CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

SYNOPSIS
Fundamentals De - Chancourtois Classification:
 At present around 114 elements are known. (Telluric Helix)
 Out of these, recently discovered elements are not  In 1862 De-Chancourtois arranged the known
natural but synthetic., elements in order of increasing atomic weights and
made cylindrical table of elements to display the
 Elements coming after 92 atomic number are known
periodic recurrence of properties.
as “Trans Uranic Elements” or
“SyntheticElements” and they are Newland Octaves:
“Radioactive”.  Newland in 1865 presented the law of Octaves “If
Dobereiner Law of Triads the known elements are arranged in the increasing
order of their atomic weights ,then the 8th element
 Doberenier between 1815-1829 gave his law of
had properties similar to those of first element” as
triads .
the eight note of octaves.
 A triad is a certain group of 3 elements with similar
eg : Li Be B C N O F
properties.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
 According to him in the triads the atomic weight
of the middle element was approximately the K Ca
arithmetic mean of the other two. Note: This law is true only for the elements up to
Also the properties of the middle element were in calcium.
between those of other two members. Lother Meyer
eg-1:  Lother Mayer (Germany) and Mendeleef
Element Li Na K (Russia) quite independently evovled identically and
Atomic wt. 7 23 39 showed the connection between the periodicity of
7  39 properties and atomic masses of elements.
Mean of atomic masses =  23
2  Lother Meyer plotted the physical properties such
eg-2: as atomic volume,melting point and boiling point
Element Cl Br I against atomic weight and obtained a periodically
Atomic wt. 35.5 80 127 repeated pattern.
35.5  127  Lother Meyer calculated the atomic volumes of
Mean of atomic masses =  81.25
2 known elements as the ratio of molecular weight
eg-3: and density.
Element Ca Sr Ba The findings of Lother Meyer curves are :
Atomic wt. 40 88 137  Alkali metals having the largest atomic volumes
40  137 occupy the maxima of the curve.
Mean of atomic masses =  88.5  The alkaline earth metals (Mg ,Ca ,Sr,Ba) occupy
2
 But in some triad all the three elements possessed the mid point positions on the descending portions
nearly equal atomic masses, hence the law was of curve.
rejected ,  Halogens occupy position on ascending portions
eg: Fe, Co, Ni ; Os, Ir, Pt etc of the curve before inert gases.
According to him the properties of elements have  The transition elements occupy minima of the curve.
some relationship with their atomic masses.
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-I

Mendeleev’s Classification of Atomic Wt. = Equivalent Wt. x valency. .

Elements Periodic Law Merits:
 The physical and chemical properties of the  He gave an elaborate and
elements are periodic functions of their atomic comprehensive system of classification ,based on
weights. broad range of physical and chemical properties.
 Mendeleev’s periodic table is also known as short  He broadly left some gaps in discovered elements.It
form of periodic table. led to discovery of some new elements
 While arranging the elements in the periodic table, eg: Ge, Sc etc.
he not only followed the increasing order of atomic Demerits
weights but also considered their properties.  Some elements with higher atomic weight were
 In original Mendeleev periodic table only 63 placed before lower atomic weight elements in order
elements were known. to maintain similar chemical nature of elements and
 The elements which are most widely distributed are called inverted pairs or anamolous pairs.
in nature have small atomic weights and posses Anamalous pairs of Mendeleev’s periodic table
sharply defined properties. are
 Mendeleev observed that elements with similar a) Ar-K b) Co-Ni c) Te-I and d) Th - Pa
properties have  Position of hydrogen was not made clear.
i) Almost same atomic weight.  Position of lanthanides are uncertain.
eg : Fe(56), Co(59), Ni(59)  No place for noble or inert gases .
ii) Atomic weights increasing constantly  Absence of similarity in sub-groups
eg : K(39), Rb(85), Cs(133) eg: alkali metals (IA) and coinage metals IB
 Vertical columns are called groups and there are (Cu,Ag,Au)
nine groups ( 0 to 8th) and horizontal rows are called  Isotopes are not included
periods and there are seven periods.  Cause of periodicity is not known
 The first three periods are short periods and Atomic Number
remaining are long periods. Each long period has 2
 Moseley discovered the atomic numbers from
rows of elements or 2 series of elements
X-ray spectra of elements by bombarding the
 Leaving 0 and VIII ,each group is subdivided into
elements with cathode rays and the elements emitted
subgroups known as A and B group.
respective X-rays of characteristic frequency.
 Group VIII of the Mendeleev’s table consists of
 Atomic number ‘Z’ can be related to frequency of
three triads known as transition triads and
they are the X-rays emitted by using v  a ( Z  b) where
i) Iron, Cobalt and Nickel a and b are constants for an element. As atomic
ii) Ruthenium, Rhodium and Palladium number increases the frequency of characteristics
iii) Osmium, Iridium and Platinium X-rays increases.
 Zero group elements were not known at the time
 A plot of v against Z gives a straight line.
of Mendeleev and later introduced by R a m s a y
and Rayleigh.  Atomic number has provided a better basis for the
 Mendeleev has a fore sight to leave some gaps in periodic arrangement of the elements.
the periodic table for 3 - elements and these
elements are discovered latter and included in the
table. Those three elements are
v Slope =a
1) Eka boron presently known as Scandium
2) Eka silicon presently known as Germanium
3) Eka aluminium presently known as Gallium 0
20 40 60
 Mendeleev corrected the atomic weights of
Atomic number (Z)
Beryllium, Indium and Osmium by using
corrected valency of elements Plot of  and atomic number (z)
 Modern periodic law In 6th period, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p orbitals are filled
 Physical and chemical properties of the elements (longest period)
are periodic functions of their atomic numbers and  Elements with 5d configuration from La(Z=57) and
electronic configuration. Hf (Z=72) to Hg (Z=80) are placed in 6th period.
Long Form of Periodic Table (3rd transition series).
 Neil’s Bohr constructed the long form of periodic  Fourteen 4f series elements (Lanthanoids) belongs
table. to 6th period and III B group. Ce (Z=58) to Lu
 Modern periodic table or the long form of periodic (Z=71).
table is based on the electronic configurations of  In 7th period, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p orbitals are filled
the elements. (incomplete period)
 There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the periodic  Fourteen 5f series elements (Actinoids) belongs to
table. 7th period & III B group. Th (Z=90) to Lr (Z=103).
Periods (Horizontal Rows)  6d-series is incomplete series.
 In periods, elements are arranged in the increasing  If 7th period is also completed, then the final
order of their atomic numbers. element of this period would be with an atomic
 The electron by which an element differs from its number 118.
previous element is called “differentiating Groups (Vertical Columns)
electron”.  Long form of the periodic table comprises of 18-
 In each period, the differentiating electron enters vertical columns which are divided into main groups
into the “s” orbital in the first element and “p” orbital and subgroups as - IA to VIIA, O groups and IIIB,
in the last element. IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB and IIB groups.
 In periods, elements are arranged according to the
 VIIIB groups includes three vertical columns of
“(n+l)” values order (Aufbau-Rule).
Fe Co Ni
 Long form of the periodic table is a Graphical
Ru Rh Pd
Representation of the Aufbau-Rule.
Os Ir Pt
 Generally every period starts with an Alkali Metal
 We adopt the 1-18 numbering scheme
and ends with Noble gas.
 Period number corresponds to the highest principal recommended by IUPAC in 1988.
quantum number (n) of the elements in the period.  Main group division is based on the number of
eg : First period contains 2 elements, the electrons present in outer most orbit like H, Li, Na,
subsequent periods consists of 8, 8, 18, 18 & 32 K, Rb, Cs and Fr have 1 electron in their outer
elements. most orbit, so they are placed in IA group. Be, Mg,
Remember Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra have 2 electrons in their outer
 In first period, 1s orbital is filled (shortest period) most orbit, so they are placed in IIA group.
 In second period, 2s, 2p orbital are filled (I short IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with
period) Z>100
 In third period, 3s, 3p orbitals are filled (II short  Nomenclature of elements CNIC (commission on
period) nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) appointed by
 In 4th period, 4s, 3d, 4p orbitals are filled (I long IUPAC in 1994, approved a nomenclature
period) scheme as well as also gave official names for
 Elements with 3d configuration from Sc to Zn elements after Z > 100 (upto atomic number 104
(Z= 21 to 30) are placed in 4th period. It is also to 109 discovered by that time).
called first transistional series or 3d series.  This nomenclature is to be followed for naming the
 In 5th period, 5s, 4d, 5p orbitals are filled (II long elements until their names are officially recognised.
period)  The names are derived by using roots for the three
 Elements with 4d configuration [from Y(Z=39) to digits in the atomic number of the element and
Cd(Z=48)] placed in 5th period (2nd Transition adding “ium” at the end. The roots for the numbers
series). are.
 Digit Latin word c) d-Block Elements d) f-Block Elements
s - Block Elements :
0 nil n
 Differentiating electrons enter into s- orbital of
1 un u valency shell.
2 bi b  s-sublevel can accomadate 2-electrons, hence s-
3 tri t
block elements are arranged in two groups, IA, IIA
4 quad q
(or) 1, 2 groups
5 pent p
6 hex h  General electronic configuration is ns1 2 .
7 sept s  H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr elements (alkali metals)
8 oct o have 1 electron in their outer shell with “ ns1 ”
9 enn e
general outer shell configuration, they belongs to
Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic IA.
Number Above 100  Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Alkaline Earth
elements) have 2-electrons in their outer shell, with
“ ns 2 ” general outer shell configuration, they
belongs to IIA.
 Most of these are active metals and form ionic
substances, except lithium and beryllium.
 These are powerful reducing agents.
 They have low M.P’s and B.P’s.
 They impart characteristic colours in the flame
p - Block Elements
 Differentiating electron enters into p- orbital of
valency shell
 The general outer shell configuration of p-block
elements. ns 2 np 1 6
 p-block elements are arranged in 6-groups they are
from IIIA to VII A and O-group (or) 13 to 18
groups
 B,Al,Ga,In and Tl are called IIIA group (boron
family) these elements have 3-electrons in outershell
with “ ns 2 np1 ” general outer shell configuration.
 C,Si,Ge,Sn and Pb are called IVA group
(Carbon Family) these elements have 4-electrons
in outer shell,with “ ns 2 np 2 ” as general outer shell
configuration.
 N,P,As,Sb and Bi are called VA group(Nitrogen
Family) (Pnicogens). These elements have 5-
electrons in outer shell, with “ ns 2 np 3 ” as general
Class ification of elements on the basis of outer shell configuration.
their Electronic configuration  O, S, Se, Te, and Po are called VIA group
 Elements are classified into four blocks basing on (Chalcogens) these elements have 6-electrons in
the orbital into which the differentiating electron
outer shell, with “ ns 2 np 4 ” as general outer shell
enters.
a) s-Block Elements b) p-Block Elements configuration.
 F, Cl, Br, I and At are called VIIA group covalent compounds.
(Halogens) these elements have 7-electrons in outer 7) They are all solids, except Hg which is a liquid at
shell, configuration with “ns2np5” as general outer room temperature.
shell. 8) They form cations with high charge.
 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn - Inert gases (O–group), 9) They form alloys and interstitial compounds.
Except He ( 1S 2 ), remaining inert gases have 8- 10) They mostly form coloured ions and also show
paramagnetism.
electrons in outer shell with “ ns 2 np 6 ” as general Remember
outer shell configuration.  After completion of 6s, the differentiating electron
 p-block contains all non-metals and metalloids suppose to enter into 4f, but in the case of
and some metals. Lanthanum the differentiating electron is entering into
 Most of the compounds of p-block elements are
5d, instead of 4f ( La  6s 2 4 f 0 5d 1 ). Therefore
covalent.
i) Most of these are oxidising agents “La” belongs to d-block (IIIB, VI period).
j) All gaseous elements except H and He are p-  Similarly in case of Actinium, the differentiating
block elements. electron is entering into 6d, instead of 5f
Remember ( Ac  7 s 2 5 f o 6d 1 ). Therefore Ac also belongs to
 Keeping its chemical inertness, Helium is placed d-block (IIIB, VII period).
along with other inert gases in 0 - group. f-block Elements:
 Hence He is a p-block element with out  If differentiating electrons enter into f-subshell of
p-electrons. anti penultimate i.e., (n-2) shell, the elements of this
 The first p-block element is Boron [(He) 2S2 2P1] class are called f-block elements.
 The only group with all gaseous elements is “0-  The general electronic configuration
group”.
d-Block Elements  n  2  f 114  n  1 d 0  or 1ns 2
 If the differentiating electron enters into the d-orbital (n = outer shell).
of penultimate shell, the elements are called “d-  These f-block elements are placed at the bottom
block elements”. of the periodic table in two rows, they are 4f series
 The general electronic configuration of d-block and 5f series. The properties of 4f-series elements
are similar to Lanthanum they are known as
elements is  n  1 d 110 ns1 2 (n = outer shell). Lanthanides (or) Lanthanons or rare earths.
 d-Block elements are placed between s-block and  4f-series - Lanthanide series - configuration
p-block and they are also called transition elements. 4 f 114 5d 01 6s 2 from Ce(58) to Lu (71) (first
 d-Block elements are further classified into following
inner transitional series)
transition series on the basis of which (n-1)d subshell  4f- series elements belongs to 6th period and IIIB
is being filled. Group.
1) for 1st Transition series( 3d series) electronic  5f - series elements - Actinide series - configuration
configuration is
3d1-10 4s1-2 [Sc (Z=21) to Zn (Z=30)] 5 f 114 6d 01 7 s 2 from Th (90) to Lr (103)(second
2) for 2nd Transition series ( 4d - series) electronic inner transitional series).
configuration is  5f - series elements belongs to 7th period and III B
4d1-10 5s1-2 [Y(Z=39) to Cd (Z=48)]. group.
3) for 3rd Transition series (5d - series) electronic  Most of these elements are radioactive.
