1.

A switch statement in Java is used when you need to execute one block of code out of multiple options
based on a single variable's value. It is particularly useful when:

1. You have a fixed number of known values to compare, such as integers, characters, enums, or
strings.

2. The conditions are discrete and mutually exclusive.

3. You want clear and concise code for multiple branching paths.

Use of break Statements in a switch

The break statement is used to:

1. Exit the switch block after executing the corresponding case.

2. Prevent the "fall-through" behavior where subsequent cases are executed, even if their
condition is false.

Without the break, Java will continue to execute the code in all subsequent case blocks until it
encounters a break or reaches the end of the switch block.

Syntax for a switch Statement in Java

switch (expression) {
case value1:
// Code to execute if expression == value1
break;
case value2:
// Code to execute if expression == value2
break;
case value3:
// Code to execute if expression == value3
break;
// Add more cases as needed
default:
// Code to execute if no case matches
break;
}

Example of a switch Statement

int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
 System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
break;
}

In this example, since day is 3, the output will be:

Wednesday

2.

Class in Java

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the properties (fields) and behaviors
(methods) that the objects of the class will have.
In Java, a class is defined using the class keyword.

Object in Java

An object is an instance of a class. It is created based on the blueprint provided by the class and can
access the fields and methods defined in the class.

Method in Java

A method is a block of code within a class that performs a specific task. It can be called on an object to
execute the behavior defined in the class.

Program Example

Below is a Java program that demonstrates the concepts of class, object, and method:

// Define the Class

class Car {

// Fields (properties)

String brand;

int year;
 // Constructor to initialize a Car object

Car(String brand, int year) {

this.brand = brand;

this.year = year;

// Method (behavior)

void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Car Brand: " + brand);

System.out.println("Manufacturing Year: " + year);

// Main Class

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an Object of the Car class

Car car1 = new Car("Toyota", 2020);

// Call the method on the object

car1.displayInfo();

Explanation

1. Class:

o Car is the class that defines properties (brand and year) and a behavior (displayInfo
method).

2. Object:
 o car1 is an object of the Car class, created using the constructor new Car("Toyota", 2020).

3. Method:

o The displayInfo method is called on the car1 object to display its details.

Output

Car Brand: Toyota

Manufacturing Year: 2020

This demonstrates how classes, objects, and methods work together in Java to model real-world entities
and their behaviors.

3.

A. When to Use the super Keyword in Java?

The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the immediate parent class of the current class. It serves
the following purposes:

1. To Call Parent Class Constructor:

o Use super() to invoke the constructor of the parent class explicitly.

o This must be the first statement in the child class constructor.

2. To Access Parent Class Methods or Fields:

o Use super to refer to a method or field of the parent class when it is overridden in the
child class.

Example:

class Animal {

String sound = "Generic Sound";

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void makeSound() {

super.makeSound(); // Calls the parent class method

System.out.println("Dog barks");

void displaySound() {

System.out.println("Parent class sound: " + super.sound); // Access parent class field

System.out.println("Child class sound: " + sound);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.makeSound();

dog.displaySound();

Output:

Animal makes a sound

Dog barks

Parent class sound: Generic Sound

Child class sound: Bark

B. How to Extract a Single Character from a String in Java?

Syntax:

char character = string.charAt(index);

Example:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String text = "Hello, World!";

// Extract a single character at index 7

char extractedChar = text.charAt(7);

System.out.println("Character at index 7: " + extractedChar);

Explanation:

 The string "Hello, World!" has the character 'W' at index 7.

 text.charAt(7) retrieves this character.

Output:

Character at index 7: W

This demonstrates the use of charAt() to extract individual characters from a string.

4.

In Java, threads are used to achieve multitasking and concurrency. The two main types of threads in Java
are:

1. User Thread
  Definition:
A user thread is a thread created explicitly by the application to perform specific tasks. These
threads are high-priority threads that keep the application running as long as they are active.

 Characteristics:

o They are the primary threads of execution.

o The JVM continues running until all user threads have completed their execution.

o Example: Threads handling tasks like data processing, calculations, or UI interactions.

 Example Code:

 public class UserThreadExample extends Thread {

 public void run() {

 System.out.println("User thread is running...");

 }

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 UserThreadExample thread = new UserThreadExample();

 thread.start(); // Starts the user thread

 }

 }

2. Daemon Thread

 Definition:
A daemon thread is a background thread that provides services to user threads or performs
tasks in the background (e.g., garbage collection).
Daemon threads are automatically terminated by the JVM when all user threads have
completed.

