SQL Cheat Sheet: Extracted Tables

1. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands

Comman
Description Syntax Example
d

Retrieves data SELECT column1, SELECT first_name,

SELECT from a column2 FROM last_name FROM
database table_name; customers;

INSERT INTO
Adds new INSERT INTO customers
table_name (column1,
INSERT records to a (first_name, last_name)
column2) VALUES
table VALUES ('Mary', 'Doe');
(value1, value2);

Modifies UPDATE table_name UPDATE employees SET

existing SET column1 = value1, employee_name = ‘John
UPDATE
records in a column2 = value2 Doe’, department =
table WHERE condition; ‘Marketing’;

Removes DELETE FROM DELETE FROM employees

DELETE records from a table_name WHERE WHERE employee_name
table condition; = ‘John Doe’;

2. Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands

Comman
Description Syntax Example
d

CREATE TABLE
employees
CREATE TABLE
(employee_id INT
table_name
PRIMARY KEY,
Creates new database (column1
CREATE first_name
objects datatype1,
VARCHAR(50),
column2
last_name
datatype2, ...);
VARCHAR(50), age
INT);

ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE
Adds/modifies/deletes table_name ADD
ALTER customers ADD email
table columns column_name
VARCHAR(100);
datatype;
Comman
Description Syntax Example
d

Deletes an existing DROP TABLE DROP TABLE

DROP
table table_name; customers;

Deletes all data from a

TRUNCAT TRUNCATE TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE
table without deleting
E table_name; customers;
the table itself

3. Data Control Language (DCL) Commands

Comman
Description Syntax Example
d

GRANT SELECT, INSERT GRANT SELECT,

Gives privileges
GRANT ON table_name TO INSERT ON employees
to users/roles
user_name; TO ‘John Doe’;

Removes REVOKE SELECT, REVOKE SELECT,

REVOKE privileges from INSERT ON table_name INSERT ON employees
users/roles FROM user_name; FROM ‘John Doe’;

4. Querying Data
Descriptio
Clause Syntax Example
n

SELECT first_name,
Retrieves SELECT column1, column2
SELECT last_name FROM
data FROM table_name;
customers;

SELECT * FROM
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE Filters rows customers WHERE age
WHERE condition;
> 30;

SELECT * FROM table_name

ORDER Sorts result
ORDER BY column_name DESC;
BY set
ASC

SELECT category,
SELECT column_name,
GROUP COUNT(*) FROM
Groups rows COUNT(*) FROM table_name
BY products GROUP BY
GROUP BY column_name;
category;

HAVING Filters SELECT column_name, SELECT category,

grouped COUNT(*) FROM table_name COUNT() FROM
 Descriptio
Clause Syntax Example
n

products GROUP BY
GROUP BY column_name
results category HAVING
HAVING condition;
COUNT() > 5;

5. Join Commands
Join
Description Syntax Example
Type

SELECT * FROM
SELECT * FROM employees
Returns table1 INNER JOIN
INNER INNER JOIN departments ON
matching table2 ON
JOIN employees.department_id =
rows table1.column =
departments.id;
table2.column;

SELECT * FROM
All rows SELECT * FROM employees LEFT
table1 LEFT JOIN
LEFT from left + JOIN departments ON
table2 ON
JOIN matching employees.department_id =
table1.column =
right departments.id;
table2.column;

SELECT * FROM
All rows SELECT * FROM employees
table1 RIGHT JOIN
RIGHT from right + RIGHT JOIN departments ON
table2 ON
JOIN matching employees.department_id =
table1.column =
left departments.department_id;
table2.column;

SELECT * FROM
All rows with table1 FULL JOIN
FULL (LEFT JOIN + RIGHT JOIN with
matches table2 ON
JOIN UNION)
from both table1.column =
table2.column;

SELECT * FROM
CROSS Cartesian SELECT * FROM employees
table1 CROSS JOIN
JOIN product CROSS JOIN departments;
table2;

SELECT * FROM
SELECT * FROM employees t1,
table1 t1, table1
SELF Joins a table employees t2 WHERE
t2 WHERE
JOIN to itself t1.employee_id =
t1.column =
t2.employee_id;
t2.column;
 Join
Description Syntax Example
Type

Matches
SELECT * FROM
NATURA columns SELECT * FROM employees
table1 NATURAL
L JOIN with same NATURAL JOIN departments;
JOIN table2;
names

6. Subqueries
Comman
Description Syntax Example
d

SELECT column(s)
Matches any SELECT * FROM customers
FROM table
IN value in WHERE city IN (SELECT city
WHERE value IN
subquery FROM suppliers);
(subquery);

SELECT column(s) SELECT * FROM products

Compare to
FROM table WHERE price < ANY (SELECT
ANY any in
WHERE value < unit_price FROM
subquery
ANY (subquery); supplier_products);

SELECT column(s) SELECT * FROM orders WHERE

Compare to
FROM table order_amount > ALL (SELECT
ALL all in
WHERE value > total_amount FROM
subquery
ALL (subquery); previous_orders);

7. Aggregate Functions
Functio
Description Syntax Example
n

SELECT
COUNT( Counts non- SELECT COUNT(age)
COUNT(column_name) FROM
) null rows FROM employees;
table_name;

SELECT
SELECT SUM(column_name)
SUM() Total sum SUM(revenue) FROM
FROM table_name;
sales;

Average SELECT AVG(column_name) SELECT AVG(price)

AVG()
value FROM table_name; FROM products;