configuration is  They have properties similar to d-block elements
5d1-10 6s1-2. [La (Z=57), Hf (Z=72) to Hg (Z=80)] Classification based on chemical
4) 4th Transition series( 6d - series) is an incomplete properties.
series.  All the elements are divided into four types on the
5) Most of these are less active metals. basis of their chemical properties and electronic
6) These elements form ionic and co-ordinate configuration.
 JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-I
Type-1 Inert gases and in ionic states) (Zn, Cd, Hg - are referred as
 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn belongs to “0” group in Non-typical Transition Elements) or volatile metals.
the periodic table are called Inert Gas Elements  In the case of Transition elements both
 Except He (1s2), all the other elements have ns2np6 (n-1)d and ns electrons participate in bonding.
outer electronic configuration.  The characteristic properties of transition elements
 All are chemically inert due to the presence of stable are
ns2np6 (octet) configuration in their outer most shell. 1. They are hard and heavy metals
He is inactive due to its completely filled ‘K’ shell. 2. Variable Oxidation states
(1s2) 3. Formation of coloured ions in solution due to
 It is known that heavier elements (Kr, Xe) form d-d- transition
compounds under special controlled conditions with 4. Formation of metal complexes
Oxygen and Fluorine, So they are now called 5. Paramagnetic
Noble gases. 6. Catalytic activity.
 All are monoatomic gases. 7. High M.P., B.P and densities.
 They are also known as Rare gases (or) Aerogens. 8. Good conductors of heat and electricity
As they are present in 1% by volume in atmosphere. 9. Alloy formation.
Type-II Representative elements or  These characteristic properties are due to
a. Small size
normal elements
b. High nuclear charge
 In these elements, the ultimate shell is incompletely
c. Unpaired electrons in d-orbitals.
filled.
Note:
 Excluding “0” group, remaining s and p block
1. Ni is used as a catalyst in Hydrogenation of oils.
elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA) are
2. Fe used as a catalyst in Haber’s process
called representative elements.
3. Mo used as a promoter in Haber’s process.
 Most of these elements are abundant and active.
 Their general outer electronic configurations Type-IV Inner Transition elements
ns1-2 np1-5.  These elements have three outermost shells
 Metals, non-metals and metalloids are present in incomplete i.e., n, (n-1) and (n-2) (ultimate,
representative elements. penultimate and antipenultimate shells).
 Atoms of these elements enter in chemical  The f-block elements are called inner transition
combination by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons elements.
to attain stable nearest inert gas configuration.  General configuration
 In case of representative elements electrons of outer  n  2  f 114  n  1 d o or 1ns 2
ns and np will take part in bonding.
 Since the last two shells have similar configuration
Type - III Transition elements these elements have similar physical and chemical
 In these elements , the ultimate shell and penultimate properties (eg - these elements shows common
shells are incompletely filled. oxidation state of +3).
 Elements which have incompletely filled or partly  There are two series of inner transition elements.
filled d-orbitals either in elementary state or in any
possible oxidation state are called transition 4f- (Lanthanide) series - 4 f 114 5d o  or 1 6 s 2
elements. 5f - (Actinide) series - 5 f 114 6d 0  or 1 7 s 2
 Their properties are intermediate between s - and
In periodic table, lanthanides are present between
p - block elements.
La & 72Hf and
 The general electronic configuration is 57
Actinides are present between 89Ac & 104Rf.
 n 1 d 110ns02 .  Lanthanides are rare earths and actinides are mostly
 10 2
II B group elements Zn (3d 4s ), Cd (4d 5s ) 10 2 synthetic.
Hg (5d10 6s2) are not transition elements (due to  The elements from Z = 93 onwards are called
the absence of partly filled d-orbitals both in atomic transuranic elements.
 Pseudo Inert Electronic Configuration measured from the inter nuclear distance of
Presence of 18 electrons in the outer most shell is combined atoms, using X-ray diffraction and other
called pseudo-octet or psedudo-inert configuration. spectroscopic methods
Palladium, a member of group 10 has such  Atomic radius depends on
configuration. a) Nature of bonding
 ‘La’ belongs to d-block but lanthanides are f-block. b) Number of bonds (multiplicity of bonding)
similarly ‘Ac’ belong to d-block but actinides are c) Oxidation state(s)
f-block d) Co-ordination number of atom
Periodicity - Periodic Properties e) bond character etc.
 When elements are arranged in increasing order of  Three types of atomic radii are considered based
atomic number, elements with similar properties on the nature of bonding they are
reoccur (due to similar outer electronic a) Crystal radius
configuration) at regular intervals of atomic numbers b) Vander waals radius
in the periodic table. This repetition of properties is c) Covalent radius
called periodicity and such properties are called  Atomic radii expressed in angstrom, nanometers,
periodic properties. picometer units.
 Some of the properties which mainly depend on 1A0  101 nm;1A0  102 pm
the electronic configuration of elements such as  Crystal Radius (Atomic Radius) - Half of the
i) Valency ii) Effective nuclear charge internuclear distance between the adjacent atoms
iii) Screening effect iv) Atomic radius of a solid metallic crystal is called crystal radius
v) Ionic radius vi) Ionisation potential or metallic radius.
vii) Electron affinity viii) Electronegativity eg: The distance between two adjacent copper
ix) Metallic nature atoms in solid copper is 256 pm; so metallic radius
x)oxidation and reduction ability of copper is assigned as value of 128 pm.
xi) acidic or basic nature of the oxides, etc....  Van der waals radius - Half of the internuclear
follow the general trend of periodicity. They are distance between two atoms of different molecules
called periodic properties. These properties are which are very close to each other in solid state
especially important in s- and p-block elements. due to vander waals forces is called Van der waals
 Properties like specific heat, refractive index, colour radius.
etc., are not called periodic properties. These  The distance between two adjacent chlorine atoms
properties are not related to the electronic
of different Cl2 molecules is 360 pm, Vander waals
configuration of elements.
radius of Cl is 180 pm.
 Elements coming at intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
 Vander waals radius is 40% greater than covalent
will have similar properties and thus grouped in one
radius.
particular group.
 It is used for molecular substances and inert gases
eg-1 : Elements with atomic number 1, 3, 11, 19,
in the solid state only.
37, 55 & 87.
 Covalent Radius: This term is generally used in
eg-2 : Elements with atomic number 4, 12, 20, 38,
reference to non-metals.
56 & 88 will have similar properties.
 Covalent radius - Half of the inter nuclear distance
Note : Two successive elements in a group generally
of the two atoms held together by a covalent bond
differ by atomic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32.
is called covalent radius.
Atomic Radius  Note : Single bond covalent radii are additive in
 In atoms, the electron cloud around the nucleus nature.
extends to infinity. eg : a) In Cl2 molecule Cl - Cl bond distance
 The distance between the centre of the nucleus and (Internuclear distance) is 198 pm.
the electron cloud of outer most energy level is called Covalent Radius of Cl = 99 pm.
atomic radius. b) In diamond C-C bond distance is 154pm.
 Atomic radius cannot be determined directly, but Covalent radius of C = 77pm.
 In metals, the crystal radius (atomic radius) is slightly move from left to right in a transition series.
more than the covalent radius.  From Cr to Cu the covalent radii is almost same
 As the number of covalent bonds between two due to
atoms increases, the inter atomic distance between 1) Shielding effect of core electrons
carbon atoms decreases 2) Additional shielding effect of 3d electrons.
C–C > C=C > C C  Covalent radii of Zn is more than Cu due to
0 0
(1.54A ) (1.34A ) (1.20A0) repulsions among 3d electrons.
Order of radii : Variation of Atomic Radius and Ionic
Van der waal radius > crystal radius > covalent Radius in Lanthanides:
radius.
 The elements in Lanthanide series are La, Ce, Pr, Nd,
 Compared to theoritical atomic radius, covalent
radius of an atom is about 20% shorter due to Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb & Lu
overlapping of atomic orbitals.  In Lanthanides (Ce-Lu) the atomic and ionic radii
decreases steadily. This steady decrease in atomic
Variation of Atomic Radius in Groups
and ionic radii is known as “Lanthanide Contraction”
and Periods  The contraction is due to the fact that f-orbitals are
 In a period from left to right, atomic radius not capable of providing effective shielding for the
decreases as the effective nuclear charge increases. valence electrons from nuclear attraction due to
 Variation of atomic radius diffused shape.
eg-1 : In second period
Consequences of Lanthanide
Li  Be  B  C  N  O  F
eg-2 : In third period
Contraction
Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl  Atomic sizes of 4d and 5d series of transition
 On moving from left to right across a particular elements become almost equal, due to which their
period, the atomic radius decreases upto Halogens properties are very close.
and increases to Inert gases.  Zr and Hf, Nb and Ta, Mo and W resemble very
 In a given period, alkali metal is the largest and closely.
halogen is the smallest in size.  The crystal structure and other properties of
 However, the radius of an inert gas is larger than lanthanides are very similar.
the halogen of the same period.  Separation of lanthanides is not easy from their
 Note : For atoms of Inert gases, only vanderwaal mixture. Chromatographic techniques can not
radius is applicable because these are mono atomic separate lanthanides from their mixture.
gases.  Super heavy metals of p- block exhibit inert pair
 In groups from top to bottom, the atomic radius effect.
increases gradually due to the increase in the number eg : Tl(III A group), Pb (IV A group),
of orbits and it over weighs the effect of increased Bi (V A group)
nuclear charge. Variation of Atomic Radius and Ionic
 Atomic radius is least for hydrogen and is highest Radius in Actinides :
for Caesium among the available elements.
 The elements in actinide series are Ac, Th, Pa, U,
 Variation of atomic radius
Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No and Lr
In IA group is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
 The size of the trivalent ions of these elements
In halogens is F < Cl < Br < I < At
decreases regularly as we move from left to right.
Variation of Atomic Radius in This is because of poor shielding effect of f-electrons,
Transition Elements: more nuclear charge and diffused shape of f-orbitals.
 In case of transition elements, the decrease in size This is called Actinide contraction.
in a period across a particular transition series is Ionic Radius
less than in case of representative elements, this is
Definition : It is defined as the distance between the
due to screening effect of (n-1)d-electrons.
nucleus and the electron in the outer most shell of
 Hence, the atomic radius decreases slightly as we
an ion.
 When a neutral atom loses one (or) more electrons energy required to remove the most loosely bound
a positive ion called cation is formed. electron (i.e, outer - most shell electron) from an
Na  Na   e  isolated neutral gaseous atom is called ionization
 The ionic radius of cation is less than that of neutral 1
potential. M  g   IE1  M  g  + e-
atom. It is because the cation has higher effective
 It is an endothermic process
nuclear charge.  IE is measured in eV/atom or kJ/mole or K.cal/
eg: Na  Na  mole.
 Among the cations as the positive charge increases, 1 eV / atom = 23.06 K.Cal/mole = 96.45 KJ/mole
the ionic radius decreases. = 1.602  1019 J / atom
eg: Fe 2  Fe 3 ,  Energy required to remove an electron from
2 4
Sn  Sn , Pb  Pb 2 4 unipositive gaseous ion to convert it into dipositive
 When a neutral atom gains one (or) more electrons ion is IE2. M  g   IE2  M  g 2 + e-
a negative ion called anion is formed.  Energy required to remove an electron from
eg: Cl  e   Cl  dipositive ion to convert it into tripositive ion is IE3.
 The radius of anion is more than that of its atom, 2 3
M  g   IE3  M  g  + e-
due to decrease in effective nuclear charge.
eg: Cl   Cl  Ionization energy is determined by spectral studies
or discharge tube experiments.
 Among the anions as the negative charge increases
 Ionization potential depends on :
the ionic radius increases.
1) Atomic size 2) Nuclear charge
eg: O 2  O  3) Screening/shielding effect
 The decreasing order of the radii is 4) Penetrating nature of orbitals
Anion > Atom > Cation 5) Electronic configuration
eg: I   I  I  ; H   H  H   With increase in the atomic size “IP” decreases due
 In a particular group, the ions (cations or anions) to decrease in attractive force of nucleus on outer
increase in size on moving from top to bottom due most orbit electrons.
to increase in number of shells.  With increase in the effective nuclear charge IP
increases.
eg: Li   Na   K   Rb   Cs 
 If the number of electrons in the inner shells are
F   Cl   Br   I  more, shielding capacity of the inner electrons on
 H  & Cs  are the smallest and largest cations the nuclear charge will be more. Hence IP decreases.
respectively.  Order of screening power of orbitals
 s>p>d>f
H  & I  are the smallest and largest anions
 As the positive charge on cation increases, IP
respectively.
increases.
 Smallest atom is He & largest atom is Fr.
 As the -ve charge on anion increases, IP decreases.
Iso Electronic Species  If the valency electrons are more penetrated into
 The species (atoms or ions) having the same number inner shells, IP increases.
of electrons are known as iso - electronic species.  Penetration power of different orbitals is in the order
In iso electronic species, the size increases of s > p > d > f
with increase of negative charge and decreases  IP of s-electrons > IP of p-electrons > IP of d-
with increase of positive charge. electrons > IP of f-electrons.
Decreasing order of size. C4- > N3- > O2- >  IP is more for atoms with exactly half filled and
F- > Ne > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+ completely filled orbitals.
Ionization Energy (Ionization eg: 1) IE1 of N > IE1 of O 2) IE1 of Be >IE1 of B
Potential) 3) IE1 of P > IE1 of S
 Ionization potential: The minimum amount of 4) IE1 of Mg >IE1 of Al
 Ionisation potential curve upto element
 IE order among 2nd period elements.
sodium
IE1 Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F < Ne
IE2 Li > Be < B > C < N < O > F < Ne

