Importance of Chemistry?

Identifying the weather patterns, Fertilizers, Acids, Salts, dyes, Polymers, Soaps, Detergents,
Metals, Alloys, other chemicals organic and inorganic.
Chemistry
➢ It is the branch of science that deals with the study of composition, structure, properties and
changes that matter undergoes.
What is matter?
➢ Anything that has mass and occupies space is known as matter.

States of Arrangement Intermolecular Volume Shape

Matter forces

Solid Highest

Liquid Moderate

Gases Least

Molecules

 
solid liquid gas
cool cool

Composed of two or Matter Constituent particles with

more pure substances. same chemical nature

Mixtures Pure Substances

Homogenous Heterogenous Elements Compounds

Mixtures Mixtures
H, C, N Glucose C6H12O6
Completely mixed Not uniform Elements with fixed
(Uniformly distributed) through out ratio / composition
➢ Sugar solution is water ➢ Mixture of salt and sugar
➢ Air ➢ Grains and pulses.

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 Molecule?
When two or more atoms of
atom
Molecule
different elements combine
together in a definite ratio

= H2

= O2

Water Carbondioxide
(H2O) (CO2)

Properties of matter and their measurements

Matter

Colour Physical Properties Chemical Properties Composition

Odour Combustibility

MP, BP Reactivity

❖ Measurements:
➢ International system of units (SI)
Le system International ‘d’ units (SI)
Base physical Quantity Symbol for quantity Name of SI unit Symbol for SI (unit)
Length l Metre M
Mass m Kilogram Kg
Time t Second S
Electric current I Ampere A
Thermo. Temperature T Kelvin K
Amount of substance n Mole mol
Luminous intensity I Candela cd

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 ➢ Some important prefixes in SI system.

10–12 10–9 10–6 10–3 10–2 10–1 10 102 103 106

pico nano micro mili centi deci deca hecto kilo Mega

❖ Mass and weight:

➢ Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it.
➢ Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object.
Unit = kg.

Analytical balance

Note
Volume: Amount of space occupied by a substance
1L = 1000 mL
3 3 3 3
Unit = (length) SI unit = m / cm / dm ⸪ 1 cm3 = 1 mL
⸫ 1L = 1000 mL
= 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 cm

10 cm
= 1 dm
Some laboratory equipment used to calculate volume.

Burrete Pipette Measuring cylinder Volumetric flask.

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Density: Mass per unit volume.

M Kg
ie. D = = or kg m–3 or g cm–3
V m3
Temperature: [°C (degree celsius), °F (degree Fahrenheit) & k (kelvin)]
Temperature in k = Temperature in °C + 273.15
Relation: °C & °F
5 9
ues °C = (°F – 32) or °F = (°C) + 32
9 5
Q. (1) Convert into °F
(a) 25°C at room temperature
9
Sol. °F = (°C) + 32
5
Q. (b) 37°C, human body temperature
9
Sol. Hint: °F = (°C) + 32
5
Q. (2) Suppose you are in India and you land in USA and temperature is 60°F. Is it cold or hot?
5
Sol. Hint: °C = (°F – 32)
9
Precision and Accuracy

Accuracy: If the average value of different measurements is close to the correct value, it is
accurate. Individual number should not be close to each other.
Precision: If the value of different measurements is close to each other is close and also to their
average value, it is said to be precise.

Average

Correct
volume Average

Both accurate Poor Accurate Good Accurate Poor Accurate,

precise Good Precision Poor Precision Precision

Significant Figures
The total no. of digits in a number including the last digit whose value is uncertain is called the
number of significant figures.

Rules For Determining the No. of S.F.

Rule I: All non-zero digits as well as the zeros between the non-zero digits are significant.

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 Ex. 576 → 3, 5004 → 4, 0.48 g → 2, 2.05 → 3
Rule II: ‘O’ to the left of first non-zero digit in a number are not significant.
Ex. 0.05 → 1, 0.0045 → 2
Rule III: A number ending with ‘O’ which are to the right side of the decimal point, then they are
significant.
Ex. 5.0 → 2, 2.500 → 4, 0.0200 → 3
Rule IV: If a number ends in zero’s but these zeros are not to the right of the decimal point, they
may and may not be significant.
10500 have 3, 4, 5
1.05 × 104 → 3, 1.050 × 104 → 4, 1.0500 × 104 → 5 (Practice Question in the End, Q.1)

Q. Find the significant figures?

(1) 6.005 → 4 (2) 6.022 × 1023 → 4
(3) 8000 → 4 (4) 0.0025 → 2
(5) π → infinite ie 22/7 = 3.142851…… (6) 18.5 + 0.4235 → 18.9 → 3
(7) 14 × 6.345 = 88.83 → 4

Scientific Notations

(1) If the decimal point is shifted to the right add that no of shifts equivalent to 10–1.
342.502 can be written as 3.42802 × 10–2.
Ex. 35.421 → 354.21 × 10–1 (10–1×1)
If the decimal point is shifted to the left add. That no. of shifts equivalent to (101).
Ex. 35421 → 3542.1 × 101 (101×1)
(2) Addition and Subtraction:
Power of 10 must be same
Ex: 3.421 × 104 + 3.425 × 103
(3) Multiplication Division

10x – 10y = 10x+y 10x  10y = 10x–y

3.21 × 10–5 × 3.21 × 102 = 10.31 × 107 3.21 × 105  3.21 × 102 = 1 × 103.

Rounding off:
(1) If the right most digit to be removed is σ > 5. The the preceding number is increased by 1.

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