by
the couple is 10 N

6. For the system shown find the net torque about X.

X
10 cm
10 N
20 N

7. A 50 kg box is suspended from the ceiling by a rope that has a mass 10 kg is in equilibrium. The
tension at the top of the rope is
8. Find F in terms of , and M, that keeps the system in equilibrium.


F
M

9. A type of equilibrium that happens when a body is moving at constant velocity in the absence of net
force ornet torque is
10. Identify type of equilibrium when you stand on one of your foot.

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 UNIT-8 Properties of bulk matter.

8.1. Elastic behavior

Deformation classified as Elastic and Plastic
Elastic deformation: materials regain their original shape after deformed force is removed unless the
deformed force is beyond its elastic limit.
Plastic deformation: materials do not regain its original shape or irreversible change of a body.This
happen when the force applied is beyond elastic limit of a material.
Elastic limitis a point at which a boundary region of elastic and plastic deformation.Beyond this point
the material will be permanently deformed.
If a deformation is elastic then the material obey Hook’s law
The force applied is directly proportional to the extension only up to the elastic limit.

Plastic region does not obey Hook’s law Force versus extension graph
From the graph above
Point “A” is limit of proportionality
Point “B” is yield point (point of sudden increase of extension) or point of elastic limit
Point “C” is fracture point
“O” to “A” is proportional region
“O” to “B” is elastic region
“B” to “C” is plastic region.
If a large plastic deformation takes place between the elastic limit and the fracture point, the material is
ductile.
Ductility is the ability of material(metal) to be drawn into thin wires.
If fracture occurs soon after the elastic limit is passed, the material is brittle(they have no plastic stage
at all) their behavior only elastic

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Types of deformation
There are four types of deformation
1. Tensile deformation 3. Torsional deformation Shear deformation4.
Compressional deformation
2.

Shear deformation

Compressional deformation
Torsional deformation

Tensile stress
It is the ratio of the restoring or recovering force per unit of area set up in the body.
Tensile stress = Force/area; it is measured in N/m2 .
Exercise-1: A force of 500N is applied perpendicular to a person’s arm. The muscle and tendon have
the following areas: Muscle cross sectional area 50cm2 .Find the tensile stress in the

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muscle.
Solution: Stress = F/A = 500N/5x10-3m2 = 100,000N/m2

Tensile strain
It is the ratio of change in length to original length (∆L/L)
Young’s Modulus(Y)
It is measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.
It is the stress required to produce strain
It is the ratio of stress to strain up to the material limit of proportionality.
Mathematically; Young’s Modulus = stress/strain = Y = FL/A∆L
It is measured in Pascal.
Example:A wire1m long and radius 1mm stretches 0.6mm when a load of 20kg hangs from it.
Calculate the
a). stress,
b). strain,
c). Young’s Modulus
d). force constant.
Solution: a). stress = F/A = 200N/π(1x10-3m)2 =( 2/π)x108N/m2 = 6.37x107pa
b). strain = ∆L/L = 6x10-4m/1m = 0.6mm
c). Young Modulus = stress/strain = 6.37x107pa/0.6mm =1.062x1011Pa.
d). from Hook’s law; K= F/∆L = 200N/0.6mm = 3.33x105N/m
Bulk modulus(B)
It is a measure of the ability of a substance to resist changes in volume when under increasing pressure
from all sides.
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called the compressibility of the material.
It is related to gas or liquid.
Bulk modulus(B) = ∆P/∆V/Vo
shear modulus
It is a measure of the ability of a substance to resist deformation caused by a force parallel to one of its
surfaces.
shear modulus = the shear stress/the shear strain

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If the object is originally a rectangular block, a shear stress results in a shape whose cross section is a
parallelogram.
S= shear stress/shear strain= F/A/∆L/Lo

Strain energy
It is the internal work done in deforming the body by the action of externally applied force or energy
stored in elastic material
Strain energy = ½ F∆x = ½ K(∆x)2
8.2. Fluid statics
Studies about fluids when they are at rest.
Pressure due to a fluid column depends on:
• Depth(h)
• Density(Type of fluid)
• Acceleration due to gravity.
Mathematically; P = ρghis gauge pressure(Pg)
• It is the difference of absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
• Pg = Pab - Pat
Example:An open tank is filled with water to a depth of 1.2m. Determine the absolute pressure at a
point 0.8m below the upper surface of the water. Take the atmospheric pressure to be 1.01×105 N/m2
and the density of water to be 1000kg/m3Repeat the question if the tank is closed
Solution:Pab = Pg +pat = ρgh + 1.01×105 N/m2 = 8000Pa + 1.01×105 pa = 1.09x105pa
Pascal’s law and its applications
Pressure exerted anywhere in a confined liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all
directions throughout the liquid.
P
1 P2

