FORM FOUR MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 2

STATISTICS II

Measure of central Tendency

The measure of central tendency is the mean, median and mode.

∑ of all values
Mean = number of values

Median = middle value when data is arranged in ascending or

descending order.

Mode= value with the highest frequency.

THE MEAN

Calculating the mean using assumed mean method

Assumed mean method is where we use a certain reasonable number

and use it to get the deviation and work the mean of the deviation. Add
the mean of deviation to the assumed mean to get the actual mean.

Example I

Find the mean of 102, 108, 117, 123, 127.

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Solution

Choose a reasonable number, consider the number given and assume

where the mean would be.

Let us assume 115

Step 2

Subtract the assumed mean (115) from each value.

102 -115 = -13

108 – 115 = -7
117 – 115 = 2
123- 115 = 8
127-115=12

Step 3

Calculate the mean of the deviation.

Mean number of values = 5
−13+ (−7 ) +2+ 8+12
Mean of deviations = 5

−20+22
= 5
2
=5
= 0.4
Step 4

Calculate the true mean

True mean = assumed mean + mean of deviation

= 115+ 0.4
= 115.4
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Example 2

The masses of form 4 class were weighed and recorded as follows;-

Mass(kg) 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Frequency 3 1 2 3 2 1 4 7 6 4 3 3 2 1

Calculate the mean mass?

Solution

We require to introduce another two columns here;-

- Column for deviations (t)

- Column for the product of deviations and frequency (ft)

Step 1

- Select a reasonable number (median or close to the median mark)

in the case 63. We let now the assumed mean/working mean be
63
- Work for t i.e. t = x – A
Where t- deviation
x- mass given
A- Assumed mean
- Fill them in the column for deviation.

Step 2

- Multiply the deviation (t) and frequency (f) and add to get
∑ ft where ∑sum of.

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Step 3

- Work for the mean of deviations.

∑ ft
Mean of deviation (t ¿= ∑ f

Step 4

- Calculate the actual mean ( x ¿

Actual mean = assumed mean + mean of deviation.
x= A+ t

Mass (kg) T= x-63 F Ft

57 -6 3 -18
58 -5 1 -5
59 -4 2 -8
60 -3 3 -9
61 -2 2 -4
62 -1 1 -1
63 0 4 0
64 1 7 7
65 2 6 12
66 3 4 12
67 4 3 12
68 5 3 15
69 6 2 12
70 7 1 7
∑F= 42 ∑ft= 32

Total frequency = 3+1+2+3+2+1+4+7+6+4+3+3+2+1= 42

Total Ft = -18-5-8-9-4-1+0+7+12+12+12+15+12+7= 32
32
Mean of t (t ) = 42

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 = 0.7619 (4 d.p)

Actual mean = 63+ 0.7619

= 63.7619

- For a grouped data, we use the midpoint of the class as our x and
follow the other steps.

Example 1

Find the mean of the following distributions.

Quantity 111-114 115-118 119-122 123-126 127-130 131-134

frequency 2 16 41 30 8 3

Solution

- Let 120.5 be assumed mean. This is the midpoint of the class 119-
122.

lower classlimit +upper class limit

Mid-point = 2

119+122
= 2

241
= 2

= 120.5

- Draw another table including the midpoint (x) column and the
deviation (t) and ft column,

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Assumed mean = 120.5

quantity Mid-point T= x – A f ft
(x)
111-114 112.5 -8 2 -16
115-118 116.5 -4 16 -64
119-122 120.5 0 41 0
123-126 124.5 4 30 120
127-130 128.5 8 8 64
131-134 132.5 12 3 36
∑f=100 ∑ft=140

∑ft
t=
∑f

140
= 100

= 1.4

Actual mean x = A + t

= 120.5 + 1.4

= 121.9
x = 121.9

Scaling down the deviations from the assumed mean

- When scaling down the deviation we divide the deviations by a

constant ( c ).
- The constant is called a scale factor.
- The best scale factor is the class width.