Minimum SELECT MIN(column_name) SELECT MIN(price)

MIN()
value FROM table_name; FROM products;
Functio
Description Syntax Example
n

Maximum SELECT MAX(column_name) SELECT MAX(price)

MAX()
value FROM table_name; FROM products;

8. String Functions
Descript
Function Syntax Example
ion

SELECT
SELECT CONCAT(string1,
Combines CONCAT(first_name, ' ',
CONCAT() string2, ...) AS result
strings last_name) FROM
FROM table_name;
employees;

SELECT SELECT
Extracts SUBSTRING(string FROM SUBSTRING(product_na
SUBSTRING()
substring start FOR length) AS me FROM 1 FOR 5)
result FROM table_name; FROM products;

SELECT
SELECT
CHAR_LENGT String CHAR_LENGTH(string)
CHAR_LENGTH(product_
H() length AS length FROM
name) FROM products;
table_name;

Converts
SELECT
to SELECT UPPER(string)
UPPER() UPPER(first_name) FROM
uppercas FROM table_name;
employees;
e

Converts
SELECT
to SELECT LOWER(string)
LOWER() LOWER(last_name)
lowercas FROM table_name;
FROM employees;
e

SELECT
SELECT TRIM(TRAILING '
Removes TRIM(LEADING/TRAILING/
TRIM() ' FROM full_name) FROM
spaces BOTH 'x' FROM string)
customers;
FROM table_name;

SELECT
Left SELECT LEFT(string, n)
LEFT() LEFT(product_name, 5)
substring FROM table_name;
FROM products;

RIGHT() Right SELECT RIGHT(string, n) SELECT

substring FROM table_name; RIGHT(order_number, 4)
 Descript
Function Syntax Example
ion

FROM orders;

SELECT
SELECT REPLACE(string, REPLACE(description,
Replaces
REPLACE() 'old', 'new') FROM 'old_string', 'new_string')
substring
table_name; FROM
product_descriptions;

9. Date and Time Functions

Function Description Syntax Example

Returns SELECT
CURRENT_DATE() —
current date CURRENT_DATE();

Returns SELECT
CURRENT_TIME() —
current time CURRENT_TIME();

Returns SELECT
CURRENT_TIMESTA
current CURRENT_TIMESTAM —
MP()
timestamp P();

SELECT SELECT
Extracts part
DATE_PART() DATE_PART('part', DATE_PART('year',
of date
date) FROM table; '2024-04-11');

SELECT
Adds/ SELECT
DATE_ADD() / DATE_ADD('2024-
subtracts DATE_ADD(date,
DATE_SUB() 04-11', INTERVAL
date INTERVAL n unit);
1 DAY);

SELECT
Extracts SELECT
EXTRACT(YEAR
EXTRACT() year/month/d EXTRACT(part FROM
FROM '2024-04-
ay date);
11');

SELECT
SELECT
Formats TO_CHAR('2024-
TO_CHAR() TO_CHAR(date,
date/time 04-11', 'YYYY-MM-
'format');
DD');

TIMESTAMPDIFF() Difference in SELECT SELECT

timestamps TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit, TIMESTAMPDIFF(D
t1, t2); AY, '2024-04-10',
 Function Description Syntax Example

'2024-04-11');

SELECT
SELECT
Difference in DATEDIFF('2024-
DATEDIFF() DATEDIFF(date1,
dates 04-11', '2024-04-
date2);
10');

10. Conditional Expressions

Expressio Descriptio
Syntax Example
n n

CASE WHEN total_amount >

CASE WHEN cond
Conditional 1000 THEN 'High' ELSE 'Low'
CASE THEN result ELSE
logic END AS order_status FROM
default END
orders;

SELECT name, IF(age > 50,

If condition IF(condition, true,
IF() 'Senior', 'Junior') AS category
is true false)
FROM employees;

SELECT COALESCE(first_name,
COALESCE First non- COALESCE(val1,
middle_name) FROM
() null value val2, ...)
employees;

Null if SELECT NULLIF(total_amount,

NULLIF(expr1,
NULLIF() values are discounted_amount) AS diff
expr2)
equal FROM orders;

11. Set Operations

Operatio
Description Syntax Example
n

SELECT col FROM t1 SELECT first_name FROM

Combines
UNION UNION SELECT col customers UNION SELECT
result sets
FROM t2; first_name FROM employees;

SELECT first_name FROM

Returns SELECT col FROM t1
INTERSEC customers INTERSECT
common INTERSECT SELECT
T SELECT first_name FROM
rows col FROM t2;
employees;

EXCEPT Left result SELECT col FROM t1 SELECT first_name FROM

not in right EXCEPT SELECT col customers EXCEPT SELECT
Operatio
Description Syntax Example
n

FROM t2; first_name FROM employees;

12. Transaction Control

Command Description Syntax Example

Saves all After INSERT and

COMMIT COMMIT;
changes UPDATE operations

Undoes After unwanted

ROLLBACK ROLLBACK;
changes changes

Creates SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT name;
rollback point before_update;

ROLLBACK TO
ROLLBACK TO Rolls back to ROLLBACK TO
SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT point SAVEPOINT name;
before_update;

Sets SET TRANSACTION SET TRANSACTION

SET
transaction ISOLATION LEVEL ISOLATION LEVEL READ
TRANSACTION
properties LEVEL; COMMITTED;

This document is based on the SQL Cheat Sheet provided by DBVIS.COM