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Homework 5

This document outlines Homework 5 for Math 248 Applied Linear Algebra, consisting of various problems related to Markov chains, predator-prey models, discrete dynamical systems, vector norms, projections, line and plane equations, Gram-Schmidt process, QR decomposition, and inner products in polynomial spaces. Each problem requires specific calculations and interpretations of mathematical concepts. The tasks include finding equilibrium states, computing population dynamics, analyzing eigenvalues, and applying orthonormalization techniques.

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10 views3 pages

Homework 5

This document outlines Homework 5 for Math 248 Applied Linear Algebra, consisting of various problems related to Markov chains, predator-prey models, discrete dynamical systems, vector norms, projections, line and plane equations, Gram-Schmidt process, QR decomposition, and inner products in polynomial spaces. Each problem requires specific calculations and interpretations of mathematical concepts. The tasks include finding equilibrium states, computing population dynamics, analyzing eigenvalues, and applying orthonormalization techniques.

Uploaded by

mehekagarwalla010104
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 248 Applied Linear Algebra

Homework 5

1. Consider the Markov chain given by the transition matrix


 
a b
A= .
1−a 1−b

Here 0 < a, b < 1. Find the equilibrium


  state of this Markov chain, i.e.,
x
find the steady-state vector v = such that Av = v and x + y = 1.
y
Solve for x and y explicitly in terms of a and b.

2. The following 2 × 2 matrix models a predator-prey system:


 
0.4 0.3
A= .
−0.325 1.2

Here, the first row represents the prey population change, and the second
row represents the predator population change. Given an initial state:
 
50
x0 = ,
30

where the first entry corresponds to the number of prey and the second
entry corresponds to the number of predators. Compute the next two state
vectors using matrix multiplication, i.e., compute the state vectors x1 =
Ax0 and x2 = Ax1 . Estimate the long-term growth rate and the eventual
ratio of predators and the prey. Interpret the results in terms of population
dynamics (i.e., does the system stabilize, oscillate, or grow unbounded?).

3. Consider the discrete dynamical system given by

xn+1 = Axn ,

where  
2 1
A= .
1 3
Find the eigenvalues of A and classify the system’s behavior as an attractor,
repeller, or saddle point.

4. Compute:

i. the norm of the vector  


2
x = −3 .
6
ii. the vector projection of the vector
   
3 1
u = 4 onto the vector v = 2 .
5 3

5. i. Find the component of u along v (i.e., the projection of u onto v) and


the component of u orthogonal to v. The vectors u and v are given,
and their inner product is denoted by ⟨u, v⟩.
ii. Given the vector  
4
w =  2 ,
−2
write it as the sum of two vectors: one parallel to
 
1
v = −1
2

and the other orthogonal to v.

6. i. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2, 3) and
(4, 5, 6).
ii. Find the equation of the plane passing through (1, 0, 0) with normal
vector (2, −1, 3).

7. Apply the Gram-Schmidt process to the column vectors of the matrix


 
1 1 0
A= 1 0
 1
0 1 1

and obtain an orthonormal basis for the column space of A.

8. Perform the QR decomposition of the matrix


 
1 1
B= .
2 3

9. Perform the QR decomposition of the matrix


 
1 1 0
 1 −1 1 
 
B=  0 1 1 .

1 0 −1
−1 1 1
10. Let P3 (R) be the real vector space of polynomials of degree at most 3. A
basis of P3 (R)is given by the polynomials 1, x, x2 , x3 .

i. Prove that an inner product on P3 (R) can be defined by using evalua-


tion on −2, −1, 1, and 2 as follows:

⟨p(x), q(x)⟩ = p(−2)q(−2) + p(−1)q(−1) + p(1)q(1) + p(2)q(2).

ii. Consider the polynomials p1 (x) = x and p2 (x) = x2 . Find the best
approximation to p(x) = x3 by the polynomials in Span{p1 (x), p2 (x)}
using the given inner product.

Hint: Compute the orthogonal projection of p(x) = x3 onto Span{p1 (x), p2 (x)} =
Span{x, x2 }.

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