Ionisation potential

He IE order among 3rd period elements

Ne IE1 - Na < Mg > Al < Si < P > S < Cl < Ar
N F IE2 - Na > Mg < Al > Si < P < S > Cl < Ar
C  Element with Lowest IP - Cs and element with
Be O highest IP is He.
H Na  IE1 of Be greater than B due to
Li
a) Completely filled s -orbital in Be
Atomic number (Z) b) More Penetration of s-orbitals.
 Atoms of inert gases have highest IP values due to  Similarly IE of Mg is greater than Al
the presence of completely filled orbitals.  Variation of First I.P in I A group elements
 In the graph showing relation between IP and Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
atomic number, the inert gases appear at the maxima  I.E of coinage metals is Cu > Ag < Au.
and alkali metals appear at the minima positions
Ionization Energy Curve WE1.The first ionization enthalpy   t H  values of
the third period elements, Na, Mg and Si are
respectively 496, 737 and 786 kJ mol-1. Predict
First ionisation energy (kj/mol)

3000 He whether the first  H value for Al will be more t

Ne close to 575 or 760 kJ mol-1 ? Justify your
2000
Ar Kr
answer.
1500 Xe Rn Sol: It will be more close to 575 kJ mol-1. The value for
H Al should be lower than that of Mg because of
1000 effective shielding of 3p electrons from the nucleus
by 3s-electrons.
500 Li K Rb Cs
Na Knowledge of Successive IE
0  Knowledge of successive IE can be used to find
20 40 60 80
Atomic number (Z) the number of valence electrons
 For alkali metals the IE2 shows sudden jump.
 The ionisation potential is the highest for helium  For alkaline earth metals, the IE3 shows sudden
among all elements. The value is the least for jump.
caesium among the available elements. When  Theoretically, the number of IE possible for an atom
ionisation potential values are plotted against atomic of an element is equal to its atomic number.
numbers, the ionisation potential curve is obtained WE2.The successive ionization enthalpies of an
as shown above. element M are 5.98, 18.82, 28.44, 119.96,
Variation of IP in Groups & Periods 153.77, ….. eV/atom. What is the formula of
 In periods from left to right side IP increases, due chloride of M?
to decrease in atomic size and increase in effective Sol: Observing the I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, …. it is noticed that
nuclear charge. there is a sudden jump form I3 and I4.
 In any period an Alkali metal atom has lowest IP This observation gives the idea that the element has
and Inert gas element has highest IP. 3 electrons in the outer most shell.
 In groups from top to bottom, IP decreases due M3+ state is stable and valency is 3.
to the increase in the atomic size and increase in the Formula of chloride of M is MCl3
screening effect of inner electrons.
WE3.The ionization enthalpy of sodium is 5.14 eV. Be  66 KJ mol 1 
How many k cal of energy is required to ionize
Mg  67 KJ mol 1 
all atoms present in one gram of gaseous Na
atoms? N   31KJ mol 1 
Sol: 1eV atom-1 = 23 k cal mol-1
Variation of EA in Groups & Periods
Energy required to ionize all atoms of 23 grams  In groups, EA decreases from top to bottom as
(one mole) of gaseous Na atoms = 23 x 5.14 k cal the atomic size increases.
Energy required for ionization of all atoms present  In a period from left to right side EA increases
23  5.14 due to decrease in size of atoms and increase in the
in one gram of gaseous Na atoms  nuclear charge.
23
 EA1 of third period element is greater than
= 5.14 k cal corresponding second period element of each group
Electron Affinity (EA) (or) Electron (or) second element have high EA than first element
gain Enthalpy in a group
 It is an atomic property which gives us an idea of eg: 1) In VII A group EA of Cl > EA of F
the tendency of the element to accept the electron 2) VIA group EA of S > EA of O
to form an anion. 3) VA group EA of P > EA of N
 The amount of energy released when an electron is 4) IV A group EA of Si > EA of C
added to a neutral isolated gaseous atom of an  EA of F (-333 K.J mole-1) < EA of Cl (-348K.J
element is called EA. mole-1). This is due to
 a) Smaller size of F-atom
X  g   e  X  g   EA1 (or) b) Strong inter electronic repulsions
X  g   e  X  g  H   EA1 (Exothermic  Note : EA of a neutral atom = IE of its uninegative


ion.
process) EA of X = IE of X-
 When an electron is added to uni-negative ion,  Note : IE of a neutral atom = EA of its unipositive
energy is absorbed to overcome the repulsive ion.
forces. This energy is called second electron affinity. IE of X = EA of X+
EA has positive sign. X g   e   X 2g 
2
Among all the elements chlorine has the maximum
EA.
H   EA2 (Endothermic process).  The metal which has higher EA is Gold.
eg: EA 1 of oxygen O  1e   O(g )  is Electron Gain Enthalpies (kJ/mol) of
(g)

exothermic
Some main Group elements
IA EA VIA EA
But EA 2 of oxygen  O(g )  1e   O(2g)  is Group Group Group Group
Endothermic H -73
 EA is measured in eV/atom, Kcal/mole, KJ/mole Li -60 O -141
 EA can be calculated indirectly from Born - Haber Na -53 S -200
Cycle. K -48 Se -195
 EA depends on size, effective nuclear charge,
shielding effect and electronic configuration of an
Rb -47 Te -190
element. Cs -46 Po -174
 Noble gases have most stable ns2np6 configuration. VIIA EA Zero EA
Hence their EA values are positive values. Group Value Group Value
 For N, P - due to half filled orbitals, they have extra He +48
stability hence their EA values are close to zero (very F -328 Ne +116
small values). Cl -349 Ar +96
 First electron affinity (E1) is negative for all elements Br -325 Kr +96
except for Be, Mg, N atoms and zero-group I -295 Xe +77
elements. At -270 Rn +68
 Among halogens the order of EA values is Sol: Average of bond energies of H2 and Cl2 is the
Cl > F > Br > I > At
104  58
 Decreasing order of E.A of various chalcogens is S calculated bond energy of HCl 
> Se > Te > O 2
–1
= 81 k cal mol
WE4.Process (A): F2( g )  2e   2 F(g ) Experimental bond energy of HCl =100 k cal mol–1
Process (B): Cl2( g )  2e   2Cl(g )  = Bond (resonance) stabilization energy
= 100 – 81 = 19 k cal mol–1
Which of these processes is easy? Why?
X 1  X 2  0.208 
Sol: F2( g )  2e   2 F(g ) is easy..
Though electron gain enthalpy of Cl(g) to give Cl-(g)  0.208 19
-
is more than that of F(g) to give F (g), the bond = 0.208  4.358 = 0.90
dissociation of F2(g) is very less than that of Cl2(g) Since Pauling’s electro negativity of hydrogen is 2.1,
Electro Negativity (EN) that of chlorine = 2.1 + 0.9 = 3.0
 It is property of an atom in a molecule. Mulliken Scale
 The tendency of an atom to attract the shared  According to Mulliken scale,
electron pair towards itself in a molecule is called IE  EA
EN. EN is the average of IE and EA. EN 
2
 E.N. is a relative property and has no units.
 Pauling Scale : EN of elements are calculated IE in eV  EA in eV
 EN 
from the values of bond energies. 5 .6
 Pauling calculated the EN of other elements by using  IE in kj / mole   EA in kj / mole
the formula  EN 
540
X A  X B  0.208  .
 IE in kcals / mole    EA in kcals / mole 
[  is in K.Cal./mole.]  EN 
129
In SI units, X A  X B  0.1017  ,  Mulliken EN values are approximately 2.8 times
[  is in KJ/mole.] greater than Pauling EN values.
where XA and XB are the EN’s of A & B.  Mulliken scale is applicable only to univalent
 is a measure of the polarity of A-B bond. elements.
 = Experimental BE - Theoritical BE  Elements with same EN in pauling’s scale are
  = Actual BE -1/2 [EA-A + EB-B] , BE = Bond N = Cl = 3.0 C = S = I = 2.5
Energy H = P = 2.1 Cs = Fr = 0.7
 Hydrogen (whose EN is 2.1) is used to calculate
WE6.The ionization enthalpy of sulphur is 1014
EN of other elements.
kJ mol -1. If its electronegativity is 2.4, what is
 The reference element taken by pauling for the
its electron gain enthalpy?
determination of E.N. Values of other elements is
Sol: In the common scale, electronegativity (E.N.) is
hydrogen.
given in terms of ionization enthalpy (I1) and electron
 Highest E.N. value is for fluorine (4.0).
gain enthalpy (E1) as
 As the oxidation number of an atom increases, the
attraction for the electrons increases and E.N also I1  E1
E .N 
increases 540
 EN concept is not applicable for Inert gas elements. Substituting the values,
WE5.Bond energies of H 2 , Cl 2 and HCl are 1014  E1
respectively 104, 58 and 100 kcal mol –1 . 2.4 
540
Calculate Pauling’s electronegativivy of Electron affinity = E1 = (540  2.4) – 1014 = 282
chlorine. Electron gain enthalpy of sulphur= -282kJmol–1
WE7.If the electronegativity value of fluorine in eg: 1) In NH3, covalency of ‘N’ is 3
Pauling scale is 4.0, then value in Mulliken 2) In N2O5, covalency of ‘N’ is 4
scale will be? Ionic covalency (or) Electro valency: No.of
Sol: Electronegativity in Mulliken scale is 2.8 times electrons transferred (either gain of electrons (or)
greater than Pauling scale values. loss of electrons).
So the value of Electronegativity = 2.8  4 = 11.2 eg: 1) In NaF (Na+F-), Ionic valency of ‘Na’ is
Variation of EN in Groups & Periods 1 and that of ‘F’ is 1.
 In groups from top to bottom EN decreases. 2) In AlF3 (Al+3, F-); Ionic valency of ‘Al’ is
 eg: In I A group Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs 3 and that of ‘F’ is 1.
In halogens F > Cl > Br > I > At Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
 In periods from left to right EN increases. No of
 eg: In II period valency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F Electrons
 In a period, Halogen has high EN value. valency 1 2 3 4 3,5 2,6 1,71,8
Alkali metal has low EN value.
 Highest EN element is F(4.0)
 Next to F, oxygen has high EN (3.5)  The minimum valency exhibited by an element is
 Least EN element is Cesium (0.7) zero.
 Noble gas elements have zero EN due to octet  Periodic trends in valence of Elements as
configuration. shown by the Formulas of their compound
 EN values are used to know the nature of Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17
chemical bond. Formula
CH4 NH3 H2O HF
LiH BH SiH 4 PH3 H2S HCl
i) If EN difference is less than 1.7, the bond is of
hydride KH
CaH
NaH 2
A lH
2 6
3 GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr
HI
covalent in nature. SnH4 SbH3 H2Te

Li O MgO BO CO N O ,N O - -
ii) equals to 1.7, the bond is 50% ionic in nature. 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 5

Na O CaO Al O SiO P O ,P O SO Cl -O
iii) more than 1.7, the bond is ionic in nature. Formula
of KO
2

SrO Ga O
2

GeO
3 2 4

As O ,As O SeO
6

-
4 10 3 2 7

2 2 3 2 2 3 2 5 3
 E.N. values are useful in writing the formula of a oxide
- BaO In O 2SnO 3Sb O ,Sb O
2 TeO
2 -
3 2 5 3

