LESSON PLAN

CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.1 INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state the basic properties of magnets and magnetic fields.
• Explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
• Analyze the behavior of moving charges in magnetic fields.
• Apply the right-hand rule to determine the direction of magnetic forces.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Magnets (bar magnets, horseshoe magnets)
• Iron filings
• Compass
• Wire
• Battery
• Switch
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Prior Knowledge (5 minutes)

• Begin the class by asking students to share their understanding of magnets. What are
they? How do they work? Where have they encountered magnets in their daily lives?
• Encourage students to share their prior knowledge and experiences with magnets,
sparking their curiosity about the topic.
Introduction to Magnetism (10 minutes)

• Introduce the concept of magnetism and magnetic fields. Define key terms like magnetic
poles, magnetic field lines, and magnetic domains.
• Demonstrate the properties of magnets using bar magnets and iron filings. Show how
opposite poles attract and like poles repel. Illustrate the magnetic field lines using iron
filings sprinkled around a magnet.
• Explain that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet, which is why compasses point north.
Connecting Electricity and Magnetism (15 minutes)

• Introduce the groundbreaking discovery by Hans Christian Oersted - the relationship

between electricity and magnetism.
• Demonstrate this relationship through a simple experiment. Connect a wire to a battery
and a switch. Show that when current flows through the wire, it deflects a nearby
compass needle.
 • Explain that moving electric charges create a magnetic field. This forms the basis of
electromagnetism.
Moving Charges in Magnetic Fields (10 minutes)

• Discuss what happens when electric charges move within a magnetic field. Explain that a
force acts on a moving charge when it travels through a magnetic field.
• Introduce the right-hand rule as a tool to determine the direction of the force on a
positive charge moving in a magnetic field. Practice applying the right-hand rule with
different scenarios.
Creative Thinking and Discussion (5 minutes)

• Engage students in a brainstorming session. Ask them to think about real-world

applications of the interaction between moving charges and magnetic fields. Examples
could include electric motors, generators, MRI machines, etc.
• Encourage creative thinking and analysis by asking them to explain how these devices
utilize the principles discussed in class.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during discussions and activities.
• Assess their understanding of key terms and concepts through verbal questioning.
• Evaluate their ability to apply the right-hand rule to determine the direction of magnetic
forces.
Rubrics
Remembering Key Concepts (20%)

Can the student recall and define basic terms related to magnets and magnetic fields?

Understanding the Connection (30%)

Can the student explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism?

Analyzing Moving Charges (30%)

Can the student analyze the behavior of moving charges in a magnetic field?

Applying the Right-Hand Rule (20%)

Can the student correctly apply the right-hand rule to determine the direction of magnetic
forces?

Follow Up
In the upcoming lessons, we will explore the mathematical formulas that govern the force on
moving charges in magnetic fields. We will also investigate the motion of charged particles in
magnetic fields, leading to fascinating applications like cyclotrons and mass spectrometers.
Encourage students to continue exploring real-world applications of these concepts.
Next Steps
• Assign homework problems that require students to apply the concepts learned in class.
• Show videos or simulations that further illustrate the behavior of moving charges in
magnetic fields.
• Prepare for the next lesson where we will delve deeper into the quantitative aspects of
magnetic forces on moving charges.

Handout 1: Introduction to moving charges and magnetism

Remembering Magnets
What do you already know about magnets? Have you ever used them?

Magnets have two poles: North and South. Like poles repel, and opposite poles attract.

The Earth itself is a giant magnet! That's why a compass needle points North.

Magnetic Fields: The Invisible Force

A magnetic field is the area around a magnet where its force can be felt. We can't see it, but we
can visualize it using magnetic field lines.

Magnetic field lines flow from the North pole to the South pole of a magnet. The closer the
lines, the stronger the magnetic field.

Iron filings sprinkled around a magnet align themselves along the magnetic field lines, giving us
a visual representation.

The Surprising Connection: Electricity and Magnetism

In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted made a groundbreaking discovery: moving electric charges
create a magnetic field!

This connection between electricity and magnetism is called electromagnetism.

Think of a simple circuit with a wire connected to a battery. When current flows through the
wire, it creates a magnetic field around it. This field can be strong enough to deflect a compass
needle.

Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field: Feeling the Force

When an electric charge moves within a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The direction of
this force depends on the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the charge's
velocity.