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Method I of scaling down

- In this method we divide the deviation by a constant (c) i.e. class

width. The deviation is reduced to a smaller number.
- Multiply the deviation with the frequency and get ∑ft.
- Work out the mean of deviation and multiply it with the constant
(c) before adding to the assumed mean to get the actual mean.
Yet repeat the example 1 done before.

quantity Mid-point T= x- A X− A F ftI

tI = 4
(x)
111-114 112.5 -8 -2 2 -4
115-118 116.5 -4 -1 16 -16
119-122 120.5 0 0 41 0
123-126 124.5 4 1 30 30
127-130 128.5 8 2 8 16
131-143 132.5 12 3 3 9
∑ftI= 35
∑f = 100

Class width = 4 so that we have divided to by 4 to get tI

∑ ft 35
Mean of tI = =
∑ f 100

= 0.35

- To get the mean of t we multiply t I ¿mean of tI) by the constant

that is 4.

t= 0.35 x 4

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 ¿ 1.4

actual mean=A +t

= 120.5 + 1.4

= 121.9

Method 2 of scaling down

- In this method we divide x (midpoint) and assumed mean (A) by

the class width.
- Using the example 1 done before divide the assumed mean by
constant (4)
120.5
= 4 = 30.125

Quantity Mid- x T= f ft
4 x
point (x) −30.125
4
111-114 112.5 28.125 -2 2 -4
115-118 116.5 29.125 -1 16 -16
119-122 120.5 30.125 0 41 0
123-126 124.5 31.125 1 30 30
127-130 128.5 32.125 2 8 16
131-134 132.5 33.125 3 3 9
∑f= 100 ∑ft=35

35
t=
100

= 0.35

Actual mean = (Assumed mean + mean t) x 4

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 = (30.125 + 0.35) x 4

= 30.475 x 4

= 121.9

Example 2

- The table below shows the distribution of marks scored by80

Form 4 students in a mathematics test.

Marks 1- 11- 21- 31- 41- 51- 61- 71- 81- 91-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
frequency 6 8 4 10 16 22 4 2 6 2

Calculate the mean mark.

Method I

- Subtract the assumed mean of 45.5 and divide by class width.

Class width = 10.

class Mid- x- 45.5 x−45.5 f ft

t= 10
point(x)
1-10 5.5 -40 -4 6 -24
11-20 15.5 -30 -3 8 -24
21-30 25.5 -20 -2 4 -8
31-40 35.5 -10 -1 10 -10
41-50 45.5 0 0 16 0
51-60 55.5 10 1 22 22
61-70 65.5 20 2 4 8
71-80 75.5 30 3 2 6
81-90 85.5 40 4 6 24
91-100 95.5 50 5 2 10

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 ∑F= 80 ∑ft=4

∑ ft 4
t= =
∑f 80

= 0.05

Mean ( x ) = Assumed mean + (mean of t x 10)

= 45.5 + (0.05 x 10)

= 45.5 + 0.5

= 46.0

Method 2

Divide the Assumed mean 45.5 by class width by 10, also divide the
mid-point by the class width (10) then get mean of t (t ¿ ¿

- Add the divided assumed mean to mean of t and multiply by 10.

45.5
Assumed mean = 10 = 4.55

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class Midpoint x x f ft
10 T= 10 -4.55
x
1-10 5.5 0.55 -4 6 -24
11-20 15.5 1.55 -3 8 -24
21-30 25.5 2.55 -2 4 -8
31-40 35.5 3.55 -1 10 -10
41-50 45.5 4.55 0 16 0
51-60 55.5 5.55 1 22 22
61-70 65.5 6.55 2 4 8
71-80 75.5 7.55 3 2 6
81-90 85.5 8.55 4 6 24
91-100 95.5 9.55 5 2 10
∑F= 80 ∑ft = 4

4
t=
80

= 0.05
x=¿ + assumed mean) 10

= (0.05 + 4.55)10

= 4.60 x 10
x = 46.0

Exercise

1. The table below shows percentage scores of 115 students in a

mathematic examination.

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Marks 0-9 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-
19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99
frequency 3 14 2 8 4 23 34 15 10 2

Find the mean score

2. Using 50 as assumed mean find the mean of the following.

a) 65, 50,48, 65, 61, 48, 49, 59, 56, 29
b) 40, 45, 58, 49, 51, 55, 43, 53, 59, 57

More exercises on

i) K.L.B pg. 43- 46

ii) Advancing in mathematics pg. 26.