P1= P2

F1/A1 = F2/A2 ; F2/F1 = A2/A1

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Archimedes’ principle and its application
States that if an object totally or partially submerged in a fluid the up thrust or buoyancy force on a
submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
Weight of displaced fluid = Weight of object
ρfluidVg = ρobjectVg
Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects that have sunk completely to the sea floor.
Buoyancy decreases as the density of the surrounding air decreases

There are three alternatives:

1. Weight of displaced liquid is equal to weight of object: the object is in equilibrium and will not
move(will float).
2. Weight of displaced liquid is greater than the weight of object: the object will rise.
3. Weight of displaced liquid is less than the weight of object: the object will sink.
Example: The mass of the Titanic was roughly 40,000tonne how much water did it displace to float?
Solution:Wo= Mg = 4x108N = Wf =ρgV; V = 4x108N/ρg =4x108N/1000kg/m3x10m/s2 =40,000m3
Surface tension.
It is a property of a liquid’s surface that causes it to act like a stretched elastic skin
It is caused by the forces of attraction between the particles of the liquids
It is cohesive effect.
We can reduce surface tension by adding detergent and warming the water.
f = Force/length

Surface energy
It is a measure of the disruption of intermolecular bonds caused by a surface.

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Pressure difference across a surface film
Young –Laplace equation is ∆P = f(1/R1+1/R2) where R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of each of
the axis that are parallel to the surface.

Contact Angle

Angle of contact
The angle at which a liquid surface meets a solid surface.

Capillary action
The movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the
liquid to molecules of the solid.
It is adhesive effect.
It causes meniscus(a curve in the surface of a liquid).
A narrow tube draw higher column of liquid than wide tube.
The height(h) due to capillary action is h = 2fcosϴ/grρ

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8.3. fluid dynamics
Studiesabout fluids when they are in motion.
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress.
When fluid is in motion, its flow can be characterized as being one of two main types.
1. Steady or laminar,
2. Turbulent
Types of flow
Streamline/laminar flow is type of fluid flow where the fluid travels smoothly in regular layers; the
velocity and pressure remain constant at every point in the fluid without any disruption.

Turbulent flow is type of fluid flow where there is disruption to the layers of fluid; the speed of the
fluid at any point is continuously changing both in magnitude and direction.

Factor affecting laminar flow

• Density
• Compressibility
• Temperature
• Viscosity
Viscosity isa fluid property that relates the shear stress in a fluid to the angular rate of deformation.
Reynolds Number
It is a number used to identify whether the flow is laminar or turbulent
Equation of continuity.
States that the mass flow rate of fluid flowing into a system is equal to the mass flow rate of fluid
leaving the system.
The equation derived based on conservation of mass.
Flow rate the volume of liquid flowing past a given point per unit time.

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Flow rate = volume/time
Q = Vin/t = Vout/t

A1v1= A2v2 is volume flux or discharge rate (Q), it is remains constant

A gardener uses a water hose 2.5 cm in diameter to fill a 30L bucket. The gardener notes
Example:A
cross sectional area0.5cm2 is then
that it takes 1min to fill the bucket. A nozzle with an opening of cross-sectional
attached to the hose. The nozzle is held so that water is projected horizontally from a point 1m above
the ground. Over what horizontal distance
dis can the water be projected?
3 3 3
Solution:A1v1 =30 L/min = 30x10 cm /60se = 500cm /se
3
V = 500cm /se /A = 1.02 m/s the speed of the water in the hose from the bucket
1 1

v2 = A1v1 /A2 = 10.0 m/s the speed ofthe water exits in the nozzle
for the vertical position of an element of water, modeled as a particle under constant acceleration.
2
-1m = -1/2 gt , t2 =2/10se2, x= vt = 4.52 m
Bernoulli’s principle
The velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.
p/ρ + gh + v2/2 = constant; Bernoulli’s equation.

p =p +p
T dynamic static

Total pressure = dynamic pressure + static pressure

Viscosity
The internal resistance of a fluid to flow and a measure of thickness of a fluid.
The force required to drive in a pipe is
F= ηA∆V/∆y , viscous force
Where η=
= viscosity, v= speed of flow
A= cross-sectional area
y= distance from container wall

