Foundation of Computer Networking

Prepared by

Shaikh Tariqul Islam

Cyber security Trainer & Banker
(CEH, RHCE, RHCSA, MCSA)
Mob: 01716652352
What is Computer Network?
• A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or computing devices that
exchange data and resources with each other.

• A network connection between these devices can be established using cable or

wireless media. Once a connection is established, communication protocols -- such
as TCP/IP, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol -- are used to exchange data between the
networked devices.

• A computer network is defined as a system that connects two or more computing

devices for transmitting and sharing resources and information, exchanging data/file
and making electronic communication.

• Resources:
• Data / Information
• Hardware (Printer)
• Software
Diagram of a Network?
Features Of Computer network

A list Of Computer network features is given below.

• Communication speed
• File sharing
• Back up and Roll back is easy
• Software and Hardware sharing
• Security
• Scalability
• Reliability
Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network Architecture is defined as the physical and logical design of the
software, hardware, protocols, and media of the transmission of data. Simply we can
say that how computers are organized and how tasks are allocated to the computer.

The two types of network architectures are used:

• Peer-To-Peer network

• Client/Server network
Peer-To-Peer network

• Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers are

linked together with equal privilege and responsibilities for
processing the data.

• Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually up

to 10 computers.

• Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.

• Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing the

resources, but this can lead to a problem if the computer with the
resource is down.
Client/Server Network
• Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end users called clients, to access
the resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central computer known as Server.

• The central controller is known as a server while all other computers in the network are called
clients.

• A server performs all the major operations such as security and network management.

• A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.
Components Of Computer Network:
OSI Model

• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how
information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium
to the software application in another computer.

• OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function.

• OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in
1984, and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer
communications.
7 Layers of OSI Model
1. Physical Layer 5. Session Layer
2. Data-Link Layer 6. Presentation Layer
3. Network Layer 7. Application Layer
4. Transport Layer
Types of Network?
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network
LAN(Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such
as building, office.

• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication
medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters,
and ethernet cables.

• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

• Local Area Network provides higher security.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area

by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.

• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.

• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone

exchange line.

• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, etc.

• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

• MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city.
• It can also be used for communication in the military.
WAN(Wide Area Network)

• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical

area such as states or countries.

• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a
large geographical area through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or
satellite links.

• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,

and education.
Types of IP Version?
IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the
internet or local network.

• IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):

• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical values, typically expressed as four octets separated by
periods (e.g., 192.0.2.1).
• IPv4 allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses, which has led to IPv4 address
exhaustion.

• IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):

• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length, allowing for a significantly larger address space compared to
IPv4.
• IPv6 addresses are typically represented as hexadecimal strings separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
• IPv6 was developed to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and to offer additional features
and improvements, including better support for mobile networks, more efficient routing, and
enhanced security features.
Types of IP Address?
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the unique identifying number assigned to every device
connected to the internet.
Public IP Address:
• A public IP address is assigned to devices connected to a network that is accessible from
the internet. It uniquely identifies the device on the global internet.

• Public IP addresses are typically provided by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and are
routable across the internet.

• They are used for communication between devices over the internet.
Private IP Address:

• Private IP addresses are used within a private network, such as a home or office
network, and are not routable on the public internet.

• They are reserved for use within private networks and cannot be used as public
identifiers.

• Common private IP address ranges include those defined in RFC 1918: 10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.

Private & Public IP Address range

Class Private Public

Class - A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0
Class - B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
Class - C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0
Types of IP Class?

IP Addresses into five classes

• Class - A
• Class - B
• Class - C
• Class - D
• Class - E
Class A:
• Range: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

• First bit of the first octet is always set to 0.

• Reserved for very large networks due to the large number of hosts they can accommodate.

• The first octet represents the network portion, and the remaining three octets represent
hosts.

Class B:
• Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

• First bit of the first octet is always set to 1, and the second bit is set to 0.

• Designed for medium-sized networks.

• The first two octets represent the network portion, and the last two octets represent hosts.
Class C:

• Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

• First two bits of the first octet are always set to 1 and 1, and the third bit is set to 0.
• Intended for small networks.
• The first three octets represent the network portion, and the last octet represents hosts.

Class D:
• Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
• Reserved for multicast addresses, used for one-to-many communication.

Class E:
• Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
• Reserved for experimental purposes and future use.
Network Topology
• In the context of computer networking, network topology refers to the physical or logical layout
of interconnected devices and their communication links within a computer network. It defines
how devices such as computers, servers, routers, switches, and other network devices are
connected to each other and how data flows between them.

• Network topology can affect factors such as performance, scalability, reliability, and fault
tolerance.
There are several types of network topologies, including:

• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology
• Wireless Topology
Bus Topology:
• All devices are connected to a single backbone cable.
• Devices communicate by transmitting data onto the bus.
• Simple and inexpensive, but prone to single point of failure if the backbone cable
breaks.

Star Topology:
• All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
• Data passes through the central hub, which manages traffic.
• Provides better performance and fault tolerance compared to bus topology.

Wireless Topology:

• Devices are connected wirelessly, typically using Wi-Fi or other wireless

technologies.
• Provides mobility and flexibility, but may suffer from interference and limited range.
Ring Topology:
• Each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a ring.
• Data travels in one direction around the ring.
• Simple and easy to install.
• Failure of one device can disrupt the entire network.

Mesh Topology:
• Every device is connected to every other device.
• Provides redundancy and fault tolerance.
• Complex and expensive to implement.
• Difficult to manage and troubleshoot.

Hybrid Topology:
• Combination of two or more different topologies.
• Offers flexibility and scalability.
• Can be tailored to meet specific network requirements.
• Requires careful planning and management.