compound. - - - PbO Bi O _2 - -
2 3

 E.N. values are useful in predicting the nature of

the element (metal / non-metal). WE8.Using the periodic table, predict the formula
Valency of compound formed between an element X of
 Valency of an element is the number of H-atoms group 13 and another element Y of group 16.
(or) double the number of oxygen atoms that can Sol: The Valency of X (group 13) = 3
combine with one atom of that element. The valency of Y (group 16) = 2
 The valency of an element is not always constant. The compound has 2 atoms of X and 3 of Y.
 Exhibition of more than one valency by one element Hence, the formula = X2Y3.
is known as variable valency. Oxidation State
 The maximum valency of a representative element  The possible charge with which an atom appears in
is equal to the number of electrons present in the a compound is called its oxidation state.
outermost orbit of an atom.  s-block elements, oxidation state is equal to group
 Highest valency ever known is 8 shown by Os, Ru number. For alkali metals “ +1 ”.
and Xe For alkaline earth metals “ +2 ”
In OsO4 , the valency of Os is 8  Oxidation state may be positive or negative or zero
In RuO4 the valency of Ru is 8 or fraction.
 p-block elements show multi valency, their
In XeO4 , the valency of Xe is 8
oxidation state change by two numbers.
Covalency: The number of covalent bonds formed  In III A groupthe stable oxidation state of Thallium
by an element
is +1. It is due to inert pair effect.
 In IVA group +2 is more stable than +4 for Lead  Electro positivity decreases across a period.
due to inert pair effect.  In any period the strong electropositive element is
 In VA group, +3 is more stable than +5 for Bismuth alkali metal.
due to inert pair effect.  Most electro positive element is Cs in periodic table.
 Group IV elements show +4 and +2 oxidation  The ions of strong electro positive metal do not
states. undergo hydrolysis.
 Group V elements show +5 and +3 oxidation states. Metallic and Non-Metallic Nature
 The general oxidation state of group VI is -2.  If an element has low electro negativity and high
 Generally oxygen shows -2 oxidation state in its EP, then it will have high metallic nature.
compounds but when it combines with fluorine it  The groups IA and IIA elements have strong metallic
shows +2 (in OF2 ) and +1  in O2 F2  . nature.
 The most electronegative element. Fluorine shows  Group VIA and VIIA elements have strong non-
-1 oxidation state only (in its compounds) metallic nature.
 The common oxidation state of d-block elements  On moving from top to bottom in a group
is +2. All transition elements show variable a) non metallic nature decreases
valencies. b) metallic nature increases
 Ruthenium, Osmium and Xenon exhibit maximum  On moving from left to right in a period
oxidation state +8. a) metallic nature decreases
 In d-block elements , +1 oxidation state is shown b) non metallic nature increases
by Cr, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg.  Order of metallic nature
 The common oxidation state of f-block elements is Alkali metals > Alkaline earth metals > d-block >
+3 due to their outer electron configuration p-block.
ns2(n - 1)d1. eg: 1) The order of increasing metallic character of
 Maximum oxidation state of an element never Si, Be, Mg, Na, P is: P < Si < Be < Mg < Na.
exceeds its group number. 2) Order of Metallic nature of B, Al, Mg and K is:
WE9.What is the valency and oxidation number K > Mg > Al > B
of nitrogen in nitrogen pentoxide? 3) Order of nonmetallic nature of B, C, N, F and Si
Sol: Based on the oxide theory, valency of N in N2O5 is is: F > N > C > B > Si
5 (But the actual valency of N in N2O5 is the number 4) The metallic nature of elements in the carbon
of bonds formed by N = 4). family is: Carbon and silicon are non-metals.
Oxidation number of N in N2O5 = +5 Germanium is a metalloid. Tin and lead are metals.
WE10.Are the oxidation state and covalency of Al  Metals are solids at room temperature except
in [AlCl(H2O)5]2+ same? mercury (Hg).Ga,Cs also have very low melting
Sol: No. The oxidation state of Al is +3 and the points 303K and 302K respectively. so they exists
covalency is 6. as liquids at room temperature.
 Electro Positive Nature (EP)  Non-metals are usually solids or gases at room
 The tendency of an element to lose an electron is temperature with low melting and boiling point
called electro positivity. (boron and carbon are exceptions).
 It is the converse of electro negativity. Some elements in periodic table shows both metallic
 As electropositivity increases, metallic character and non-metallic nature. They are called metalloids
increases. or semi metals
 The smaller the ionisation energy or ionisation eg;Silicon.Germanium,Arsenic,Antimony, Tellurium
potential the greater is the electro positivity. Acidic and Basic Nature of Oxides:
 As electropositive nature increases, capacity to form  Based on the nature, oxides are clasified into 4 types
ionic bond increases. 1) Basic Oxides or Metal Oxides
Variation of EP in groups & periods 2) Acidic Oxides of Non–Metal Oxides
 Electropositive nature increases down the group, 3) Amphoteric Oxides
as the size of the atom increases. 4) Neutral Oxides
 Metal oxides are basic. eg: Na2O, BaO, MgO,  The elements present under diagonal relationship
CaO (Basic anhydrides) have very close properties.
 IA, IIA group metal oxides are strong bases. 1) BeO amphoteric, Al2O3 amphoteric
 Non metal oxides are acidic. eg: SO2, P2O5, CO2, 2) Be2C or Al4C3 produce methane on hydrolysis.
P2O3, NO2 (Acidic anhydrides) Anomalous Properties of Second
 Oxides of halogens are highly acidic. period elements
 Oxides of metalloids are amphoteric. The first element of each of group in ‘s’ and ‘p’
eg: As2O3, Sb2 O3, TeO2, GeO2 block except noble gases differ in many aspects
 Some non-metallic oxides are neutral. They don’t from the other members of their respective group.
form acids or bases in water. eg :1) lithium,beryllium forms covalent compounds
eg: CO, N2O, NO etc., rest of the group members forms ionic compunds.
 Some metallic Oxides are amphoteric. 2) In IIIA group the maximum covalency of boron
eg : ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2 etc., is 4 but remaining elements shows maximum
 Acidic oxides dissolve in water to form acidic covalency of 6.
solutions. 3) The first member of p-block elements displays
greater ability to form P– P multiple bonds itself
eg : SO3 + H 2O  H 2 SO4 (eg: C  C , C  C , N  N , N  N ) and to other
 Basic oxides dissolve in water to form basic second period elements (eg: C  O , C  N ,
solutions, known as hydroxides.
C  N , N  O ) compared to subsequent
eg : Na2O+ H 2O  2NaOH members of the same group.
 In groups from top to bottom The reasons for the above anomalous behaviour is
a) acidic nature of oxides decreases due to their :
b) basic nature of oxides increases (a) Small size
 In periods from left to right (b) Large (charge/radius) ratio
a) basic nature of oxides decreases (c) High electronegativity
b) acidic nature of oxides increases (d) Absence of vacant orbitals.
Diagonal Relationship Oxidation - Reduction Ability
 In the periodic table the first element of a group has  Electropositive elements have lower reduction
similar properties with the second element of the potenital (RP).
next group. This is called diagonal relationship.  They form stable cations in gaseous state as well as
in aqueous state.
I II III IV  Atoms of these elements are potential suppliers of
electrons.
2nd Period Li Be B C M  Mn+ + ne–
3rd Period Na Mg Al Si  The tendency of an element to supply one or more
electrons is called reduction ability. It is also the
 The diagonal relationship disappears after IVA tendency of an element to oxidise itself.
group.  Alkali metals are strong reducing agents, because
 The diagonal relationship is due to the size of metal atoms is more, ionisation potential
i) Similar sizes of atoms or ions is less and each of the atoms have only one electron
ii) Same electronegativities of the participating in the valency shell.
elements  Alkaline earth metals are also good reducing agents,
iii) Same polarising power. but the reduction ability is less than the
 Valency is different for diagonally related pair of corresponding alkali metal.
elements. Variation of Reduction Ability in
Polarising power of cation  Groups & Periods
ionic ch arg e of cation  In a period, reduction ability gradually decreases.
2 The trend in the reduction ability of third period
 ionic radius of cation  element is: Na > Mg > Al Si.
 In a group reduction ability generally increases. left to right.
Caesium is the best reductant among the available As a consequence, the ionisation enthalpies increase
elements in its elementary state because both and electron gain enthalpies become more negative.
sublimation enthalpy and ionisation enthalpy of  Since ionisation potentials are less, alkali metals are
caesium are less. very reactive.
 Electronegative elements are non-metals. They  Similarly halogens are also very reactive due to high
usually have higher electron gain enthalpy and electron affinity. Thus high chemical activity is
reduction potentials. witnessed at the two exteremes and the lowest in
 They form stable anions in gaseous state as well as the centre of the periodic table.
in aqueous state. Atoms of these elements are  Maximum chemcial reactivity at the extereme left is
potential acceptors of electrons. exhibited by the formation of cation.
A + ne–  An- This is referred to electropositivity and the elements
 The tendency of an element to gain one or more act as good reductants.
electrons is called oxidation ability. It is also the  Maximum chemical reactivity at the extreme right
tendency of an element to reduce itself. (not noble gases) is exhibited by the formation of
 Halogens are strong oxidising agents, because the anion. This is referred to non-metallic nature and
size of atoms is less and have only one vacancy in the elements act as good oxidants.
the valency shell of each atom.
Variation of Oxidation Ability in Periodic trends
Groups & Periods
 In a period oxidation ability gradually increases. The
trend in the oxidation ability of third period elements
is : P < S < Cl. Periodic Variation Variation
property in group in period
 In a group oxidation ability generally decreases. The
top to from left to
order of oxidation ability of halogens is : bottom right
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2. Atomic size Increases Decreases
 Fluorine is the best oxidant, because dissociation IE Decreases Increases
enthalpy of difluorine is less and hydration energy EA Decreases Increases
is more. EN Decreases Increases
eg: 1) The order of their chemical reactivity in terms EP Increases Decreases
of oxidizing property of F, Cl, O and N is: Metallic Increases Decreases
F > Cl > O > N nature
2) The order of oxidising ability of sulphur and Nonmetallic Decreases Increases
nature
chlorine is : Cl > S
because Cl  Cl   e  ; S  2e   S 2 Acidic nature Decreases Increases
of oxides
Chlorine is better oxidant than sulphur. Electron gain
enthalpy is more for chlorine. Chlorine accepts
Basic nature Increases Decreases
electron easily and becomes stable chloride. of oxides
Periodic Trends and Chemical
Reactivity
 All chemical properties are a manifestation of the
electronic configuration of elements.
 The atomic radii generally decrease in a period from
 Level-I (C.W) 1) K 2) Rb 3) Kr 4) Xe
16. Which of these does not reflect the periodicity
Introduction of the elements.
1. Lother Meyer obtained the curve for the 1) Bonding behaviour 2) Electro negativity
known elements by plotting their atomic 3) Ionization potential 4) Neutron/proton ratio
volumes against 17. The atomicity of a noble gas is
1) Atomic numbers 2) Atomic masses 1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 6
3) Densities 4) Ionization energies 18. The element with atomic number 19 is
2. In Lother Meyer plot, the peaks are oc- 1) Halogen 2) Chalcogen
cupied by 3) Noble gas 4) An alkali metal
1) Alkali metal 2) Alkaline earth metals 19. A pair of atomic numbers which belong to
3) Halogens 4) Noble gases s-block are
3. The law of triad is applicable to a group of 1) 7, 15 2) 6, 12 3) 9, 17 4) 3, 12
1) Cl, Br, I 2) C, N, O 20. The element with electron configuration 1s2 2s2
3) Na, K, Rb 4) H, O, N 2p6 3s2 3p63d10 4s2 4p5 belongs to
4. The atomic number of element Unq is : 1) 4th period, VA group
1) 102 2)103 3)104 4)105 2) 5th period, IVA group
5. The basis for the classification of elements in 3) 4th period, VIIA group
the modern periodic table is 4) 7th period, IVA group
1) Electronic configuration 2) Atomic weight 21. The element with ns2 np4 as outer electron
3) Atomic volume 4) Equivalent wieght configuration is a
6. Considering the chemical properties, atomic 1) Alkalimetal 2) Chalcogen
weight of Be was corrected based on 3) Noble gas 4) Halogen
1) Electronic configuration 2) Valency 22. If the differentiating electron enters
3) Atomic number 4) Both 2 and 3 (n-1)d-sublevel. The element is
7. Mendeleef corrected the atomic weight of 1) A representative element 2) A noble gas
1) Be 2) N 3) O 4) Cl 3) An alkali metal 4) A transition element
8. Anamalous pair in Mendeleef’s table is 23. Atoms with three of their outer most orbits
1) Li, Na 2) Mg, Al 3) Co, Ni 4) Be, B incompletely filled with electrons are present in
9. Eka silicon is now called as 1) Lanthanides 2) Representative elements
1) Gallium 2) Scandium 3) s-block elements 4) Transitional elements
3) Germanium 4) Indium 24. The name of the element with atomic number
10. The atomic weights of “Be” and “In” were 100 was adopted in honour of
corrected by Mendeleef using the formula 1) Alfred Noble 2) Enric Fermi
nh 3) Dimitri Mendeleef 4) Albert Einstein
1) v  a ( Z  b) 2) mvr  25. Inner transition elements exhibit different
2 coloured compounds on account of unfilled
3) Atomic weight = Equivalent weight x valency ………. Orbitals
4) Equivalent weight = Atomic weight x valency 1) s 2) f 3) d 4) p
11. The plot of v vs Z is 26. The total numbers of elements in the Group 11 is
1) Straight line 2) Exponential curve 1) 3 2) 5 3) 7 4) 9
3) Hyperbolic 4) Curve with -ve slope 27. The atomic numbers of elements of second
Long form of periodic table transition series lie in the range of
12. The longest and shortest periods are 1) 38 to 47 2) 39 to 48
1) 1 & 6 2) 2 & 6 3) 6 & 1 4) 1 & 7 3) 40 to 49 4) 41to50
13. The number of elements present in the fourth 28. Atomic number of next inert gas to be
period is [EAMCET 2013] discovered will be
1) 32 2) 18 3) 8 4) 2 1) 87 2) 104 3) 118 4) 132
14. The general electronic configuration of 29. The element with atomic number 12 belongs
elements of carbon family to …. Group and …. Period
1) ns2 np4 2) ns2 np3 3) ns2 np1 4)ns2 np2 1) IA, third 2) IIIA, third
15. The starting element of fifth period is 3) IIA, third 4) IIA, second
30. Elements which generally exhibit variable 3) I+ > I– > I 4) I– > I > l+
oxidation states and form coloured ions are 41. Atomic radius is measured by
1) Metalloids 2) Transition elements 1) Rutherford’s  -ray scattering experiment
3) Non-metals 4) Gases 2) X-ray diffraction technique
31. Ce-58 is a member of 3) Mulliken oil drop method
1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4) f-block 4) Thomson’s water-melon model
32. The outer most orbit of an element “X” is 42. Vander waal’s radius is used for
partially filled with electrons in ‘s’ and ‘p’ 1) Molecular substances in gaseous state only
subshells. Then that element is 2) Molecular substances in liquid state only
1) An inert gas 3) Molecular substances in solid state only
2) A representative element 4) Molecular substances in any state
3) A transition element 43. Separation of lanthanides from their mixture
4) An inner transition element is not easy because of
33. Which is the atomic number of another 1) Shielding effect 2) Pentetrating effect
element present in the same group as the 3) Consequences of lanthanide contraction
element with Z=13 is present 4) Inert pair effect
1) Z=14 2) Z=32 3) Z=49 4) Z=20 44. If atomic radius of F is X A0 then atomic radius
34. Which statement is incorrect for the d-block of Ne could be
elements 1) < X A0 2) > X A0
0
1) Have atomic radii larger than s and p-block 3) = X A 4) Half of ‘F’
elements 45. If an element ‘X’ is assumed to have the types
2) Have high melting points ,boiling points and of radii, then their order is
tensile strength 1) Crystal radius > Vander waals radius > Covalent
3) Have variable oxidation states radius
4) Exhibit catalytic process 2) Vander waals radius > Crystal radius > Covalent
Atomic Radii radius
35. When a neutral atom is converted to the anion its 3) Covalent radius > Crystal radius > Vander waals
1) Atomic number increases radius
2) Atomic number decreases 4) Vander waals radius > Covalent radius > Crystal
3) Size increases radius
4) Mass number increases 46. Crystal radius of Li is 123 pm. Then Covalent
36. The term periodicity in the properties of radius of Li will be
elements are arranged in the increasing order 1) > 123 pm 2) < 123 pm
of their atomic numbers similar elements 123
1) Reoccur after a fixed interval 3) + 123 pm 4)  pm
2
2) Reoccur after certain regular interval 47. O2– and Si4+ are isoelectronic ions. If the ionic
3) Form vertical groups radius of O2– is 1A0, the ionic radius of Si4+ will be
4) Form horizontal rows 1) 1.4A0 2) 0.41A0 3) 2.8A0 4) 1.5A0
37. The correct order of variation in the sizes of 48. Which set represents isoelectronic species?
atoms is (AIEEE-2004)
1) Be > C > F > Ne 2) Be < C < F < Ne
3) Be > C > F < Ne 4) F > Ne > Be > C 1) Na , Mg Al , Cl 2) Na , Ca 2 , Sc3 , F 
 2 3  