We can determine the direction of the force using the Right-Hand Rule. (Your teacher will
demonstrate this rule in class.)
Brainstorming: Magnetism in Action
Can you think of any devices or technologies that use the interaction between moving charges
and magnetic fields?

Here are a few examples: Electric motors, generators, speakers, MRI machines, maglev trains.

How do you think these devices utilize the principles of electromagnetism we discussed today?

Additional Notes
• Remember: Moving charges create magnetic fields, and moving charges within a
magnetic field experience a force.
• Keep thinking about the real-world applications of these concepts. We'll explore them in
more detail in the coming lessons.
• Don't hesitate to ask questions and share your thoughts!

Narration 1: Introduction to moving charges and magnetism

Unveiling the Mysteries of Magnets (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Hello everyone! Today, we're diving into the fascinating world of magnets and
magnetism. But before we begin, I want to hear from you. What comes to mind when
you think of magnets? Have you ever wondered how they work or where we encounter
them in our daily lives?
• Let's share our experiences and knowledge about magnets. Don't hesitate to share any
interesting facts or observations you might have.
Exploring the Fundamentals of Magnetism (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• Now that we've refreshed our memories, let's delve into the fundamental concepts of
magnetism. We'll be learning about magnetic poles, those mysterious points where a
magnet's force is strongest; magnetic field lines, invisible lines of force that surround a
magnet; and magnetic domains, tiny regions within a magnetic material.
• To help us visualize these concepts, we'll be conducting a simple experiment using bar
magnets and iron filings. We'll observe how opposite poles attract and like poles repel.
We'll also see how iron filings align themselves along the magnetic field lines, giving us a
glimpse into this invisible force field.
• And here's a fascinating fact: Did you know that our Earth itself acts as a giant magnet?
That's why a compass always points north!
The Intriguing Link Between Electricity and Magnetism (15 minutes)
(15 minutes)
• Today, we'll uncover the remarkable connection between electricity and magnetism, a
discovery that revolutionized our understanding of these forces.
• We'll retrace the steps of Hans Christian Oersted, who first observed this link. Through a
simple experiment using a wire, a battery, a switch, and a compass, we'll witness how
the flow of electric current can deflect a compass needle.
 • This experiment will demonstrate that moving electric charges create a magnetic field
around them. This fundamental principle forms the basis of electromagnetism, a
concept that has led to countless technological advancements.
Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• Now, let's explore what happens when electric charges move within a magnetic field.
Imagine a tiny charged particle, like an electron, traveling through this invisible force
field. What do you think will happen?
• We'll learn that a force acts on this moving charge as it traverses the magnetic field. To
determine the direction of this force, we'll use a handy tool called the right-hand rule.
Don't worry; it's simpler than it sounds! We'll practice applying this rule to different
scenarios, so you become comfortable predicting the direction of the magnetic force.
Brainstorming Real-World Applications (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Time to put on our thinking caps! Let's brainstorm some real-world applications of the
interaction between moving charges and magnetic fields. Think about devices or
technologies that utilize these principles. Some examples include electric motors,
generators, and MRI machines.
• Let's discuss how these devices harness the power of electromagnetism. This will help
us understand the practical implications of the concepts we've learned today.
Wrapping Up and Looking Ahead (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Today, we embarked on an exciting journey into the world of moving charges and
magnetism. We explored fundamental concepts, witnessed the connection between
electricity and magnetism, and even delved into real-world applications.
• As we conclude this lesson, remember that our exploration of this topic is just
beginning. In our upcoming lessons, we'll delve deeper into the mathematical formulas
that govern these interactions and explore more fascinating applications, such as
cyclotrons and mass spectrometers. Keep those thinking caps on, and I look forward to
our next adventure in the world of physics!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.2 MAGNETIC FORCE
Learning Objectives
• Recall and describe the sources of magnetic fields.
• Explain the concept of magnetic field and its effect on moving charges.
• Analyze the factors influencing the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor.
• Apply the principles of Lorentz force to solve numerical problems.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Textbook (Physics for Class XII, NCERT)
• Handouts with practice problems
• Bar magnets
• Iron filings
• Compass
• Wire
• Battery
• Switch
Lesson Outline
Engaging with Magnetism (5 minutes)

• Begin by demonstrating the invisible force of magnetism using bar magnets and iron
filings.
• Ask students to share their prior understanding of magnets and magnetic fields.
• Introduce the topic and learning objectives for the session.
Sources and Fields (10 minutes)