THE MEDIAN

- Median is the value of a variable that divides a distribution into

two parts with equal frequencies.
- If the frequency is odd the median is the ½ (N + 1) st value.
e.g. if frequency is 21 then the median is ½ (21+ 1) = ½ X 22 =
11TH.
The median is the value of the 11th.
1
- For grouped data, the median is at N
2

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 - To identify the value we add a column of cumulative frequency
(c.f)
- For a grouped data, we use the formula.

1
( −ci)
M= L+ 2
f

M – Median
L- Lower class boundary if median class.
n – Total frequency.
c- Cumulative Frequency above median class.
i. - Class interval / size.
F-frequency of the median class.

Example

- Estimate the median of the distribution below.

Quantity 11- 115- 119- 123- 127- 131-

114 118 122 126 130 134
Frequency 2 16 41 30 8 3

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 Solution

- Add a cumulative frequency column

quantity Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (C.F)

111-114 2 2
115-118 16 2+16= 18
119-122 41 18+41= 59
123-126 30 59
127-130 8 =30=89
131-134 3 89+8=97
97+3=100
∑f =100

100
- Get the median class. 2 = 50th

The lower class boundary will be the lower class limit (119) less 0.5
which will be 118.5

Using the formula

n
( −ci)
M= L+ 2
f

L = 118.5

C= 18

I = (122-119) + 1
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 =3+1

=4

F= 41

( 50−18 ) 4
Median = 118.5 + 41

32
= 118.5 + ×4
41

=118.5 + 3.12 (2 d.p)

= 121.62

Quartiles, Deciles and percentiles

- Quartile (Q) is the value that divides a distribution into four equal
parts.
- Lower Quartile (QI) is the value below which lies a quarter of the
distribution (25%)
- Middle Quartile (Q2)or median is the value below which lies half
of the distribution (50%)
- Upper Quartile (Q3) is the value below which lies ¾ of the
distribution (75%)
- Deciles (D) are values which divide a distribution into ten equal
parts.

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 - Percentiles (p) divide a distribution into 100 equal parts.

N/B//The values in the distribution must be arranged in ascending

order to be able to locate the Quartiles.

Example

- The table below shows marks for 100 students in a mathematics

test.

Marks 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90

Frequency 4 16 27 32 15 4 2

a) Estimate, by calculation
i) Lower and upper Quartile.
ii) The pass marks if 40% of the students were to fail.
iii) The minimum number of marks required to obtain grade A if
only 8 students were to get A.
iv) How many students were to pass if the pass mark was set at
35 marks.

Solution

i) Lower Quartile (QI)

N
Q =L+ 4 )
( −C i
I
f

Add the cumulative frequency column.

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 marks frequency cumulative
frequency
21-30 4 4
31-40 16 20
41-50 27 47
51-60 32 79
61-70 15 94
71-80 4 98
81-90 2 100

100
QI = 4 = 25th.

25th student is on class 41-50

L – 41-0.5 = 40.5

C-20

i-(40-31) + 1 = 10

f- 27
100
(
Q = 40.5 + 4
I
−20 ) 10

27

5
= 40.5 + 27 × 10

= 40.5 +1.85 (2 d.p)

= 42.35 marks.

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 3
Q3 = l + ( 4 )
n−c i

3/ 4 n = ¾ X 100

= 75th

Class = 51-60

L = 51 – 0.5 = 50.5
C= 47
i= 10
f=32
( 75−47 ) 10
Q3 = 50.5 + 32

28× 10
= 50.5 + 32

=50.5 + 8.75

= 59.25 marks.

ii) Required is 40th percentile P40.

40
P40 (
= L + 100
N −C ) i

40 40
N= X 100
100 100

= 40 Students.

Class 40.5 - 50.5

L = 40.5
C= 20
i= 10
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 F= 27
P40

P40 = 40.5 + 40−29 ¿ 10 ¿

27
200
= 40.5 + 27

= 40.5 + 7.4

= 47.9

≈ 48 marks

iii) 8 students to get A

Required is 100-8 = 92nd percentiles.

92
P92 = L+ ( 100
n−c )i

92
100
X100= 92rd student is in the class 60.5 – 70.5.