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The higher the viscosity of the liquid, the more sluggish the flow.
Si unit of viscosity is Pascal.second
In cgs unit dyn.s/cm2=1poise=0.1N.s/m2=0.1pa.s
Viscosity decreases as temperature increase but for a gas increases as temperature increase.
The coefficient of viscosity
It is used to measure viscosity of liquid
It is measured in kg/ms =pa.s.
As a liquid warms up its viscosity falls considerably.
The viscous force between layers is determined in: the velocity gradient and area of contact A
Fd = ήA∆v/∆y for horizontal pipe
Poiseuille’s law
The flow rate to be large for a pipe with a large radius r and a small length L Jean Louis Marie
Poiseuille (French Physist).
States that volume flow rate (Q = V/t)
• Q = V/t = π∆pr4/8Lη
• Q increases as the fourth power of r (the pipe radius).
Stokes’s law
States that drag force in a fluid increases as velocity of falling body increase
F = 6πηrv
Terminal velocity
Terminal velocity occurs when the viscous and buoyancy forces equal the weight of falling body.
At this point the velocity of a body is maximum, or terminal.
Fb + Fd= mg, when a body reaches a terminalvelocity(VT).
Fb = m g =ρVg = (4/3)πr3ρg
dfluid

6πηrvT+ (4/3)πr3ρg = mg = ρ Vg, V = 4/3 πr3

ob
3 3
6πηvT + (4/3)πr ρ g = 4/3 πr ρobg
f
2
V = [2r g (ρob – ρ )] /9η
T f

As the ball is dropped into the fluid it accelerates as a result of the gravitational field until the ball
reaches terminal velocity.
Exercise: A billiard ball of radius 4cm is falling through a liquid of viscosity 0.98 at a velocity of
3m/s. Find the drag force.
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Solution:F = 6πηrv = 2.2N
8.4. Heat, temperature and thermal expansion.
Heat is the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference between
the system and its surroundings.
Heat is a form of energy measured in joule
lows from hot body to cold body spontaneously.
Specific heat capacity (c) is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a given
substance by 1k.
It is measured in J/kgk.
Q = Cm∆T
Heat capacity (C) is the heat energy required to raise temperature of a body by 1k.
Q= C∆T = cm∆T; C = cm

Calorimetry
An experimental approach to measure heat capacity and heat change during chemical and physical
processes.
Change of state
Substances may exist in three phases(as solid, liquid and gas).
Phase is the distinct form of a substance under different conditions.
Phase change is a change from one state of matter to another without a change in chemical
composition.
Phase change diagram is a graph of pressure against temperature which can be used to show the
conditions under which each phase of a substance exist.
State variables are a variables that describes the state of a dynamic system( Pressure, temperature or
internal energy).
Critical point is the temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance become
identical.
Triple point is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of a substance coexist in-
thermal equilibrium.
Latent heat
It is the amount of energy released or absorbed by a substance during a change of state which occurs
without a change in temperature.

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Specific latent heat of fusion(Lf).
Fusion is a process of melting.
Specific latent heat of fusion(Lf): is the thermal energy required to change 1kg of solid at its melting
point into 1kg of liquid at constant temperature.
Its unit is J/kg.
Lf = Q/m
Determine the energy required to change 2kg of ice in to water at its melting point. Take Lf=340kJ/kg.
Specific latent heat of vaporization (Lv).
Specific latent heat of vaporisation (Lv): is the thermal energy required to change 1kg of liquid at its
boiling point into 1kg of gas at constant temperature.
It is also measured in J/kg.

Internal energy (U)

Internal energy is all the energy of a system that is associated with its microscopic components atoms
and molecules when viewed from a reference frame at rest with respect to the center of mass of the
system.
Energy possessed by the molecules of a substance.
Heat transfer
There are three ways of transfer of heat energy
Conduction is transfer of heat energy through a material from molecule to molecule without any
movement of the material itself.
Radiation is transfer of energy through sun rays.
Convection is transfer of heat energy through movement of molecules.
Thermal conductivity.
It is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.
The rate of heat flow depends on:
The core elements of the material which made(k).
The area of the material (A)l and temperature gradient (∆T/x).
Q/t = kA∆T/x
Where k is thermal conductivity, its unit W/mk
The rate of thermal conduction depends on the properties of the substance being heated.

