Units of Memory
By
Zafar Iqbal
https://www.youtube.com/@ZafarIqbal_IT_Trainer
Bits & Byte
Bit - The smallest unit of digital information, representing a binary value (0 or 1)
All data text, images, videos or any other type of information, is first converted into
a sequence of bits (0s and 1s) before being transmitted over the internet.
Byte - Eight bits make up a byte. It's the basic unit of storage in a computer.
Example: A byte can represent a single character, like 'A’.
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Bits relationship to Computer Hardware
• Memory cells are circuits designed to store bits.
• These cells, often made up of transistors and capacitors, can hold a 0 or 1
value.
• Transistors are the building blocks of modern electronic circuits.
• When the gate of a transistor is ON (or has a value 1) then electricity flows
from the source and the transistor is said to be ON
• Otherwise, when the gate of a transistor is OFF (or has a value 0) then
electricity does not flow from the source and the transistor is said to be OFF.
• By turning transistors "on" or "off," circuits can represent and manipulate
binary data
• Circuits are the hardware that allows the abstract concept of binary digits to
become a physical reality, that computers can use.
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Bit & Word
Word: A unit of data used by a computer processor. The size of a word varies:
16-bit word = 2 bytes
32-bit word = 4 bytes
64-bit word = 8 bytes
Different computer architectures define word size differently. Older systems
used 16-bit words, while modern systems commonly use 32-bit or 64-bit
words.
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Memory/ Storage devices
KB:
1 KB = 1,024 Bytes
MB:
1 MB = 1024KB = 1,048,576 Bytes
GB:
1 GB = 1024MB = 1,048,576 KB = 1,073,741,824 Bytes
TB:
1 TB = 1024 GB = 1,048,576
MB = 8,388,608 KB = 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes
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Decimal to Binary conversion
• Binary - The base-2 number system, using only 0s and 1s. Computers use
binary for data representation. Example: The binary representation of 1 to 5
decimal numbers is .
Decimal to binary table
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ASCII Character Encoding
• A standard that assigns numerical values to characters.
• Computers use these values to represent text.
• ASCII values are often represented in binary.
• The ASCII code for the uppercase letter "A" is 65.
• To find the binary representation of 65, convert 65 to its binary equivalent,
which is 1000001
• Then, since ASCII uses 7 bits, add a leading 0 to make it 01000001.
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ASCII Table
Memory location / address
A unique identifier for each location in memory,
Allows CPU to access and store data.
I/O operations involve moving data between memory and external devices.
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Code Execution
Machine Code: Low-level code directly executable by a computer's CPU. It's in binary and specific to the
processor architecture. Connecting Point: Programming languages are used to write machine code.
print(“Welcome")
10100011100011000010001
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