L = 60.5
C= 79
i= 10
f= 15

p92 = 60.5 + 92−79¿ 10 ¿

15

13
= 60.5 + ×10
15

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 = 60.5 + 8.7

= 69.2

≈69 marks

iv) Using the percentiles

Pass mark is 35 marks. It is in the class 30.5 – 40.5
L = 30.5
C= 4
i= 10
f = 16

X
(
30.5 + 100
×100−4 ) 10

16

( X−4 ) 10=35
30.5 + 16

¿) 10 = 35- 30.5

( X16−4 )10=4.5
10
(x- 4) 16 =4.5
16
Multiplying both sides by 10

10 16 4.5 × 16
(x – 4) × =
16 10 10

x- 4 = 7.2

x= 7.2 + 4
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x = 11.2

≈11 students

11 students will fail hence

100-11 = 89 will pass

= 89 students.

Example 2

Determine the lower Quartile and upper Quartile for the following sets
of numbers.

6,11,7,6,9,8,4,3,8,9,8

Solution

Arrange the numbers in ascending order.

3,4, ❻ ,6,7,8,8,8,❾ ,9,11

Lower Quartile is the median of 1st half = 6

Upper Quartile is the median of 2nd half = 9

Median from cumulative Frequency curve

- Cumulative frequency curve is also called Ogive.
- To obtain a cumulative frequency curve we plot the cumulative
frequency against the upper class boundary of the corresponding
class.
- When this points are joined with a smooth curve to give
cumulative Frequency curve.

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 - The median is estimated by locating the mid-point of a
distribution on its cumulative Frequency curve.

Example

Using the table below

Marks 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90

Frequenc 4 16 27 32 15 4 2
y

i) Draw a cumulative Frequency curve.

ii) From the graph estimate the median, Quartiles and 80th
percentiles.

Solution

To draw a cumulative Frequency curve we adjust the classes and use

the class boundaries and add a cumulative Frequency row.

Marks 20.5- 30.5- 40.5 – 50.5- 60.5- 70.5- 80.5-

30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5 90.5
Frequency 4 16 27 32 15 4 2
Cumulative 4 20 47 79 94 98 100
Frequency

Plot the cumulative Frequency against upper class boundary.

On graph paper

Note:

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 - The lowest class boundary (in the case 20.5) has a cumulative
Frequency zero.
- The Ogive is characterized elongated ‘s’ shape.

Reading from the graph

- Median is 51. 5 marks.

- Lower Quartile (25%) Q1- 43 marks.
- Upper Quartile (75%)Q3 - 56. 5 marks.
- 80th percentile - 61.5 marks.

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24 | P a g e
Exercise

1. Lengths of 100 mango leaves from a certain mango tree were

measures to the nearest centimeter and recorded as per table
below.

Length in cm No. of leaves

10 to 12 3
13 to 15 12
16 to 18 40
19 to 21 37
22 to 24 8

a) On the grid provided, draw a cumulative frequency graph

to represent the data.
b) Use the graph to estimate.
i) The median length of leaves.
ii) The number of leaves whose length lie between 13
and 17cm.
2. Draw an Ogive for the distribution in the table below and use it to
estimate.
a) The 8th decile.
b) The 70th percentile.
c) The Quartiles and median of the distribution.

Class 21-24 25-28 29-32 33-36 37-40 41-44 45-48 49-52

Frequency 4 7 8 11 4 3 2 2

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 More exercise on

- Advancing in mathematics pg. 31-32

- K.L.B Bk. 4 pg. 53- 55

Measure of dispersion

Consider the table below which shows end – of- term marks for the
pupils in eight subjects.

Pupil 52 50 57 47 49 40 52 61
A
Pupil 80 27 50 82 19 73 44 33
B

- Both pupils mean is 51

- Distribution in both pupils varies.
- The values are above the mean while others are below. Hence the
value shows variation or dispersion.
- Those of distribution of pupil B is more spread that pupil A.
- Measure of dispersal are;-
Range
- This is the difference between the largest and smallest value in a
distribution.
e.g.
Pupil A largest - 61
Smallest - 47
Range = 61-47
= 21

Pupil B largest = 82
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 Smallest = 19
Range = 82- 19
= 63

NOTE
- The greater the variation of the values in a distribution the greater
the range.
- Range disadvantages are that it depends on two extremes.