• Discuss the sources of magnetic fields, including permanent magnets and

electromagnets.
• Explain the concept of magnetic field lines and their properties using diagrams.
• Show the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet using iron filings and a compass.
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges (15 minutes)

• Introduce the concept of Lorentz force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field.
• Derive the formula for magnetic force (F = qvB sinθ) and explain each term.
• Discuss the direction of the force using Fleming's left-hand rule.
• Solve a numerical problem on calculating the magnetic force on a single charge.
Force on Current-Carrying Conductor (10 minutes)
 • Extend the concept of Lorentz force to a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
• Derive the formula for the force on a straight conductor (F = BIL sinθ).
• Demonstrate the force on a current-carrying wire using a battery, wire, and a magnet.
• Explain the working principle of electric motors based on this concept.
Creative Application and Analysis (5 minutes)

• Divide students into groups and provide them with a scenario involving magnetic force.
• Encourage them to analyze the situation, apply the concepts learned, and propose a
solution or design.
• For example, design a simple experiment to demonstrate the factors affecting the force
on a current-carrying wire.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during discussions and demonstrations.
• Assess their understanding through questioning and problem-solving activities.
• Evaluate their ability to apply concepts to real-world scenarios in the group activity.
• Assign homework problems for further practice and assessment.
Rubrics
Conceptual Understanding (30%)

Can the student explain the concepts of magnetic fields, Lorentz force, and its applications?

Problem-Solving Skills (40%)

Can the student apply the formulas and principles to solve numerical problems related to
magnetic force?

Application and Analysis (30%)

Can the student analyze real-world situations involving magnetic force and propose solutions or
designs?

Follow Up
Encourage students to think about the ubiquitous nature of magnetism and its impact on our
daily lives. Ask them to find examples of devices that utilize magnetic force and share their
findings in the next class.

Next Steps
• In the next lesson, we will explore the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields,
including circular motion and helical motion. We will also discuss applications like
cyclotrons and mass spectrometers.
• Students can research and prepare presentations on the applications of magnetism in
various fields like medicine, transportation, and technology.
 Handout 1: Magnetic force: unveiling the invisible force
Introduction to Magnetism
We've all experienced the invisible force of magnets – how they attract certain metals and
seem to pull or push each other without even touching. This fascinating force is called
magnetism.

A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where this force can be detected. It's like an
invisible aura surrounding the magnet.

Sources of Magnetic Fields

Magnets we encounter in everyday life are called permanent magnets. They produce a constant
magnetic field.

Electromagnets, on the other hand, create magnetic fields only when an electric current flows
through them. This makes them very useful for devices where we need to control the magnetic
field.

Magnetic Field Lines

We visualize magnetic fields through magnetic field lines. These lines have some key properties:

- They emerge from the north pole of a magnet and enter the south pole, forming closed loops.

- The density of the lines represents the strength of the magnetic field – closer lines mean a
stronger field.

- They never intersect, indicating that the magnetic field has a unique direction at any point.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charges

A charge moving through a magnetic field experiences a force called the Lorentz force. This
force is perpendicular to both the velocity of the charge and the direction of the magnetic field.

The magnitude of this force is given by: F = qvB sinθ, where:

- F is the magnetic force

- q is the magnitude of the charge

- v is the velocity of the charge

- B is the magnetic field strength

- θ is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field

Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
This handy rule helps us determine the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge:

- Stretch out your thumb, index finger, and middle finger of your left hand so they are mutually
perpendicular.

- Point your index finger in the direction of the magnetic field (B).

- Point your middle finger in the direction of the velocity of the positive charge (v).

- Your thumb will then point in the direction of the magnetic force (F).

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

Since electric current is essentially a flow of charges, a current-carrying wire placed in a
magnetic field also experiences a force.

The force on a straight conductor is given by: F = BIL sinθ, where:

- F is the magnetic force

- B is the magnetic field strength

- I is the current in the conductor

- L is the length of the conductor inside the magnetic field

- θ is the angle between the direction of the current and the magnetic field

Applications of Magnetic Force

The principle of magnetic force on current-carrying conductors is the foundation for many
technologies, including:

- Electric motors: They convert electrical energy into mechanical energy using the magnetic
force on current-carrying coils.