 Characteristics:

o They are low-priority threads.

o Commonly used for background tasks like logging, monitoring, or cleaning up resources.

o Can be created using the setDaemon(true) method before starting the thread.

 Example Code:

 public class DaemonThreadExample extends Thread {

 System.out.println("Daemon thread is running...");

 }

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 DaemonThreadExample thread = new DaemonThreadExample();

 thread.setDaemon(true); // Mark thread as a daemon thread

 thread.start();

 System.out.println("Main thread ends here...");

 }

 }

Key Differences:

Feature User Thread Daemon Thread

Purpose Perform tasks required by the application. Provide background services.

Lifecycle Keeps the JVM alive while running. Terminates when all user threads exit.

Priority Typically higher. Lower priority.

Examples UI threads, computation threads. Garbage collection, monitoring threads.

5.

Exception Handling in Java

Java provides a robust mechanism for handling runtime errors through exception handling. The key
keywords involved are:

1. try: Defines a block of code to test for exceptions.

2. catch: Defines a block to handle specific exceptions.

3. finally: Defines a block of code that executes regardless of whether an exception is thrown or
not.

4. throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

The following example demonstrates the use of try, catch, finally, and throw:

public class ExceptionHandlingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Calling the method that throws an exception

divide(10, 0);

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

// Handling the exception

System.out.println("Caught Exception: " + e.getMessage());

} finally {

// Finally block always executes

System.out.println("Execution completed, whether an exception occurred or not.");

// Method that throws an exception

public static void divide(int a, int b) throws ArithmeticException {

if (b == 0) {

throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero is not allowed.");

} else {

System.out.println("Result: " + (a / b));

Explanation of the Code:

1. try Block:
 o Contains the code that might throw an exception (divide(10, 0)).

o This block is tested for exceptions.

2. catch Block:

o Catches the specific exception (ArithmeticException) thrown by the divide method.

o The error message is printed using e.getMessage().

3. finally Block:

o Executes regardless of whether an exception is thrown or caught.

o Used for cleanup operations, like closing files or releasing resources.

4. throw Keyword:

o Explicitly throws an exception (ArithmeticException) when the divisor (b) is 0.

Output:

Caught Exception: Division by zero is not allowed.

Execution completed, whether an exception occurred or not.

This example illustrates a common pattern for implementing exception handling in Java, ensuring
smooth program execution even in error scenarios.

6.

These concepts are essential for event-driven programming, which is at the core of GUI (Graphical User
Interface) applications.

1. Event Object

 Definition:
An Event Object is a class instance in Java that represents an event. It encapsulates information
about the event, such as its type, source, and any relevant data.
Examples of events include button clicks, mouse movements, and keyboard inputs.

 Common Event Classes in Java:

o ActionEvent (e.g., button clicks).

o MouseEvent (e.g., mouse clicks, drags).

 Usage:
Event objects are passed to event listeners to provide information about the event.

Example:

// Example event: ActionEvent

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

System.out.println("Button clicked! Source: " + e.getSource());

2. Event Source

 Definition:
An Event Source is the object on which an event occurs. It is responsible for generating an event
and notifying the appropriate listeners.
For example:

o A button that is clicked.

o A text field where text is typed.

 Role:
The event source must be registered with one or more event listeners to notify them when an
event occurs.

 How it works:
Event sources use methods like addActionListener or addMouseListener to register listeners.

Example:

JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");

// Button is the event source

button.addActionListener(this); // Registers a listener to the button

3. Event Handler

 Definition:
An Event Handler is a piece of code (usually a method) that executes in response to an event. It
is implemented by a class that listens for and handles events.

 Implementation:
Event handlers are implemented using:
 o Event Listener Interfaces (e.g., ActionListener, MouseListener).

o Overriding the corresponding event-handling methods (e.g., actionPerformed,

 Role:
The event handler processes the event and performs actions such as updating the UI or
triggering other program logic.

Example:

public class ButtonExample implements ActionListener {

public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame();

JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");

button.addActionListener(new ButtonExample()); // Register handler

frame.add(button);

frame.setSize(200, 200);

frame.setVisible(true);

// Event handler method

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

System.out.println("Button was clicked!");

Summary of Relationships

1. Event Source generates the event.

2. Event Object carries details about the event.

3. Event Handler processes the event and defines what happens in response.

This model ensures a clear and modular design for GUI applications.