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The thermal conductivity of copper is 390w/mk. Calculate the rate of heat flow through a copper bar
whose area is 4cm2and whose length is 0.5m, if a there is a temperature difference of 300c maintained
between its ends.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
Describes the total energy radiated by a black body or radiated power (p) in watt.
P = σAT4
σ is universal constant does not depend on the material of the surface.
Its value is 5.67x10-8W/m2k4
Newton’s law of cooling
The rate of loss of heat from a body is proportional to its excess temperature above its surroundings.
∆H/∆t = kA(T –T )
surr. object

where T is the surrounding temperature.

surr.

Summary
Elastic deformationsis a material regain its original shape after deformed force is removed.
Plastic deformationsis a material do not regain its original shape after deformed force is removed.
Elastic limitis boundary region between elastic and plastic deformation and thus beyond this point
materials are permanently deformed.
Tensile stress istensile force F divided by the cross-section area A of the wire; tensile stress = F/A
Tensile strain isextension x divided by the wire’s original length, L tensile strain = x/L
Hooke’s law isthe force applied to a material is directly proportional to its extension up to the elastic
limit
Limit of proportionality ispoint at which extension andapplied force are no longerproportional
Yield point ispoint where there is a sudden increase in extension
Young’s modulus isthe ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain up to the material’s limit of
proportionality.
Bulk modulus is a measure of the ability of a substance toresist changes in volume when
under increasing pressure from all sides
Shear modulus is a measure of the ability of a substance to resist deformation caused by
a force parallel to one of its surfaces
Shear stress is the force divided by the cross-sectional areawhich is being sheared
shear strain = Δx /L
The energy stored in a stretched wire is ½ Fxwhere Fis the force applied and x is the extension.
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Atmospheric pressure isthe pressure exerted by weight of air against a surface
Absolute pressure isthe actual pressure at a given point
Pascal’s law states thatthe pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted to every part of the fluid
without reducing in value.
Archimedes’ principle states thatthe buoyant force on an object wholly or partially immersed in a
fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Surface tension isa property of a liquid’s surface that causes it to act like a stretched elastic skin;
it is caused by the forces of attraction between the particles of the liquid and the other substances with
which it comes into contact.
Surface energy isa measure of the disruption of intermolecular bonds caused by a surface.
Capillary action isthe movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction
of molecules of the liquid to molecules of the solid.
Meniscus isa curve in the surface of a liquid caused by the relative attraction of the liquid molecules
to the solid surfaces of the container.
Bernoulli’s principle isprinciple stating that as thevelocity of a fluid increases,the pressure exerted by
thatfluid decreases.
Equation of continuity states that the mass flow rate of fluid flowing into a system is equal to the
mass flow rate of fluid leaving the system.
Terminal velocity isthe maximum constant velocity reached by a falling body when the drag force
acting on it is equal to the force of gravity acting on it.
Specific heat capacity isthe heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a given substance
by 1 K;
Heat capacity isthe heat capacity, C, of a body of mass m is given by heat capacity =mc.
Triple point isthe temperature and pressure at which the three phases of a substance coexist.
Latent heat isthe amount of energy released or absorbed by a substance during a change of state
which occurs without a change in temperature.
Work Sheet
1. Consider a circular metal rod of radius 10mm. A force of 26000 N acts along the length of the
rod. What is the stress on the rod?
2. A 0.5kg mass is hung from the end of a wire 1.5m long of diameter 0.4mm. If young’s modulus
for its material is 1x1011pa. Calculate the strain energy.