- Loudspeakers: They use magnetic force to vibrate a diaphragm, producing sound waves.

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This medical imaging technique utilizes strong magnetic
fields and radio waves to visualize internal organs.

Practice Problems
1. A proton with a charge of +1.6 × 10^-19 C moves through a magnetic field of 0.5 T with a
velocity of 2 × 10^6 m/s. What is the magnetic force on the proton if its velocity is
perpendicular to the magnetic field?
2. A straight wire carrying a current of 5 A is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T. The
wire is 10 cm long and is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field. What is the magnitude of
the force on the wire?

3. Think of a real-world scenario where you can apply the concepts of magnetic force and
Lorentz force. Describe the situation and how the principles apply.

Additional Notes
• Remember: Understanding the interaction between moving charges and magnetic fields
is crucial for comprehending various phenomena, from the basic working of a compass
to the complex functioning of an MRI machine.
• Keep exploring and asking questions! The world of physics is full of fascinating
discoveries waiting to be made.

Narration 1: Magnetic force: unveiling the invisible force

Engaging with the Invisible Force (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Alright everyone, let's kick things off today with a little magic show! But instead of
rabbits and hats, we'll be dealing with an invisible force that's just as fascinating -
magnetism!
• I have here some bar magnets and iron filings. Watch closely as I sprinkle these filings
around the magnet. What patterns do you observe? What does this tell us about the
nature of magnetic force?
• This experiment gives us a glimpse into the world of magnetic fields, which we'll be
exploring in depth today. Our focus will be on understanding the sources of these fields
and how they interact with moving electric charges, leading to some amazing
applications in our daily lives.
Decoding Sources and Fields (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• So, where does this mysterious magnetic force come from? Well, it turns out that
magnetism is intricately linked to electricity. We have two main sources of magnetic
fields: permanent magnets, like the ones we just saw, and electromagnets, which are
created by electric current.
• Think of magnetic field lines as invisible highways that map out the direction and
strength of the magnetic force. They flow from the north pole to the south pole of a
magnet. The closer these lines are, the stronger the magnetic field.
• Let's visualize these lines using iron filings and a compass. Observe how the compass
needle aligns itself with the magnetic field lines, always pointing towards the magnetic
south pole. This is how a compass helps us navigate!
Unleashing the Lorentz Force (15 minutes) (15 minutes)
• Now, things get even more interesting when we introduce moving electric charges into
the picture. Just as a stationary charge experiences an electric force in an electric field, a
moving charge experiences a magnetic force in a magnetic field. This force is known as
the Lorentz force.
 • The formula for magnetic force is given by F = qvB sinθ, where F is the magnetic force, q
is the magnitude of the charge, v is the velocity of the charge, B is the magnetic field
strength, and θ is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field.
• To determine the direction of this force, we use Fleming's left-hand rule. If you point
your thumb, index finger, and middle finger of your left hand mutually perpendicular to
each other, with the index finger representing the magnetic field direction and the
middle finger representing the current direction (which is the direction of motion of
positive charge), then your thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic force on
the charge.
• Let's apply this knowledge to solve a numerical problem. Suppose a charge of 2
Coulombs is moving with a velocity of 5 meters per second perpendicular to a magnetic
field of 3 Tesla. Can anyone calculate the magnetic force experienced by the charge?
Powering Up with Current-Carrying Conductors (10 minutes) (10
minutes)
• Now, imagine a stream of charged particles moving through a wire, creating an electric
current. When this current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
magnetic force as well. This force is the basis for many technological marvels, including
electric motors!
• The formula for the force on a straight current-carrying conductor is F = BIL sinθ, where
F is the magnetic force, B is the magnetic field strength, I is the current, L is the length of
the conductor in the field, and θ is the angle between the current direction and the
magnetic field.
• To illustrate this, let's set up a simple experiment using a battery, a wire, and a magnet.
When we pass current through the wire, observe how it moves in response to the
magnetic field. The direction of motion can be determined using Fleming's left-hand rule
again.
• This principle of magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor forms the foundation
for electric motors, which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, powering
countless devices we use every day.
Creative Magnetism Challenge (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Now, it's time to put on your thinking caps and apply your knowledge creatively! I'm
dividing you into groups and presenting each group with a real-world scenario involving
magnetic force.
• For instance, your challenge could be to design a simple experiment to demonstrate the
factors affecting the force on a current-carrying wire, or to analyze the working principle
of a loudspeaker.
• Take some time to brainstorm, apply the concepts we've learned, and come up with
innovative solutions or designs. Remember, there are no wrong answers here, just
opportunities to explore and learn!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.3 MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Learning Objectives
• Recall the concepts of magnetic force and magnetic field.
• Explain the force on a moving charge in a magnetic field.
• Derive the expression for the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
• Analyze the motion of charged particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields.
• Apply the concepts to solve numerical problems related to motion in magnetic fields.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Textbook and reference materials
• Diagrams and illustrations of magnetic fields and charged particle motion
• Sample numerical problems and solutions
Lesson Outline
Recap and Introduction (10 minutes)