38. Which one of the following has the largest 3) K  , Cl  , Mg 2 , Sc 3 4) K  , Cl  , Ca 2 , Sc 3

radius. 49. Which of the following pairs of ions have the
1) Na+ 2) Mg2+ 3) O2– 4) Al3+ same electronic configuration
39. Atomic radii of fluorine atom and neon atom 1) Cr+3, Fe+3 2) Fe+3, Mn+2
in angstrom units are respectively given by 3) Fe+3, Co+3 4) Sc+3, Cr+3
1) 0.762, 1.60 2) 1.60, 1.60 50. Which of the following grouping represents a
3) 0.72, 0.72 4) 1.60, 0.762 collection of iso-electronic species?
40. Which one is the correct order of the size of (At.Nos: Cs=55, Br=35)
the iodine species? 1) Ca2+, Cs2+, Br 2) Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+
1) I > I+ > I– 2) I > I– > I+ 3– -
3) N , F , Na +
4) Be, Al3+, Cl+
51. In a period, atom with smaller radius is 62. The correct order of second I.P. values of
1) Chalcogen 2) Halogen carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine is
3) Aerogen 4) Pnicogen 1) C > N > O > F 2) O > N > F > C
52. As number of protons in the nucleus increases, 3) O > F > N > C 4) F > O > N > C
atomic radius gradually ..... in a period 63. The I1 values of Li, Be and C are 5.4 eV/atom,
1) Increases 2) Decreases 9.32 eV/atom and 11.26 eV/atom. The I1 value
3) No change 4) Stable of Boron is
53. The Lanthanide contraction is responsible for 1) 13.6 eV/atom 2) 8.29 eV/atom
the fact that 3) 14.5 eV/atom 4) 21.5 eV/atom
1) Zr and Hf have same radius 64. The ionisation potential of “X+” ion is equal to
2) Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state
1) The electron affinity of “X” atom
3) Zr and Y have same radius
2) The elcetronegativity of “X” atom
4) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
54. The increasing order of the atomic radius of 3) The ionisation energy of “X” atom
Si, S, Na, Mg, Al is [EAMCET 2014] 4) The electron affinity of “ X2+ ” ion
1) S < Si < Al < Mg < Na 65. The I1 of potassium is 4.339 eV/atom. The I1
2) Na < Al < Mg < S < Si of sodium
3) Na < Mg < Si < Al < S 1) 4.339 2) 2.21 3) 5.138 4) 1.002
4) Na < Mg < Al < Si < S 66. The first ionization potential of four consecutive
Ionisation Energy elements, present in the second period of the
55. Which of the following process refers to periodic table are 8.3, 11.3, 14.5 and 13.6 eV
ionisation potential? respectively. Which one of the following is the
first ionization potential (in eV) of nitrogen?
1) X ( s )  X (g )  e  1) 13.6 2) 11.3 3) 8.3 4) 14.5
2) X ( g )  aq  X (aq )  e  67. Which of the following transitions involves
maximum amount of energy?
3) X ( g )  X (g )  e  4) X ( g )  e  X (g ) 1) M– (g)  M(g) 2) M (g)  M+ (g)
56. The element with highest ionization potential is 3) M+(g)  M2+ (g) 4) M2+ (g)  M3+ (g)
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Helium 4) Neon 68. The I1, I2, I3, I4 values of an element “M” are 120
57. In the long form of periodic table elements with kJ/mole, 600 kJ/mole, 1000 kJ/mole and 8000 kJ/
low ionisation potential are present in mole. Then the formula of its sulphate is
1) I A group 2) IV A group 1) MSO4 2) M2(SO4)3 3) M2SO4 4) M3(SO4)2
3) VII A group 4) Zero group 69. The electron configuration of elements A, B
58. As atomic number of elements increases, the and C are [He] 2s1 , [Ne]3s1 and [Ar] 4s1
I.P. value of the elements of the same period respectively. Which one of the following order
1) Decreases 2) Increases 3) Remains constant is correct for the first ionization potentials (in
4) First increases and then decreases KJ.mol–1) of A, B and C?
59. The ionization potential values of an element 1) A > B > C 2) C > B > A
are in the following order I1<I2<<<<I3<I4<I5. 3) B > C > A 4) C > A > C
The element is
70. Which of the following species has the highest
1) Alkali metal 2) Chalcogen
3) Halogen 4)Alkaline earth metals ionization potential
60. Which of the following elements has the lowest 1) Li+ 2) Mg+ 3) Al+ 4) Ne
ionization potential? Electron affinity & Electro negativity
1) N 2) O 3) F 4) Ne 71. The low electron affinity value of nitrogen is
61. The ionization energy of nitrogen is more than due to
that of oxygen because 1) Small size 2) High nuclear charge
1) of the extra stability of half-filled p orbitals in 3) Half-filled 2p sublevel 4) High metallic character
nitrogen 72. Energy is released in the process of
2) of the smaller size of nitrogen
1) Na( g )  Na(g )  e 2) O(g )  e  O(g2)
3) The former contains less number of electrons
4) The former is less electronegative 3) O( g )  e  O(g ) 4) N (g2)  e  N (g3)
73. Electron affinity values are obtained 84. Among the following outermost configuration of
indirectly by metals, which shows the highest oxidation state
1) Electric discharge method 1) 3d3 4s2 2) 3d5 4s1 3) 3d5 4s2 4) 3d6 4s2
2) Born-Haber cycle method Electro positivity & Nature of oxides
3) Electron microscopic method 85. The less electropositive element is
4) Mulliken oil drop method 1) Na 2) Be 3) Li 4) Mg
74. Energy is absorbed when a second electron is 86. Electropositivity is very high for
added to oxygen. This is because 1) Al 2) Ge 3) Li 4) Ba
1) O– has stable configuration 87. The most electropositive element is
2) O– has repulsion with electron to be added 1) Cs 2) C 3) Cl 4) K
3) O– has lower nuclear charge than O 88. Which of the following electron configuration
4) O2– has unstable configuration corresponds to the most electropositive
75. The decreasing order of electron affinity of character?
halogen’s is 1) [He]2s1 2) [He]2s2 3)[Xe]6s1 4)[Xe]6s2
1) F > Cl > Br > I 2) F < Cl < Br < I 89. Most metallic element has the following
3) F < Cl > Br < I 4) Cl > F > Br > I electron arrangement in its atom is
76. The electron affinity values (KJmol-1) of three 1) 2, 8, 4 2) 2, 8, 8
halogens X,Y and Z are respectively 3) 2, 8, 8, 1 4) 2, 8, 8, 7
-349, -333 and -325. Then X,Y and Z 90. Among a) Na2O, b) MgO, c) Al2O3, d) P2O5 e)
respectively are Cl 2 O 7 the most basic, most acidic and
1) F2, Cl2 and Br2 2) Cl2, F2 and Br2 amphoteric oxide can be
3) Cl2, Br2 and F2 4) Br2, Cl2 and F2 1) a, b, c 2) b, e, c 3) a, e, c 4) e, c, a
77. For univalent elements, the average value of 91. Which of the following cannot form an
first ionization potential and first electron amphoteric oxide? [EAMCET 2012]
affinity is equal to its 1) Al 2) Sn 3) Sb 4) P
1) Polarising power 2) Covalent radius 92. The elements x, y and z are present in one
3) Electronegativity 4) Dipole moment period of the periodic table. Chemically their
78. The reference element in Paulings scale of oxides are acidic, amphoteric and basic
Electronegativity is respectively. When these elements are
1) H 2) O 3) N 4) Cl arranged in ascending order of atomic number
79. Electronegativity is the property related to they are
1) Isolated atom in gaseous state 1) x, y, z 2) z, y, x 3) y, z, x 4) y, x, z
2) Isolated atom in solid state
3) Inert gas 4) Bonded atoms in a molecule
Diagonal Relationship
80. The values that are useful in writing chemical93. Boron and Silicon resemble chemically. This
is due to the equal value of their
formulae and in calculation of oxidation states
are 1) EA 2) Atomic Volume
1) Ionisation potential 2) Electron affinity 3) Polarizing power of ions 4) Nuclear charge
3) Electronegativity 94. The electronegativity of Be is same as that of
4) Metallic character
81. Let electronegativity, ionisation energy and 1) Al 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Li
electron affinity be represented as EN, IP and95. Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with
EA respectively. Which one of the following aluminium. Which of the following similarity is
equation is correct according to Mulliken? incorrect?
1) EN=IP  EA 2) EN=IP/EA 1) Be2C like Al4C3 yields methane on hydrolysis
3) EN= (IP+EA) / 2 4) EN=IP–EA 2) Be, like Al is rendered passive by HNO3
3) Be (OH)2 like Al(OH)3 is basic
Valency and Oxidation Sates 4) Be forms beryllates and Al forms aluminate
82. In which group all the elements do not have 96. Diagonal relationship is shown by
same number of valence electrons? 1) B - S 2) Li - Mg 3) Mg - Ca 4) S - Se
1) Zero 2) First 3) Second 4) Seventh 97. Diagonal relationship is quite pronounced in
83. Metal exhibiting higher oxidation state is in the elements of
which block? 1) 2nd & 3rd periods 2) 1st & 2nd periods
1) p 2) s 3) d 4) f 3) II & III groups 4) 3rd & 4th periods
98. The pair of elements that have similar chemical 70. Li+ have He configuration
properties are 72. First EA is generally exothermic
1) Lithium and Magnesium 75. Due to small size Fluorine have low EA
2) Beryllium and Boron
3) Aluminium and Magnesium IP  EA
81. EN 
4) Carbon and Nitrogen 2
Key-Level - I (C.W) 82. Except He other elements have ns2np6
01) 2 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 1 06) 2 83. d-block of Os, Ru show + 8 oxidation state
94. Diagonal relationship
07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 3 11) 1 12) 3
13) 2 14) 4 15) 2 16) 4 17) 2 18) 4 Level - I (H.W)
19) 4 20) 3 21) 2 22) 4 23) 1 24) 2
25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 2
Introduction
1. Mendeleeff corrected the atomic weight of:
31) 4 32) 2 33) 3 34) 1 35) 3 36) 2 1) Be 2) In 3) Os 4) All of these
37) 3 38) 3 39) 1 40) 4 41) 2 42) 3 2. Zero group was introduced by
43) 3 44) 2 45) 2 46) 2 47) 2 48) 4 1) Lother Meyer 2) Mendeleef
49) 2 50) 3 51) 2 52) 2 53) 1 54) 1 3) Ramsay 4) Lockyer
55) 3 56) 3 57) 1 58) 2 59) 4 60) 2 3. According to Mendeleef’s periodic law, the
61) 1 62) 3 63) 2 64) 4 65) 3 66) 4 properties of elements are periodic function of
67) 4 68) 2 69) 1 70) 1 71) 3 72) 3 1) Atomic number 2) Atomic weight
73) 2 74) 2 75) 4 76) 2 77) 3 78) 1 3) Number of electrons 4) Density
79) 4 80) 3 81) 3 82) 1 83) 3 84) 3 4. Total number of groups in Mendeleef’s table
85) 2 86) 4 87) 1 88) 3 89) 3 90) 3 1) 18 2) 9 3) 7 4) 10
91) 4 92) 2 93) 3 94) 1 95) 3 96) 2 5. In Mendeleef table, the triad of VIII group is
1) Ru, Rh, Pd 2) Cu, Ag, Au
97) 1 98) 1
3) N, O, F 4) Tl, Pb, Bi
Hints -Level - I (C.W) 6. Number of short periods in Mendeleef table
6. Atomic valency = Equivalent weight x valency 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
13. 4th period consists of 18 elements 7. The properties of the following elements were
25. due to presence of unpaired electrons in f-orbitals predicted by Mendeleeff before their isolation
29. Z  12  [ He]3s 2 are
no of valency electrons = Group no 1) Co and Ni2) I and Te
valency shell number = period no 3) Sc, Ga and Ge 4)Cl, Ar and K
35. Anion is large size than its neutral atom 8. The number of elements known when
37. Inertgases have large size than Halogens Mendeleef presented periodic table is
39. Due to vanderwall’s forces inert gases have large 1) 50 2) 90 3) 63 4) 102
size 9. The element ‘Sc’ is known long back as
43. Due to Lanthanide contraction 1) Eka-aluminium 2) Eka-boron
45. Ions have same no of electrons 3) Eka-silicon 4) Eka-mercury
46. Covalent radius < crystal radies 10. Which of the following is not an anamalous
pair?
Z  1) S, Cl 2) Te, I 3) Co, Ni 4) Ar, K
47. depends on   ratio
e Long form of periodic table
48. Ions having same no of e- are iso electronic 11. The number of periods in the long form of
56. Inert gases have higher I.P He > Ne > N > O periodic table is
57. IA group elements are larger size 1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 18
59. IP3 has sudden jump so it belongs to IIA 12. The total number of gaseous elements are
+ 2+ 1) 8 2) 9 3) 10 4) 11
64. IP of X = EA of X
65. Order of size : K > Na 13. Which of the following remains unchanged in
66. due to half filled p-sub shell ‘N’ has higher IP descending in a group in the periodic table?
67. I3 > I2 > I1 1)Valence electrons 2)Atomic size
68. I4 has sudden jump. So valency of M is 3 3)Density 4)Metallic character
14. In a period, elements are arranged in strict 27. Lanthanum belongs to ...... block
sequence of 1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4) f-block
1) Decreasing charges in the nucleus 28. Which pair of elements of atomic numbers
2) Increasing charges in the nucleus given below will have similar chemical
3) Constant charges in the nucleus properties?
4) Equal charges in the nucleus 1) 13, 22 2) 3, 11 3) 4, 24 4) 2, 4
15. Which of the following is not a representative 29. The period that includes all blocks of elements is
element 1) 1 2) 2 3) 6 4) 7
1) Sodium 2) Boron 3) Calcium 4) Chromium 30. Elements with atomic numbers 9, 17, 35, 53
16. The inert gas present in the second long period is are collectively known as
1) Kr 2) Xe 3) Ar 4) Rn 1) chalcogens 2) halogens
17. Mono atomic element among the following is 3) lanthanides 4) rare gases
1) Phosphorus 2) Oxygen 31. First transitional series is present in
3) Krypton 4) Sulphur 1) Third period 2) Fifth period
18. Which one of the following pairs of atomic 3) Fourth period 4) Sixth period
numbers, represents elements belonging to the 32. In iron atom (z=26), the differentiating electron
same group? enters……..sublevel
1) 11, 20 2) 13, 30 3) 13, 31 4) 14, 33 1) 4d 2) 3d 3) 4p 4) 5p
19. The atomic numbers of elements of second 33. The elements with atomic numbers 39 to 48
inner transition elements lie in the range of belong to
1) 88 to 101 2) 89 to 102 1) Forth period 2) Fifth period
3) 90 to 103 4) 91 to 104 3) Sixth period 4) Third period
20. The atomic number of elements of first tran- 34. The atomic numbers of Lanthanides are from
sition series lie in the range of 1) 58 to 71 2) 90 to 103 3) 21 to 30 4)39 to 48
1) 19 to 28 2) 20 to 29 35. The first lanthanide is
3) 21 to 29 4) 22 to 31 1) La 2) Ce 3) Th 4) Lu
21. In the long form of periodic table all non-metals 36. The 4f level is successively filled up in
are placed in 1) Alkali metals 2) Rare gases
1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4)f-block 3) Lanthanides 4) Actinides
22. All elements of the same group will have 37. Lanthanides are group of elements in which
1) Same electron configuration the differentiating electron enters into
2) Similar outer electron configuration 1) s-sub level 2) d-sub level
3) Same ionization potential value 3) p-sub level 4) f-sub level
4) Different chemical properties 38. Most of the radio active elements are in
23. The atomic number of an element is always 1) Lanthanides 2) Actinides
equal to 3) Representative elements
1) Number of neutrons in nucleus 4) Second transitional series
2) Half of the atomic weight 39. The elements with atomic numbers 2, 10, 18,
3) Electrical charge of the nucleus 36, 54, and 86 are collectively known as
4) Weight of the nucleus 1) Alkaline earth metals 2) Inert gases
24. Which of the following is not the electronic 3) Halogens 4) Rare earths
configuration of a representative element 40. Which of the following represents the
1) ns2 2) ns2np5 3) ns2np1 4) ns2np6 electronic configuration of d-block elements
25. Which of the following electronic configuration 1) (n-1)s2nd1-10 2) (n-1)d1-10ns1-2
2 6 1
corresponds to an inert gas? 3) (n-1)s p , ns 4) ns2p2 d1
1) 1s12s22p5 2) 1s22s22p6 41. The general electronic configuration (n-1) d3ns2
2 1
3) 1s 2s 4) 1s22s22p63s1 indicates that particular element belongs to
26. Which of the following electronic 1) VB 2) IVB 3) VIB 4) IIIB
configurations in the outermost shell is 42. If the valency shell electronic structure for an
characteristic of alkali metals? element is ns2np5, this element will belong to
1) (n-1)s2p6,ns2p1 2) (n-1)s2p6,d10,ns1 the group of
2 6
3) (n-1)s p ,ns 1
4) ns2 p6d1 1) Alkali metals 2) Inert metals
3) Noble gases 4) Halogens
43. Variable valency is exhibited by 55. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation
1) Normal elements 2) Metallic elements states. It is because of
3) Transitional elements 4)Non-metallic elements 1) The smaller atomic radius
44. Which one of the following belongs to 2) The higher nuclearcharge
representative group of elements in the 3) High screening effect
periodic table
4) the energy difference between (n-1)d & ns-
1) Lanthanum 2) Argon
3) Chromium 4)Aluminium subshell is very less