Interquartile range

Difference between the upper Quartile and lower Quartile.

Example

Interquartile range of pupil A = Q3 - Q1

QI =

Arranging the marks for pupil A in ascending order.

40,47,49,50,52,57,61
47+ 49
Q1 = 2

= 48
52+57
Q3 = 2

= 54.5

Interquartile range = 54.5 -48

= 6.5
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Semi interquartile range/Quartile deviation
This is half the interquartile range.

Example
Q3−Q1
Quartile deviation of pupil A = 2

6.5
= 2
= 3.25

Mean Absolute Deviation.

- The mean of pupil A and B was 51.

- We can calculate the deviation of each subject from the mean.
Deviation = marks – mean marks.
Absolute deviation the negative sign ignored e.g. for pupil A.

Marks 52 50 57 47 49 40 52 61
Deviation 1 -1 6 -4 -2 -11 1 10

Absolute 1 1 6 4 2 11 1 10
deviation

Mean absolute deviation = mean of Absolute deviation.

∑( x−x )
∑f

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 1+ 1+ 6+4 +2+11+1+10
= 8

36
=8

= 4.5

- The greater the dispersion the greater the mean deviation.

- In a grouped data we use class mid value to find mean absolute
deviation.

Exercise

- Determine the interquartile range, semi interquartile range and

mean deviation of pupil B.

Variance /mean squared deviation.

This is the mean of the square of the deviation from the mean.

- It is denoted as S2

Example

The variance of pupil A is mean ( x ¿= sI d = x- x

= x – 51

Marks (x) 52 50 57 47 49 40 52 61
Deviation 1 -1 6 -4 -2 -11 1 10
(d)
D2 1 1 36 16 4 121 1 100 ∑dz

∑ of d z ∑ d2
Variance = = ∑f
∑ of frequency

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 2
∑ d =1+1+36+ 16+4 +121+1+100

= 280
∑f= 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1

=8
280
Variance = 8

S2 = 35

Standard deviation /root mean squared deviation

- This is the square root of the variance.

- It is denoted as S

S =√ Variance

S =√ S 2

- The standard deviation of pupil A is

Variance = 35
Standard deviation = √ 35
= 5.916 (3 d.p.)

Example

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 The table below shows marks scored in a mathematic test.

Marks 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90

frequency 4 16 27 32 15 4 2

Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation.

Solution

- When using a grouped data we use the midpoint to work for the
mean, then use the difference of mean and the marks to get the
deviation.
- Multiply the squared deviation by the frequency.
- Get the sum of the deviation squared multiplied by frequency,.
- Get mean of deviation
∑fd 2
= ∑f

marks Mid Frequency fx d= x- d2 Fd2

point (x) (f) 51.9
21-30 25.5 4 102 -26.4 696.96 2787.84
31-40 35.5 16 568 -16.4 286.96 4303.36
41-50 45.5 17 773.5 -6.4 40.96 696.32
51-60 55.5 32 1776 3.6 12.96 414.72
61-70 65.5 15 982.5 13.6 184.96 2774.4
71-80 75.5 4 302 23.6 556.96 2227.84
81-90 85.5 2 171 33.6 1128.96 2257.92
∑ f =90 ∑ fx=4675 ∑fd2

∑ fx
Mean ( x ¿ ¿= ∑ f
4675 4675
= 90
=
90
=¿ 51.9 (1 d.p)
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 2 2
∑ fd ∑ fd
Variance (S) = ∑f
= ∑f

15462.4
= 90

=171.80 (2 d.p)

Standard deviation = √ variance

=√ 171.80

= 13.11 (2 d.p)

Other methods of finding the standard deviation

- Computational formula.
We have seen that variance is given by the formula.

2
2 ∑ fd 2 ∑( x −x) f
S = ∑f
=
∑f

Simplification and expansion of the formula gives the computational

formula which is;
2
S 2
= ∑∑fxf - x2

- In this formula we work for the Mean ( x ¿

- We also square x and multiply it by f (frequency) then get the sum
of fx2 and find its mean.

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 2
∑ fx
Mean = ∑f

2
∑ fx
Then we subtract (x ¿ ¿ from ∑f

To get the variance and get the square root of the variance to get the
standard deviation.