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 3. When a load of 500kg is hanging from a steel wire of length 3m and cross sectional area
0.2cm2 the wire stretches beyond its no-load length. If the young‘s modulus for the wire made
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of steel is Y= 2x10 pa, what is the change in length of the wire beyond its no-load length?
0
4. A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30m when the temperature is 0 C. Suppose the
0
ends of the rail are rigidly clamped at 0 C so that expansion is prevented. What is the thermal
0 -6 0 10
stressset up in the rail if its temperature is raised to 40 C?Take α = 11x10 / c and Y = 20x10
2
N/m
5. At what depth below the surface of the sea is absolute pressure three times atmospheric
pressure? Take ρ = 1000kg/m3 , g = 10m/s2 ; Pat = 1.01x105pa.
6. A very large open tank is full of oil whose density is 800kg/m3. If the absolute pressure at the
bottom of the tank is 1.81x105 pa, then what is the depth of the oil?. (Note that atmospheric
pressure is 1.01x105 pa).
7. A table –tennis ball which is spherical in shape has a diameter of 6cm and average density of
0.400g/cm3.What force is required to hold it completely submerged under water?
8. Find the height of column of methyl iodide in a lead glass tube of radius 10mm. The surface
tensionis 0.3, the contact angle is 200, the density is 2.4kg/m3. Take cos200 = 0.4
9. The cross-sectional area of a water pipe entering the basement is 4x10-4m2 the pressure at
thispoint is 3x105N/m2 and the speed of the water is 2m/s. this pipe tapers to a cross-sectional
area of 2x10-4m2 when it reaches the second floor 8m above. Calculate the speed and pressure
at the second floor.
10. Find the flow rate of water through a 20cm long capillary tube that has a diameter of 0.2cm if
the pressure differential across the tube is 4x10-3pa. Take viscosity of water 0.8mp
11. A heater of 12v carry a current of 2 A was used to heat100g of water for 10min. How much
energy would be required to warm the water?.
12. If you heat a body, does it necessarily get hotter? (explain).
13. A 0.05kg ingot of metal is heated to 200°C and then dropped into calorimeter containing 0.4kg
of water initially at 20°C. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixed system is 22.4°C.
Find the specific heat of the metal. Take cw = 4200J/kgk,
14. At what temperature the water can absorb some amount of heat without any change in its
temperature?
15. What is critical point in a phase diagram?
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 Answer Key for Unit 6

2
1. Solution: α = ∆ω/∆t, ∆ω =12rad/s, ∆t = 3se,α = ∆ω/∆t = 12rad/s/3s = 4rad/s and
2 2 2
Θ = ωot+ ½ αt =(0)x3se+ ½ (4rad/s )(3se) = 18rad

2. Solution:ω =∆θ/∆t = = (2t2+10t+5) = 4t +10; then the angular speed at 5se is

ω(5se) = 4(5)+10 = 30rad/s and angular acceleration(α) is ;

α =∆ω/∆t = = (4t+10) = 4rad/s2

3. Solution: from equation of rotational motion; θ = ωavt; ωav = (ωi+ωf)/2,

ωi = 150rev/min= (5/2)rev/se, ωf = 0 (stops) ;then ωav = ((5/2)rev/se)/2 = (5/4)rev/se
t= 2hr =7200se
θ = = ωavt = (5/4)rev/se x7200se =9000rev
4. Solution: a).Ʈ = r.F; r = 0.5m, F= 25N; Ʈ = 0.5mx25N = 12.5Nm
b). W= Ʈθ; Ʈ=12.5Nm, θ = (π/2)rad = quarter of turn then,W= Ʈθ =
(12.5Nm)xπ/2rad=6.25πJ
2 2 2 2
5. Solution: I = 4mr ; m= 4kg, r= 4m;I = 4mr = 4x4kgx(4m) = 256kgm .
6. Solution: P = Ʈ.ωav ; Ʈ= P/ωav = 3600w/60rad/s =60Nm
7. Solution: From conservation of momentum; Li =Lf; Iiωi= IfωfIi = 2M(L/2)2 for the two blocks

Ii = Irod+ Iblock = (1/12)ML2 + (1/2)ML2 = (7/12)ML2when the axis of rotation is at the center

If = Irod +Iblock = (1/12)ML2 + (1/8)ML2 = (5/24)ML2

Li =Lf ; Iiωi= Ifωf ; ωf= Iiωi/If = [(7/12)ML2 )/ (5/24)ML2 ]/ωi; = (14/5)ωi

8. Solution: Position of center of mass respect to point A can be evaluated as;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Xcm = = = (31/11)m

=2.82m

9.Solution: the center of mass respect to O can be determined as;

rcm = (xcm, ycm) = [2kg(0,0.5)m+ 5kg(0.8,0)+3kg(0.8,0.5)m]/2kg+5kg+3kg
= [(0, 1) + (4, 0) + (2.4, 1.5)]/10)m = [6.4, 3.5]/10m = [0.64 ,0.35]m
10. Solution:ac = v2/r; v= ωr; ac = (ωr)2/r = ω2r; ω = ∆θ/∆t ; θ= 12 rotations = 12(2πrad) =24πrad
ω = ∆θ/∆t = 24πradx/3se =8πrad/se;
ac = ω2r =(8πrad/se)2x10m = 640π2m/s2
20