45. The element californium belongs to a family of Atomic Radii
1) Actinide series 2) Alkali metal family 56. The following is the reason for the periodicity
3) Alkaline earth family 4) Lanthanide series in the properties of elements
46. Transition metals are often paramagnetic due to 1) Similarity in atomic mass
1) Their high m.p. and b.p. 2) Similarity in atomic numbers
2) The presence of vacant d-orbitals 3) Similarity in outer electronic configuration
3) The presence of one or more unpaired 4) Similarity in atomic radius
d-electrons 57. The largest atom among the following is
4) Their being less electropositive than the elements 1) Sodium 2) Silicon 3) Potassium 4) Calcium
of groups IA and IIA
58. Atom loses electrons and becomes
47. A member of Lanthanide
1) Caesium 2) Lanthanum 1) Only cation 2) Only anion
3) Neoybium 4) Luticium 3) Either cation or anion
48. Which is wrong about transition metals? 4) Neither cation nor anion
1) They are diamagnetic 59. Al3+ has low ionic radius than Mg2+ because
2) They are paramagnetic 1) Al3+ has high nuclear charge than Mg2+
3) They form complexes 2) Mg atom has less no. of neutrons than Al atom
4) They show variable oxidation states 3) Mg and Al differ in electronegativity values
49. The electron configuration of the starting and 4) Al atom has low I1 value than Mg atom
ending elements of fourth period are 60. Largest particle among the following is
1) 4s1 and 3d104s2 4p6 2) 4s1 and 4s2 3d10 1) Cl– 2) K+ 3) Ca++ 4) S2–
3) 4s2 3d1 and 4s2 4p6 4) 4s2 3d1 and 4s2 3d10 61. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the
50. In which of the following period a maximum given isoelectronic species is [AIEEE-2012]
number of 32 elements are present 1) Cl–, Ca2+, K+, S2– 2) S2–, Cl–, Ca2+, K+
1) 4th 2) 6th 3) 3rd 4) 7th + 2– 2+
3) K , S , Ca , Cl –
4) Ca2+, K+, Cl-, S2–
51. The element having 18 electrons in its outer 62. Which of the following is the smallest cation?
most shell is:
1) Na+ 2) Mg2+ 3) Ca2+ 4) Sc3+
1) 28Ni 2) 46Pd 3)29Cu 4) None of these
63. Which of the following is the biggest ion?
52. The maximum number of valency electrons
possible for atoms in the second period of the 1) Al3+ 2) Ba2+ 3) Mg2+ 4) Na+
periodic table is: 64. Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, and Si4+ are isoelectronic ions.
1)18 2)10 3)8 4)2 Their ionic size will follow the order
53. The atomic number of an element ‘X’ is 34. 1) Na+< Mg2+< Al3+< Si4+
Then it is present in _____ period and ______ 2) Na+> Mg2+< Al3+< Si4+
in group. 3) Na+< Mg2+> Al3+> Si4+
1) 4th period and IVA group 4) Na+> Mg2+> Al3+> Si4+
2) 4th period and VIA group 65. Atomic radius depends upon
3) 4th period and VIIA group 1) anionic nature 2) nature of bonding
4) 5th period and VIA group 3) cation nature 4) metalic nature
54. The position of element with Z = 24 in the 66. Among elements with the following electronic
periodic table is configurations, the one with the largest
1) V A group and 4 period radius is
2) VI B group and 4 period 1) [Ne] 3s2 2) [Ne] 3s2 3p1
3) IV A group and 3 period 3) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 4) [Ne] 3s2 3p5
4) III B group and 3 period
67. Lanthanoid contraction is caused due to : 80. Which one of the following is correct order of
[AIEEE-2006] second ionisation potential of Na, Ne, Mg and
1) The imperfect shielding on outer electrons by Al? [EAMCET 2011]
4f-electrons from the nuclear charge 1) Al < Na < Mg < Ne 2) Ne < Al < Na < Mg
2) The appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 3) Na < Mg < Ne < Al 4) Mg < Al < Ne < Na
4f-electrons from the nuclear charge 81. The I1 value of potassium is less than the I1
3) The apperciable shielding on outer electrons by value of sodium. This is due to
5d-electrons from nuclear charge 1) Large size of potassium atom
4) The same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu 2) Small size of potassium atom
68. A reduction in atomic size with increase in atomic 3) Low density of potassium
nuber is a characteristic of elements of: 4) Univalent nature of potassium
[AIEEE-2003] 82. The ionization potential of elements in any
1)f-block 2) p-block group decreases from top to bottom. This is
3) High atomic mass 4) d-block due to
69. Identify the correct order in which the ionic 1) Increase in size of atom
radius of the following ions increases 2) Increase in atomic number
I) F– II) Na+ III) N3– 3) Increase in screening effect
1) III, I, II 2) I, II, III 3) II, III, I 4) II, I, III. 4) Both increase in size of atom and increase in
70. The radii of F, F–, O and O2– are in the order screening effect
1) O2– > F– > O > F 2) O2– > F– > F > O 83. The first ionization energy of lithium will be
– 2–
3) F > O > F > O 4) O2– > O > F– > F 1) Greater than Be 2) Less than Be
71. Of the following, the one with largest size is 3) Equal to that of Na 4) Equal to that of F
1) Cl– 2) Ar 3) K+ 4) Ca2+ 84. Which has maximum first ionization potential?
72. The order of decreasing atomic radii for Be, 1) C 2) N 3) B 4) O
Na & Mg is 85. Which has the highest second ionization
1) Na > Mg > Be 2) Mg > Na > Be potential?
3) Be > Na > Mg 4) Be > Mg > Na 1) Nitrogen 2) Carbon 3) Oxygen 4) fluorine
73. Which of the following has highest ionic 86. Which has least ionization potential?
radius? [AIEEE-2004] 1) Li 2) Cs 3) Cl 4) I
1) F– 2) B3+ 3) O2– 4) Li+ 87. The first ionization energy values of an
Ionisation Energy element are 191, 578,872, and 5692 kcals. The
74. The value of 1 eV/atom is number of valence electrons in the element are
1) 23.06 Kcal/mole 2) 96.45 KJ/mole 1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3) 1.602  10–19 Joules/atom 4) All of these 88. The peaks in ionisatoin potential curves are
75. For any atom, the order of ionization potential occuiped by
values is 1) Alkali metals 2) Inert gases
1) I1< I2< I3 2) I1 > I2 > I3 3) Transition metals 4) Halogens
3) I1< I2 > I3 4) I1 > I2 < I3 89. Ionisation potential of Boron is less than that
76. The high ionistion potential of magnesium of Beryllium. This is because
compared with aluminium, is due to 1) B has 1s2 2s2 2p1 configuration
1) Filled orbitals in magnesium 2) B has small atomic size
2) High nuclear charge in magnesium 3) B has higher nuclear charge
3) Low radius of magnesium atom 4) B has more number of shells
4) Low effective nuclear charge in magnesium 90. An alkaline earth element has the I1, I2 and I3
77. The correct order of ionization potential values values 9.2 eV/atom, 18.5 eV/atom and x’ eV/
of Be, B, Li, C atom is atom. Then ‘x’ is
1) Be < B < Li < C 2) Li < Be < B <C 1) 3eV/atom 2) 154 eV/atom
3) Li < Be > B < C 4) Li > Be > B < C 3) 20 eV/atom 4) 10 eV/atom
78. The ionisation energy is lowest for 91. The screening effect of d-electrons is
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Fluorine 4) Neon 1) Equal to the p-electrons
79. The element with highest ionisation potential is 2) Much more than the p-electrons
1) Na 2) Ar 3) Cl 4) P 3) Same as f-electrons
4) Less than the p-electrons
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODIC TABLE JEE-MAIN-JR-CHEM-VOL-I
92. Which is least for an element 104. The electron affinity of an atom is numerically
1) I1 2) I2 3) I3 4) I4 equal to the
93. Element with lowest and highest I.P. values in 1) ionization potential of its uni negative ion
each period respectively. 2) effective nuclear charge of its uni positive ion
1) Alkali metals, Noble gases 3) ionization potential of its di negative ion
2) Alkali metals, Halogens 4) ionization potential of it uni positive ion
3) Halogens, Alkalimetals
105. X  g   e  X g   E , Here “E” is
4) Noble gases, Alkalimetals
94. Which one of the following relations is correct 1) First electron affinity
with respect to first (I) and second (II) 2) First ionisation energy
ionization potentials of sodium and 3) Second electron affinity
Magnesium? 4) Second ionisation energy
1) INa > IMg 2) IMg > IINa 106. The electron affinity of sulphur is -200 kJ/mole.
3) IIMg > IINa 4) IINa > IIMg Then the electron affinity of oxygen is
95. Among the following elements that has lowest 1) -142 kJ/mole 2) -702 kJ/mole
ionization potential value is 3) -332 kJ/mole 4) -348 kJ/mole
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Fluorine 4) Neon 107. Among the following electronic configurations
96. Which one of the following order is correct for which one will have highest electron affinity
the first ionisation energies of the elements? value
[EAMCET 2009] 1) 1s2 2) 1s2 2s2 3) 1s2 2s2 2p4 4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
1) B < Be < N < O 2) Be < B < N < O 108. The electron affinity of X is equal in magnitude
3) B < Be < O < N 4) B < O < Be < N with the ionisation potential of
Electron Affinity 1) X+ 2) X– 3) X 4) X2–
97. The energy released when a neutral gaseous 109. The magnitude of electron affinity depends upon
atom, takes up an electron and forms a 1) Electron affinity 2) Polarising power
uninegative ion is called its 3) Ionization potential 4) The nuclear charge
1) Effective nuclear charge 2) Polarising power 110. Among the following electronic configurations
3) Electron affinity 4) Ionization potential which one will have low electron affinity value
98. The units of Electron Affinity are 1) 1s2 2) 1s2 2s2
2 2 4
1) k cal/mole 2) erg. sec 3) A0 4) no units 3) 1s 2s 2p 4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
99. Among fluorine and chlorine, the electron 111. The electron affinities of N, O, S and Cl are
affinity of the latter is high. This is due to 1) N < O < S < Cl 2) O < N < Cl < S
1) high electronegativity of fluorine 3) O = Cl < N = S 4) O < S < Cl < N
2) low dissociation energy of fluorine 112. In which of the following process maximum
3) due to small size repulsions between valence energy is released
electrons and added electron 1) O( g )  e   O(g ) 2) S( g )  e  S(g )
4) small size of Chlorine atom
100 Which of the following will have almost 3) O(g )  e   O(g2) 4) S(g )  e  S(g2)
positive EA1
1) Chlorine 2) Oxygen
Electro negativity
3) Magnesium 4) Sulphur 113. Which of the following elements have
101. The element having highest electron affinity is relatively high electronegativities
1) Fluorine 2) Nitrogen 1) Alkali metals 2) Halogens
3) Chlorine 4) Oxygen 3) Alkaline earth metals 4) All the above
102. The energy released when an electron is added 114. The element with high electronegativity is
to a neutral gaseous atom would be highest if 1) Chlorine 2) Sulphur 3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen
the element belongs to 115. Element with lowest electronegativity is
1) VII A group 2) V A group 1) Nitrogen 2) Chlorine 3) Fluorine 4) Hydrogen
3) VI A group 4) II A group 116. A correct variation in the electronegativity
103. The element with high electron affinity is value of atoms is
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen 1) F > N < O > C 2) F > O > N > C
3) Sulphur 4) Phosphorous 3) F < N < O > C 4) F > N > O < C
117. Which of the following is a highly polar bond? Key-Level - I H.W
1) O-H 2) N-H 3) H-Cl 4) H-F 1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1 6) 2
118. Electronegativity is a measure of the capacity 7) 3 8) 3 9) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 4
of an atom to 13) 1 14) 2 15) 4 16) 2 17) 3 18) 3
1) Attract electrons 2) Attract protons 19) 3 20) 3 21) 2 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4
3) Repel electrons 4) Repel protons
119. Of the following elements, which one has the 25) 2 26) 3 27) 3 28) 2 29) 3 30) 2
low electronegativity 31) 3 32) 2 33) 2 34) 1 35) 2 36) 3
1) I 2) Br 3) Cl 4) F 37) 4 38) 2 39) 2 40) 2 41) 1 42) 4
Valency and Oxidation sates & 43) 3 44) 4 45) 1 46) 3 47) 4 48) 1
Electro positivity 49) 1 50) 2 51) 2 52) 3 53) 2 54) 2
120. Valency and oxidation number of nitrogen in N2O5 55) 4 56) 3 57) 3 58) 1 59) 1 60) 4
1) 2, 5 2) 4, 5 3) 3, 4 4) 5, 4 61) 4 62) 2 63) 2 64) 4 65) 2 66) 1
121. Two elements A and B have the following 67) 1 68) 1 69) 4 70) 1 71) 1 72) 1
electronic configurations. The formula of the 73) 3 74) 4 75) 1 76) 1 77) 3 78) 2
compound formed between them can be 79) 2 80) 4 81) 1 82) 4 83) 2 84) 2
A  1s 2 2s 2 2 p6 3s 2 3 p1 ; B  1s 2 2s 2 2 p 4 85) 3 86) 2 87) 3 88) 2 89) 1 90) 2
91) 4 92) 1 93) 1 94) 4 95) 2 96) 3
1) AB 2) AB2 3) A2 B3 4) A3 B2
97) 3 98) 1 99) 3 100) 3 101) 3 102) 1
122. A metal forms a chloride with the formula 103) 3 104) 1 105) 1 106) 1 107) 4 108) 2
MCl2.Formula of Phosphoric acid is H3PO4.
109) 4 110) 1 111) 1 112) 2 113) 2 114) 3
Formula of the Phosphate of the metal is
1) M3PO4 2) MPO4 3)M3(PO4)2 4) M2PO4 115) 4 116) 2 117) 4 118) 1 119) 1 120) 2
123. The correct order of electropositive nature of 121) 3 122) 3 123) 4 124) 4 125) 4 126) 1
Li, Na and K is 127) 2
1) Li > Na >K 2) Li > K >Na Hints- Level-I - (H.W)
3) Na > K > Li 4) K > Na > Li 13. In a group valency electrons are same
124. As the alkaline earth metals (except Be) tend 17. Noble gases are monoatomic
to lose their valence electrons readily they act 21. All non metals belongs to p-block
as 28. Similar chemical properties of elements belongs to
1) Weak oxidising agent 2) Weak reducing agent same group
3)Strong oxidising agent 4)Strong reducing agent 53. Z = 34; [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4
Nature of oxides no of valency electrons = group no
valency shell number = period no
125. The order in which the following oxides are
arranged according to decreasing basic nature is 64. Depends on  Z  ratio
 e 
1) CuO, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3 67. Due to poor screening effect of 4f-electrons
2) Al2O3 , MgO, CuO, Na2O Z
71. depends on  e  ratio
3) MgO, Al2O3 , CuO, Na2O  
75. I3 > I2 > I1
4) Na2O, MgO, Al2O3 , CuO 77. Due to completely filled s-orbital, Be have higher
126. Chloride of an element A gives neutral solution IP than B.
in water. In the periodic table, the element A 80. Na+ gives a stable electronic configuration hence
belongs to its IE2 is highest among the given speceis and
1) First group 2) Third group therefore the correct order of their IE2 is
3) Fifth group 4) First transition series Mg < Al < Ne < Na
127. The increasing order of acidic nature of the 94. IP2 of Na is greates than IP2 of Mg
following oxides is due to stable inert gas configuratio of Na+
100. Mg have stable electronic configuration
1) SiO2 < P2O5 < Cl2O7 < SO3 106. Due to small size oxygen have low E.A than sulphur
2) SiO2 < P2O5 < SO3 < Cl2O7 108. EA of X = IP of X-
3) Cl2O7 < SO3 < P2O5 < SiO2 113. Halogens have high EN
4) SO3 < Cl2O7 < SiO2 < P2O5 117. More EN diff more is polar
 3. PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Level - II (C.W) 2) It helps to predict the stable valency states of
the elements
Introduction 3) It reflects trends in physical and chemical
1. The following are some statements about properties of the elements
Mendeleeff’s periodic table 4) It helps to predict the relative ionicity of the bond
i) It is based on increasing order of atomic between any two elements.
numbers. Atomic Radii
ii) Mendeleef corrected the atomic weight of 11. Covalent bond length of chlorine molecule is
some elements like Be, In etc 0
iii) (Ar ; H2 ), (Co; Cl2), (Te; F2) are three 1.98 A . Covalent radius of chlorine is
inverted pairs 0 0 0 0
iv) It is based on increasing order of atomic 1) 1.98 A 2) 1.7 A 3) 2.05 A 4) 0.99 A
weights 12. In which of the following pairs, the first atom
1) only (i) correct 2) (ii) &(iv) correct or ion is not large than the second ?
3) only (iii) correct 4) only (iv) is correct 1) Fe2+, Fe3+ 2) O, S 3) N, O 4) Cl–, Cl
Long form of Periodic Table 13. The covalent radius of hydrogen is 0.37A0. The
2. Which of the following pairs of atoms have same bond length in H2 molecule is
number of electrons in the outermost orbit 1) 0.185A0 2) 0.74A0 3) 1.48A0 4) 0.37 A0
1) N - O 2) Na - Cl 3) Ca - Cl 4) Cl - Br 14. In the isoelectronic species the ionic radii of
3. The electronic configuration of an element is N3–, O2–, F– are respectively given by