Example

Calculate the standard deviation of

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f 2 3 2 0 1 5 3 2 6 1

Using the formula

2
∑ fx
S=
√ ∑f
−x 2 S

Solution
∑ fx
- Create a column for f x to work for mean of x = ∑f
2
- Create another column for x and fx2
2
∑ fx
- Work for ∑f

x F Fx X2 Fx2

33 | P a g e
0 2 0 0 0
1 3 3 1 3
2 2 4 4 8
3 0 0 9 0
4 1 4 16 16
5 5 25 25 125
6 3 18 36 108
7 2 14 49 98
8 6 48 64 384
9 1 9 81 81

∑ f =25 ∑ fx=125 2
∑ fx =823

∑f x
x=
∑f

125
= 25

x=5

Using the formula

∑ fx2 - 2
s=
√ ∑f
x

823
S= √ 25
−(5)
2

=√ 32.92−(5)2

=√ 32.92−25
=√ 7.92

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= 2.81

Using an assumed mean

This is where we use the assumed mean to work for deviation.

The formula used is.

2
∑ fx
s¿
√ ∑f
- t2

t= x – A (Assumed mean)
∑ fx
t=
∑f

Example

Using the example used in computational formula.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f 2 3 2 0 1 5 3 2 6 1

And assumed mean of 6 we introduce columns for t, t2 and ft2 and ft as

follows.

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x f T=x-6 ft T2 Ft2
0 2 -6 -12 36 72
1 3 -5 -15 25 75
2 2 -4 -8 16 32
3 0 -3 0 9 0
4 1 -2 -2 4 4
5 5 -1 -5 1 5
6 3 0 0 0 0
7 2 1 2 1 2
8 6 2 12 4 24
9 1 3 3 9 9
∑ f =25 ∑ ft=−25 ∑ fx
2
= 223

∑ fx
t=
∑f

−25
= 25

t= -1
223
S= √ 25
−(−1)2

=√ 8.92−1

= √ 7.92

S = 2.81

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Using scaled down deviation to calculate standard deviation.

We use the Assumed mean (A) and (C) a scaling down factor i.e. class
d
width Deviation t where it is c

d
i.e. t = c and d = x – A and the formula used is variance
2 2
∑ ft ∑ft
= C2 ∑ f - ∑f

= C2 × variance of t

2 2
∑ ft ∑ ft
Standard deviation s=
√
c

∑f
−
∑f

= CX standard deviation of t.

EXAMPLE

The height of tree seedlings were measured and recorded as in the

table below.

Height 120- 130- 140- 150- 160- 170-

(cm) 129 139 149 159 169 179
frequency 8 18 33 20 16 5

Letting the Assumed mean to be A = 144.5, calculate the standard

deviation.

Solution

A= 144.5
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C= class width

= 10

We introduce the x, d, t, ft and ft 2 columns as follows.

Class Mid- F d= x- A d ft Ft 2
t= 10
(cm) point(x)
120- 129 124.5 8 -20 -2 -16 32
130- 139 134.5 18 -10 -1 -18 18
140-149 144.5 33 0 0 0 0
150-159 154.5 20 10 1 20 20
160-169 164.5 16 20 2 32 64
170-179 174.5 5 30 3 15 45

∑ f =100 ∑ ft=33 2
∑ ft =179

Standard deviation

∑ ft 2 ∑ ft 2
s=
√
c

∑f
−
∑f

2
= 10 179 − 33
√ 100 100

= 10√ 1.79−(0.33)2

= 10√ 1.79−0.1089

= 10 √ 1.6811

= 10 x 1.297

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= 12.97

Exercise

1. The ages of a number of teachers were recorded as below.

Age 24-26 27-29 30-32 33-35 36-38 39-41 42- 44

(years)
frequency 3 6 16 10 2 4 9

Using the scaling down method, calculate standard deviation.

2. Construct a frequency distribution table using uniform classes

starting with 4-6 for the data.

8,4,6,5,26,12,18,6,13,15,14,10,8,8,9,18,13,10,17,19,24,21,20,22,2
3,12,16and 24.

c) Use the grouped data to calculate

i) Mean
ii) Standard deviation.

More exercise on

i) Advancing in mathematics Bk. 4 pg. 38-39.

ii) KLB Bk. 4 PG. 64-65

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