Topic 2
Knowledge Management Processes
By Dr. Thet Thet Zin
KM Cycle
Four major KM cycle,
1. Meyer and Zack (1996),
2. Bukowitz and Williams (2000),
3. McElroy (1999, 2003),
4. Wiig (1993).
5. An Integrated KM Cycle
From each of these cycles, they have their own steps and descriptions to
finishing the cycle.
What is the knowledge management cycle?
Identify existing knowledge (internally or
Identify
externally)
Dispose
Plan Plan what knowledge can be required.
Acquire, develop the knowledge
Distributed the knowledge where needed.
Maintain
Acquire Foster use of knowledge
Control/ maintain the quality of
Foster use Distribute knowledge
Dispose of knowledge if it is not longer
needed.
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Major KM processes
Aims at identifying and locating knowledge and knowledge sources
within the organization.
Valuable knowledge is then translated into explicit form, often
referred to as codification of knowledge, in order to facilitate more
widespread dissemination.
Knowledge Repository
How To Create a Knowledge Base
1. Identify the Purpose / Need of your Knowledge Base. ...
2. Define the Core Elements Of Your Knowledge Base. ...
3. Prepare Your Knowledge Base Structure. ...
4. Prepare Content for Your Knowledge Base. ...
5. Organize Knowledge Base Content. ...
6. Write New Articles for Your Knowledge Base. ...
7. Optimize Your Knowledge Base For SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
Zack KM Cycle
Stages are
1. Acquisition,
2. Refinement,
3. Storage/retrieval,
4. Distribution, and
5. Presentation/use.
High-Level View of ZACK KM Cycle
Acquisition of Data or Information
deals with issues regarding origin of raw materials such as scope,
breadth, depth, credibility, accuracy, timeliness, relevance, cost, control,
and exclusivity.
The guiding principle is the well- known proverb of “garbage in,
garbage out.”
That is, highest quality source data is required, else the intellectual
products produced downstream will be lower.
Refinement
physical (like migrating from one medium to another) or
logical (like restructuring, relabeling, indexing, and integrating.)
Refinement
Storage / Retrieval
forms a bridge between the upstream addition and refinement stages that
feed the repository and downstream stages of product generation.
Storage can be physical (file folders, printed information) as well as
digital (database, knowledge management software).
Distribution
defines how the product is to be delivered to the end-user (like fax,
print, email) and encloses not only the medium of delivery but also its
timing, frequency, form, language, and so on.
Presentation
Context plays an important role in Presentation or Application stage.
Key attributes of KM
Stages are acquisition, refinement, storage/retrieval, distribution,
and presentation/use.
This cycle is also known as the “refinery.
The Bukowitz and Williams KM Cycle
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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
The Bukowitz and Williams KM Cycle
GET : seek information, deal with enormous info, match info need, know the
resources.
USE : combine information to innovate, apply in decision making & problem
solving
LEARN : experiences to create competitive advantage, using organizational
memory (lesson learned – best practice)
CONTRIBUTE : post what is learned to the public knowledge
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The Bukowitz and Williams KM Cycle
ASSESS : Deals more with groups and organization level.
Assessment means the review of intellectual or corporeal assets (e.g. Information,
knowledge) against the future needs of individuals, groups and organizations.
Evaluate & map intellectual capital, define mission critical knowledge, compare
with the future need
BUILD / SUSTAIN : develop new intellectual capital or sustain the old one to keep
organization viable & competitive
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The Bukowitz and Williams KM Cycle
DIVEST : is the knowledge still worth to keep or better of transfer to outside
Obtaining patents, spinning, off companies, outsourcing work, terminating a
training program and/or employees, replacing/upgrading technologies and
ending partnerships, alliances, or contracts.
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Knowledge management (KM)
Two Knowledge Cycles
Zack Bukowitz & Williams
Acquisition Get
Refinement Use
Store Learn
Distribution Contribute
McElroy Model
Consists of the processes of knowledge production and knowledge
integration, with a series of feedback loops to organizational memory,
beliefs, and claims and the business-processing environment.
Problem claim formulation
is an attempt to learn and state the specific nature of the detected
knowledge gap.
Knowledge claim formulation
acts as a response to approved problem claims via information
acquisition and individual and group learning.
McElroy Model
New knowledge claims
are tested and examined through knowledge claim evaluation
processes.
Evaluation of knowledge
claims results in surviving knowledge claims that will be
integrated as new organizational knowledge or falsified/undecided
knowledge claims.
High-Level View of McElroy Cycle
The McElroy KM Cycle
Using knowledge in the business-processing environment result in:
Match expectation store & reuse
Failing (Mismatch) adjust (single – loop learning)
Successive failure (from mismatch) reject & create new
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The McElroy KM Cycle
Knowledge Production Processes
Problem claim formulation
To learn and state the specific nature of the detected knowledge
gap
Knowledge claim formulation
A response to validated problem claims via information
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acquisition and individual and group learning
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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
The McElroy KM Cycle
New knowledge claims
Tested and evaluated via knowledge claim evaluation processes
Evaluation
Leads to surviving knowledge claims that will be integrated as new
organizational knowledge
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The Wiig KM Cycle
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The Wiig KM Cycle
Summary of the Key Wiig KM Cycle activities
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Integrated Cycle
Integrated Cycle
KM cycle is reiterated as users understand and decide to make use of content.
The users will validate usefulness, signal when it becomes out of date or
when this knowledge is not applicable.
Users will help validate the scope of the content or how generalizable the
best practices and lessons learned can be.
They will come up with new content, which they can then contribute to the
next cycle iteration.
KE Cycles Summary