1s22s22p63s23p3. The atomic number of the 1) 1.36, 1.40, 1.71 2) 1.36, 1.71, 1.40
element which is just below the above element 3) 1.71, 1.40, 1.36 4) 1.71, 1.36, 1.40
in the periodic table is 15. Chloride ion and chlorine atom have
1) 49 2) 31 3) 34 4) 33 1) Same size 2) same stability
4. The element present in the III A group and 3 3) Same nuclear charge
period in the periodic table is 4) Same electron configuration
1) Carbon 2) Phosphorous 16. The covalent and Van der wall’s radii of
3) Cobalt 4)Aluminium chlorine respectively are
5. The long form of periodic table is nothing but 1) 1.80A0 & 0.99 A0 2) 0.99 A0 & 1.80 A0
0 0
just a graphical representation of _____ 3) 1.80 A & 1.80 A 4) 0.99A0 & 0.99 A0
principle. 17. The atomic radii of two elements “X” and “Y”
1) Aufbau 2) Hunds are 0.72 A0 and 1.6A0. Then the elements “X”
3) Pauli’s Exclusion 4) Wave mechanical & “Y” are
6. In the sixth period, the orbitals being filled are 1) F & Ne 2) Ne & F
1) 5s, 5p, 5d 2) 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f 3) Li & Be 4) Fe & Fe2+ ion
3) 6s, 5f, 6d, 6p 4) 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 18. Among O, C, F, Cl and Br the increasing order
7. The number of valence electrons that can be of atomic radii is
present in the second element of any period is 1) F < O < C < Cl < Br
1) 1 2) 2 3) 5 4) 7 2) F < C < O < Cl < Br
8. At room temperature liquid metal and liquid 3) F < Cl < Br < O < C
non-metals are 4) C < O < F < Cl < Br
1) Hg & I2 2) Cs & Cl2 3)Hg & Br2 4) Cd & S 19. The ionic size decreses in the order
9. Which of the following contains same number 1) K   S 2  Sc 3  V 5  Mn 7 
of elements 2) S 2  K   Sc 3  V 5  Mn 7 
1) 1st period & O group
2) 6th period & III B group 3) Mn 7  V 5  Sc3  K   S 2
3) 5th period & III B group 4) Mn 7  V 5  Sc3  S 2  K 
4) 3rd period & VII A group Ionisation Energy
10. The statement that is false for the long form 20. The group of elements with highest second
of the periodic table is ionisation energy is
1) It reflects the sequence of filling the electrons in 1) IIA group 2) Zero group
the order of sub-energy levels s, p, d and f 3) VIIA group 4) IA group
21. Which of th following transitition involves 34. Which of the following is not the reason for
maximum amount of energy? the higher EA1 of halogens
1) M (g )  M ( g ) 2) M ( g )  M (g ) I) high nuclear charge II) larger atomic size
III) easy to get octet configuation, ns2 np6
 2 2 3
3) M ( g )  M ( g ) 4) M ( g )  M ( g ) IV) half filled p-orbitals
22. In a period element with larger radius is a The correct answer is
1) Alkali element 2) Alkaline earth element 1) I and IV 2) I, II and III
3) Noble gas element 4) Chalcogen 3) II and IV 4) II and III
23. The first, second, third and fourth, ionization 35. Which of the following are the correct
potential values of an element are 8.3, 25.15, statements
37.92 and 259.3 eV respectively. The element is I) EA of noble gases is endothermic
1) Magnesium 2) Silicon II) EA of Fluorine is less than chlorine
3) Sodium 4)Aluminium III) EA of oxygen is less than sulphur
24. Ionization energy is high for IV) EA of N is more than phosphorous
1) Sulphide ion 2) Phosphide ion The correct answer is
3) Calcium ion 4) Magnesium ion 1) I, II, III and IV 2) I, II and III
25. The removal of an electron is very difficult 3) II and IV 4) I and IV
from 36. The electron affinity of bromine atom is equal
1) Argon atom 2) Chloride ion to the……. of bromide ion
3) Calcium ion 4) Sodium ion 1) ionisation potential 2) electron affinity
26. Which one of the following elements has the 3) effective nuclear charge 4) electro negative
highest ionization energy? 37. EA 1
values of the following element has
1) [Ne]3s23p1 2) [Ne]3s23p2 positive value
3) [Ne]3s 3p2 3
4) [Ar]3s104s24p3 I) Be II) Br III) Mg IV) Cl
27. The ionization potential for hydrogen atom is The corect answer is
13.6eV. The ionization for He+ ion should be 1) I and III 2) II and IV
1) 13.6 eV 2) 54.4 eV 3) 6.8 eV 4) 3.4eV 3) I , II and III 4) I, II and IV
28. The IP1 of O, S, F & Cl are in the order of 38. The process requiring the absorption of energy is
1) F > O > Cl > S 2) S > Cl > O > F 1) F  F  2) Cl  Cl 
3) Cl > S > O > F 4) F > Cl > O > S 3) O   O 2 4) H  H 
29. The I.P.1’s of N, P, O & S are in the order of 39. Arrange S, O and Se in ascending order of
1) S > P < O > N 2) N > O > P > S electron affinity
3) N > O < P > S 4) N < O < P < S 1) Se < S < O 2) O < Se < S
30. The correct order of ionization energies is 3) S < O < Se 4) S < Se < O
1) Zn  Cd  Hg 2) Hg  Cd  Zn 40. The formation of the oxide ion O2–(g) requries
3) Ar  Ne  He 4) Cs  Rb  Na first an exothermic and then an endothermic
Electron Affinity step as shown below: (AIEEE-2004)
31. Configuration that shows the highest energy O g  + e -  O -  g  ; H = -142kjmol -1
released when an electron is added to the
atom is O -  g  + e -  O 2-  g  ; H = 844kjmol -1
1) 1s22s22p3 2) 1s22s22p4 This is because :
2 2 5
3) 1s 2s 2p 4) 1s22s22p6 1) O– ion has comparatively larger size than
32. The electron affinity values of elements A, B, oxygen atom
C and D are respectively - 135, - 60, - 200 and 2) Oxygen has high electron affinity
-348 kJ mol -1 . The outer electronic 3) O– ion will tend to resist the addition of another
configuratioin of element B is electron.
[EAMCET 2010] 4) Oxygen is more electronegative
1) 3s2 3p5 2) 3s2 3p4 3) 3s2 3p3 4) 3s2 3p2 Electro Negativity
33. Energy is released during the formation of 41. With respect of chlorine, hydrogen will be
1) Hydride ion 2) Oxide ion 1) Electropositive 2) Electronegative
3) Ferrous ion 4) Ferric ion 3) Neutral 4) High reactive
42. The experimental bond energy of HY differs 1) +2, +3 2) +2, +4 3) +3, +44) +3, +5
from its calculated value by 1.96 k. cals/mole. 51. Which of the following statements are wrong
The electronegativity of ‘y’ is equal to I) Bi3+ is more stable than Bi5+
1) 1.81 2) 1.78 3) 1.72 4) 1.90 II) Mn shows + 8 oxidation state.
43. Electronegativity is not applicable for the III) The oxidation state of an element is always
element with configuration less than or equal to its group number
1) 1s2 2) 1s1 3)1s22s22p1 4) 1s22s22p5 IV) s-block elements show variable oxidation
44. When the polarity of bond A-B is “” expressed states
in SI units, the relationship between their The answer is
Electronegativity difference is 1) II and IV 2) II and III
1) X A  X B  0.1017  3) I, II and III 4) II, III and IV
Electro positivity , Nature of oxides &
2) X A  X B  0.208 
Diagonal Relationship
3) X A  X B  0.1017  52. The correct order of electropositive nature of
Li, Na and K is
4) X A  X B  0.1017  1) Li > Na >K 2) Li > K >Na
45. Pauling scale of electronegativity of elements 3) Na > K > Li 4) K > Na > Li
helps to determine 53. Which one of the following order represents
1) Covalent nature of an element the correct sequence of the increasing basic
2) Position of an element in EMF series nature of the given oxides?
3) Dipole moment of molecules 1) K2O < Na2O < Al2O3 < MgO
4) Polarity of bond 2) MgO < K2O < Al2O3 < Na2O
46. The electronagetivity difference between two 3) Na2O < K2O < MgO < Al2O3
chlorine atoms of Cl2 molecule is zero. So the 4) Al3O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O
bond formed is 54. Beryllium resembles Aluminium in properties.
1) 100% pure ionic 2) 100% pure covalent This is mainly due to
3) 50% ionic & 50% covalent 1) Equal electro negativity values of elements
4) 70% covalent, 30% ionic 2) Equal atomic volumes of the elements
47. Regarding electronegativity 3) Equal electron affinity
i) The element with maximum 4) Equal nuclear charges in their atoms
electronegativity: Fluorine 55. The chemical similarity between boron and
ii) In Pauling scale, the reference element is : silicon is mainly due to equal value of their
Silicon 1) electronegativity 2) nuclear charge
iii) Elements with stable configuration have 3) charge to (ionic radius)2 ratio
high electronegativity 4) atomic volume
iv) the element with maximum electro
Key-Level - II (C.W)
positivity: Hydrogen
1) Only (i) correct 2) Only (ii) correct 01) 2 02) 4 03) 4 04) 4 05) 1 06) 4
3) Only (iii) correct 4) Only (iv) is correct 07) 2 08) 3 09) 2 10) 2 11) 4 12) 2
13) 2 14) 3 15) 3 16) 2 17) 1 18) 1
Valency and Oxidation Sates 19) 2 20) 4 21) 4 22) 1 23) 4 24) 4
48. An element with electronic arrangement as 2,
25) 4 26) 3 27) 2 28) 1 29) 2 30) 4
8, 18, 1 will exhibit the following stable
oxidation states 31) 3 32) 3 33) 1 34) 3 35) 2 36) 1
1) +2 and +4 2) +1 and +2 37) 1 38) 3 39) 2 40) 3 41) 1 42) 1
3) +2 to +7 4) +1 only 43) 1 44) 4 45) 4 46) 2 47) 1 48) 2
49. The outer most shell of a representative 49) 4 50) 3 51) 1 52) 4 53) 4 54) 1
element contains ‘a’ electrons and penultimate 55) 3
shell contains ‘b’ electrons. The valency of Hints-Level - II (C.W)
the element will be 1. Inverted pairs are (Ar - K), (Co, Ni), (Te - I) etc.
1) a+b 2) b – a 3) b 4) a or 8 – a 3. Given element with atomic number (z) is 15
50. Most com mon oxidation states of Ce Just below element is 15 + 18 = 33
(cerium) are:
4. IIIA group and 3rd period element phosphorous 5. In a given transition series the elements differ
have 3s23p1 configuration generally in the number of electrons of
11. Covalent radius = 1/2 (Bond length) 1) p 2) d 3) p, d & f 4) p & d
13. Bond length = 2 x covalent radius 6. Transition elements are placed in the periodic
table between the group
Z  1) IA and IIA 2) IIA and IIIA
14. depends on   ratio
e 3) IIIA and IVA 4) VII and zero
16. Vander wall’s radii > covalent radii 7. Regarding transitional elements the wrong
20. Due to inert gas configurations, IA cations have high statement is
I.P 1) They exhibit variable valencies
21. I3 > I2 > I1 2) They possess low M.P.’s
22. Allkali elements are large in size 3) They are good catalysts
23. I4 has sudden jump, so it have 3 valence electrons 4) They form coloured complexes.
24. Mg+2 ion have Ne configuration 8. The electron configuration of an element ‘M’ is
27. IP of He+ > IP of H [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3. Then ‘M’ belongs to
28. F > O > Cl > S 1) VB group 2) VIII group
29. VA group have higher IP than VIA 3) VA group 4) 0 group
31. Halogens have high EA Atomic Radii
32. The element with low EA have stable configuratioin 9. Which of the following is the smallest in size?
33. First EA is exothermic. Formation of H- is first EA 1) Br 2) I– 3) I 4) Br –
36. EA of X = IP of X– 10. The correct order of atomic radii is:
37. Be & Mg belongs to IIA and have stable 1) Ce  Sn  Yb  Lu 2) Sn  Ce  Lu  Yb
configuration 3) Lu  Yb  Sn  Ce 4) Sn  Yb  Ce  Lu
38. Second EA is endothermic 11. The element with the following atomic number
39. O < Se < S may be bigger than aluminium atom is
Due to small size oxygen have low EA 1) 12 2) 14 3) 16 4) 17
41. Hydrogen is less EN than chlorine 12. Which among the following group elements are
42. XA - XB = 0.208  smaller in size
1) I A group 2) II A group
43. Noble gaes have zero EN 3) VII A group 4) VI A grop
48. Generally show +1 oxidation state 13. Which of the following is an example of a posi-
In aq solution +2 oxidation state is stable tive ion and negative ion that is isoelectronic
49. Valency = a (or) 8 - a with Argon
51. S-block elements show only + 1 oxidation state. 1) K+ and Cl– or Ca2+ and S2–
Due to inert pair effect Bi+3 is stable. 2) Na+ and F– or Mg2+ and O2–
52. Down the group electro positivity increases 3) K+ and I– or Mg2+ and S2–
4) K+ and I– or Ca2+ and O2–
Level - II (H.W) Ionisation Energy
Long form of Periodic Table 14. The ionization potential (I1) of nitrogen (Z=7)
1. Which of the following pair has both members is more than oxygen (Z=8). This is explained
from the same period of the periodic table? with
1) Na - Ca 2) Na - Cl 3) Ca - Cl 4) Cl - Br 1) Hund’s rule 2) Excitation rule
2. The element having electronic configuration 3) Pauli principle 4) Auf-bau principle
[Kr] 4d104f145s25p65d26s2 belongs to 15. Second ionization potential value is very low for
1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4) f-block 1) Sodium 2) Magnesium 3) Fluorine 4) Oxygen
3. An atom with atomic number 21 belongs to the 16. I1 of an element X is 899 kJ mole-1 and that of
category of another element Y is 801kJ mole-1. Then X and
1) s-block elements 2) p-block elements Y may be
3) d-block elements 4) f-block elements 1) Li, Be 2) Be, B 3) B, C 4) C, N
4. Which of the following is general electron 17. The first I.P. values in electron volts of nitrogen
and oxygen atoms are respectively given by
configuration of 4d series?
1) 14.6 13.6 2) 13.6, 14.6
1) 4s1 to 2 3d1 to 10 2) 4s1 to 2 4d1 to 10 3) 13.6, 13.6 4) 14.6, 14.6
3) 5s1 to 2 5d1 to 10 4) 5s1 to 2 4d1 to 10
18. The second ioniosation energy of N and O in 1) 4.0 2) 3.5 3) 2.8 4) zero
electron volt are respectively given by: 29. Which of the following does not be considered
1) 29,29 2)34,34 3)29,34 4)34,29 as a fixed quantity
19. The first ionization potential values of Na, Mg, 1) Electronegativity
Al and Si atoms will be in the order of 2) First ionisation potential
1) Na < Mg > Al < Si 2) Na > Mg < Al > Si 3) Electron affinity
3) Na < Mg > Al > Si 4) Na > Mg > Al < Si 4) Second ionisation potential
20. Electrons which have the highest penetrating 30. The electronegativity of K = 0.8 and
power through lower orbits are Cl = 3.0. The type of bond formed between
1) p-electrons 2) s-electrons “K” and “Cl’ is
3) d-electrons 4) f-electrons 1) Pure covalent bond 2) Eydrogen bond
21. A sudden large jump between the values of 3) Metallic bond 4) Electrovalent bond
second and third I.E of an element would be 31. An element “X” has IP = 1681 kJ/mole and
associated with which of the electronic EA = -333 kJ/mole then its electronegativity is
configuration 1) 1681 + 333 / 544 2) 1681 - 333 / 544
1) 1s22s22p63s1 2) 1s22s22p63s23p1
3) 1s22s22p63s2 4) 1s22s22p63s23p3 0.208 1681  333
3) 1681 + 333 / 2 4)
22. The atomic number of vanadium (V), chromium 544
(Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are 32. Which of the following has zero electronegativity
respectively 23,24,25,26. Which out these may 1) Ar 2) Si 3) N 4) F
be expected to have the jump in second 33. Which of the following elements posses zero
ionisation enthalpy: electron affinity (theriotically) and zero
1) Mn 2)Fe 3) V 4)Cr electronegativity values?
Electron Affinity & Electro Negativity 1) Halogens 2) Rlkali metals
3) Chalcogens 4) Rare gases
23. The ionisation potential of X g  is numerically 34. The electronegativities of two elements A and
equal to B are 2.1 and 1.8. Then the type of bond formed
1) E.A. of X(g) 2) EA of X+(g) between them is
1) Ionic bond 2) Pure covalent bond
3) E.A. of X 2g 4) E.A of X 2g
3) Polar covalent bond 4) Hydrogen bond
24. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy with 35. In a compound XY, the electronegativity
negative sing of F, Cl, Brand I, having atomic number difference between X and Y is greater than 1.7,
9, 17, 35 adn 53 respectively, is [AIEEE 2011] then compound XY is soluble in
1) I > Br > Cl > F 2) F > Cl > Br > I 1) Benzene 2) CCl4 3) H2O 4) CS2
3) Cl > F > Br > I 4) Br > Cl > I > F Valency and Oxidation sates
25. Regarding electron affinity, the wrong 36. The stable oxidation state of Thallium, a III A
statement is group element is
1) The E.A. of “Cl” is more than that of “F” 1) +1 2) +3 3) -3 4) +5
2) The E.A. of “S” is more than that of “P” 37. The stable oxidation sate (+8) is exhibited by
3) The E.A. of “Si” is more than that of “C” 1) Co & Ni 2) Ru & Os
4) The E.A. of “Ne” is more than that of “F” 3) Cl & I 4) Te & I
26. Electron affinity of chlorine is -348 kJ/mol. 38. The formula of the compound formed by the
Then the electron affinity of Fluorine is ...... in pair of elements Al & S is :
kJ/mol
1) -333 2) -348 3) -384 4) -428 1) Al2 S3 2) Al3 S2 3) Al4 S3 4) AlS3
27. The electronegativity of the elements 39. The oxidation state and valency of Al in
increases in the order 2

1) C, N, Si, P 2) N, Si, C, P  AlCl  H 2O 5  [EAMCET 2014]

3) Si, P, C, N4) P, Si, N, C 1) +6 & 3 2) +3 & 6 3) +6, 6 4) +3 & 3
28. The ionisation potential and electron affinity 40. An element has nine positive charges in its
of an element “X” are 275 and 86 kcal/mole. nucleus its common oxidation state is
Then the electronegativity of “X” according 1) +7 2) +5 3) –1 4) +1
to Mulliken scale is
 Electro positivity , Nature of oxides 18. Oxygen have high IP2 due to inert gas configuration
& 20. Order of penetrating nature of orbitals S>P>d>f
Diagonal Relationship 23. IP of X (g ) = EA of X(g)
41. The outermost electronic configuration of most 24. Due to small atomic size of fluorine inter electronic
electropositive element is repulsion are maximum.
1) ns1 2) ns2np2 3) ns2np3 4) ns2np5
IP  EA
42. The tendency of an element to lose an electron 28. EN 
is called 129
1) Electronegativity 30. EN difference grter than 1.7, bond is electrovalent
2) Non-metallic character 33. Rare gases (Noble gases) have zero EA & EN
3) Electropositive character therotically.
4) Electron affinity 35. XY is ionic compound so it is soluble in H2O
43. Oxide that is most acidic 36. Due to inert pair effect Tl show +1 stable oxidation
1) Cl2O7 2) SO3 3) P4O10 4) N2O5 state
44. Three elements, X, Y and Z belong to the same 40. Nine positive charges in nucleus means Z = 9
period. Their oxides are acidic, amphoteric and 44. Acidic nature of oxides increases from left to right
basic respectively. The order of these elements in a period
in the periodic table is 46. Due to digonal relationship
1) X, Y, Z 2) Y, Z, X 3) X, Z, Y 4) Z, Y, X 47. Due to diagonal relationship
45. The elements ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ form oxides
which are acidic, basic and amphoteric
Level - III
respectively. The correct order of their electro 1. The frequency of the characterstic X ray of
negativity is
K line of metal targent ‘M’ is 2500 cm-1 and
1) X>Y>Z 2) Z>Y>X 3) X>Z>Y 4) Y>X>Z
46. Chemical similarity between B and Al is due to the graph between v Vs ‘z’ is as follows, then
1) Diagonal relationship atomic number of M is
2) Both belong to same period Y
3) Similar outer electronic configuration
4) Inert pair effect OA=1
47. Pair of ions with similar polarising power Z
1) Li+, Mg2+ 2) Li+, Na+
3) Mg2+, Ca2+ 4) Mg2+, K+ 0
45
Key-Level - II (H.W) O
1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 4 5) 2 6) 2 v X
A
7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 3 1) 49 2) 50 3) 51 4) 25
13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 2 17) 1 18) 3 2. Which of the following does not represents the
19) 1 20) 2 21) 3 22) 4 23) 1 24) 3 correct order of the property indicated ?
25) 4 26) 1 27) 3 28) 3 29) 1 30) 4
31) 1 32) 1 33) 4 34) 3 35) 3 36) 1 1) Sc3  Cr 3  Fe3  Mn3 ionic radii
37) 2 38) 1 39) 2 40) 3 41) 1 42) 3 2) Sc  Ti  Cr  Mn density
43) 1 44) 4 45) 3 46) 1 47) 1 3) Mn 2  Ni 2  Co 2  Fe 2 ionic radii
Hints-Level - II (H.W) 4) FeO  CaO  MnO  CuO basic nature
2. Differentiating e- is in d-sub level 3. EN of the element (A) is E1 and IP is E2. Then
3. Z = 21 have [Ar]4s2 3d1 belongs to d-block EA will be
7. Transition elements are hard substance. Show high 1) 2E1 - E2 2) E1 - E2 3) E1 - 2E2 4) (E1+E2)/2
M.P 4. The correct order of atomic radii is:
8. For representative elements total valency electrons 1) Yb3  Pm3  Ce3  La 3
is equal to group number 2) Ce3  Yb3  Pm3  La 3
10. Lanthanide contraction
14. Nitrogen has half filled stable configuration 3) Yb3  Pm3  La3  Ce3
15. Na have high IP2 due to inert gas configuration 4)  Pm3  La 3  Ce3  Yb 3
5. In which of the following arrangements , the 1) F < S < P < B 2) P < S < B < F
order is not correct according to the property 3) B < P < S < F 4) B < S < P < F
indicated against it: (AIEEE-2005) 14. Using the data given below, predict the heat
3
1) Increasing size Al  Mg  Na  F 2   changes for the reaction.
+2 -
2)Increasing IE1 : B  C  N  O Mg g  + 2F g   Mg  g  + 2F  g  , IE1and IE2
3) Increasing EA1 : I  Br  F  Cl of Mg(g)are 737.7 and 1451 KJ mol–1. EA1 for
F(g) is –328KJmol–1
4) Increasing metallic radius : Li  Na  K  Rb
1) 1232.4KJmole 1 2) 1532.7KJmole 1
6. Successive ionisation potentials of an element
M are 8.3, 25.1, 37.9, 259.3 and 340.1 ev. the 3) 1232.4KJmole1 4) 1532.7KJmole 1
formula of its bromide is 15. (IE)1 and (IE)2 of Mg(g) are 740, 1540 kJ mol–1.
1) MBr5 2) MBr4 3) MBr3 4) MBr2 Calculate percentage of Mg+(g) and Mg2+(g) if 1 g of
7. The IP1, IP2, IP3 and IP4 of an element A are Mg(g) absorbs 50.0 kJ of energy.
6.0, 10.0, 16.0 adn 45.0 ev respectively. The 1) %Mg+ = 50 and %Mg+2 = 50
molecular weight of the oxide of the element A
2) %Mg+ = 70.13 and %Mg+2 = 29.87
is (x is atomic weight)
1) x + 48 2) 2x + 48 3) 3x + 48 4) x + 32 3) %Mg+ = 75 and %Mg+2 = 25
8. H-H, X-X and H-X bond energies are 104 Kcal/ 4) %Mg+ = 60 and %Mg+2 = 40
mole 60 Kcal/mole and 101Kcal/mole. 16. How many Cs atoms can be convered to
Assuming the electronegativity of hydrogen to
be 2.1 the electronegativity of unknown Cs  ions by 1 joule energy if IE1 for Cs is 376
KJ mole–1

element X is 19  4.36  1)1.61018 2)1.61010 3)5.81014 4)5.81025
1) 3.5 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2.5 17. The electron affinity of chlorine is 3.7 eV
9. The ionisation energy and electron affinity of how much energy in K cals is released
an element are 13.0ev and 3.8ev respectively. when 2gm of chlorine is co m pletely
Its electronegativity is convered to Cl  ion in a gaseous state
1) 2.8 2) 3.0 3) 3.5 4) 4.0 (1e.v = 23.06kcal mole –1 )
10. The bond energies of H-H, X-X and H-X are 1) 4.8Kcal 2) 2.4Kcal
104 K.Cal, 38 K.Cal and 138 K.Cal 3) 10.2Kcal 4) 14.2Kcal
respectively the electronegativity of ‘X’ is
18. The energy needed for Li g   Li +3 g  + 3e - is
 67  8.18
  1.96  104 KJ mole–1 If the first ionisation
1) 3.0 2) 3.5 3) 3.8 4) 1.7 energy of Li is 520 KJ mole–1calculate second
11. The atomic numbers of elements A, B, C and ionisation energy for Li. Given IE 1 for
D are z-1, z, z+1 and z+2, respectively. If ‘B’ is
a noble gas, choose the correct answers from H = 2.18 × 10 -18 KJ atom -1
the following statements [EAMCET-08] 1) 5270KJmole1 2) 3210KJmole1
a) ‘A’ has higher electron affinity 3) 7270KJmole 1 4) 9290KJmole1
b) ‘C’ exists in +2 oxidation state. 19. Following statements regarding the periodic
c) ‘D’ is an alkaline Earth metal. trends of chemical reactivityof the alkali met-
1) a & b 2) b & c 3) a & c 4) a, b & c als and the halogens are given .which of these
12. M ( g )  M  ( g )  e  , H  100eV statements gives the correct picture :
(AIEEE-2006)
M ( g )  M 2 ( g )  2e  , H  250eV 1) In alkali metals the reactivity increases but in the
which is incorrect statement? halogens it decreases with increase in atomic
+
1) I1 of M(g) is 100 eV 2) I1 of M (g) is 150 eV number down the group.
3) I2 of M(g) is 250 eV 4) I2 of M(g) is 150 eV 2) The reactivity decreases in the alkali metals but
13. The increasing order of the first ionization increases in the halogens with increases in atomic
enthalpies of the elementsB,P,S and F (lowest number down the group.
first) is: (AIEEE-2006)
 3) In both the alkali metals and the halogen the 2. Sc+3 > Cr+3 > Mn+3 > Fe+3
chemical reactivity decreases with increases in E  EA
atomic number down the group. 3. E1  2
4) Chemical reactivity increases with increases in 2
atomic number down the group in both the 4. Yb+3 < Pm+3 < Ce+3 < La+3 due to lanthanide
alkali metals and halogens. contraction
20. Which of the following represent the correct 5. Increasing IE1 : B < C < O < N
order of increasing first ionisation ethalpy for 6. IP4 has sudden jump. So valency of M is 3
Ca, Ba, S, Se and Ar [MAINS 2013] 7. IP4 has sudden jump. So valency of M is 3
1) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar Formula of its oxide is M2O3
2) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar 8. X A  X B  0.208  ,
3) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
4) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar 1
  101  (104  60)
21. The correct sequence which shows decreasing 2
order of the ionic radii of the elements is
[MAINS 2013] X A  X B  0.208 19
3+ 2+ + – 2– XA - 2.1 = 0.906
1) Al > Mg > Na > F > O
2) Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > O2– > F– IP  EA
9. EN  in e.v
3) Na+ > F– > Mg2+ > O2– > Al3+ 5.6
4) O2- > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ 10. X A  X B  0.208 
22. The set representing the correct order of ionic
X A  X B  0.208 67
radius is [AIEEE 2009]
+ 2+ + 2+ 11. A B C D
1) Li > Be > Na > Mg
Z-1 Z Z+1 Z+2
2) Na+ > Mg2+ > Li+ > Be2+ Halogen Noble gas IA IIA
3) Li2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ 100 ev
M ( g )  150 ev
 M (g )   M 2
4) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Li+ > Na+
23. the charge/size ratio of a cation determines its 12.
polarising power. Which one of the following 250 ev
sequences represents the increasing order of
eh polarising power of the cationic species, K+, 14. (IE1 + IE2 ) + 2 (EA1)
740
Ca2+, Mg2+, Be2+? 15. Mg  Mg  1540
 Mg 2
[AIEEE 2007] For 24 gm of Mg = 1 mole  24  50
1) Mg2+ < Be2+ < K+ < Ca2+ = 1200 KJ/mole
2) Be2+ < K+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ 1540 KJ  1 mole
460 KJ  ? = 29.87%
3) K+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Be2+
16. IE1 of Cs = 376 KJ = 3.76  105 J/1 mole
4) Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Be2+ < K+ 37.6  105 J  6.023  1023 atoms
Key-Level - III 1J  ?
17. EA of Cl = 3.7 eV = 3.7  23.06 KCal/mole
01) 3 02) 1 03) 1 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3 35.5 gm  3.7  23.06 KCal
07) 2 08) 2 09) 2 10) 3 11) 3 12) 3 2 gm  ?
13) 3 14) 2 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 18. H  IE1  IE2  IE3
19) 1 20) 3 21) 4 22) 2 23) 3 given IE1 = 520 KJ/mole
Hints- Level - III (IEH like species = IEA  z 2)
1. v  a( Z  b) IE2 of Li+2 = + 2.18  10-18  6  1023  32 KJ/
mole
v  aZ  ab
v
aZ  v  ab  Z  b  y = mx + c
a