• Begin by briefly reviewing the concepts of magnetic force and magnetic field learned in
previous lessons.
• Ask students to recall the properties of magnetic fields and how they interact with
magnets and current-carrying conductors.
• Introduce the topic of motion in a magnetic field and its significance in various
applications like particle accelerators and magnetic confinement fusion.
Force on a Moving Charge (15 minutes)

• Explain the concept of magnetic force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field.
• State the formula for the magnetic force (F = qvB sinθ) and explain each term clearly.
• Emphasize the vector nature of force, velocity, and magnetic field, and discuss the
direction of the force using the right-hand rule.
• Provide examples and illustrations to demonstrate the direction and magnitude of the
force for different orientations of velocity and magnetic field.
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor (10 minutes)

• Extend the concept of force on a moving charge to a current-carrying conductor in a

magnetic field.
• Derive the expression for the force on a straight conductor (F = BIL sinθ) from the force
on a single charge.
 • Discuss the factors affecting the magnitude and direction of the force on the conductor.
• Show how the direction of the force can be determined using Fleming's left-hand rule.
Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields (10 minutes)

• Analyze the motion of charged particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields.
• Explain how the force on a charged particle moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field causes it to move in a circular path.
• Derive the expression for the radius and time period of the circular motion.
• Discuss the helical path of a charged particle when its velocity has a component parallel
to the magnetic field.
• Briefly explain the concept of magnetic mirroring and its applications.
Problem Solving and Applications (10 minutes)

• Solve a few numerical problems related to the motion of charged particles in magnetic
fields.
• Encourage student participation in solving the problems and provide guidance as
needed.
• Discuss real-world applications of motion in magnetic fields, such as in particle
accelerators, mass spectrometers, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during class discussions.
• Assess their understanding through questioning and problem-solving activities.
• Assign homework problems for further practice and evaluation.
• Conduct a short quiz at the end of the lesson to assess their understanding of key
concepts.
Rubrics
Understanding of Concepts (40%)

Can the student explain the concepts of magnetic force, magnetic field, and motion of charged
particles in magnetic fields?

Problem-Solving Skills (40%)

Can the student apply the formulas and concepts to solve numerical problems related to
motion in magnetic fields?

Application and Analysis (20%)

Can the student analyze the motion of charged particles in different magnetic field
configurations and relate the concepts to real-world applications?

Follow Up
Encourage students to explore online resources and simulations to visualize the motion of
charged particles in magnetic fields and gain a deeper understanding of the concepts. Also,
encourage them to think about other applications of magnetism in everyday life and
technology.

Next Steps
• In the next lesson, we will delve deeper into the applications of motion in magnetic
fields, focusing on specific devices like cyclotrons, mass spectrometers, and
galvanometers.
• Students will learn about the working principles, construction, and applications of these
devices through interactive discussions and problem-solving activities.

Handout 1: Motion in a magnetic field

Introduction: Revisiting Magnetism
Remember how magnets attract certain metals? That attraction comes from magnetism! A
magnetic field is the area around a magnet where this force acts. We represent it through
magnetic field lines. We will explore how electric charges behave within these fields.

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

Imagine a charge cruising through a magnetic field. It experiences a force! This magnetic force
(F) depends on:
- The charge of the particle (q),
- The velocity of the charge (v),
- The strength of the magnetic field (B),
- And the angle (θ) between the velocity and the magnetic field.

This relationship is summed up by the equation: F = qvB sinθ

Importantly, the force is perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field. We can
determine its direction using the right-hand rule.

Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

Now, imagine a wire carrying current within a magnetic field. Since current is just a bunch of
moving charges, the wire also experiences a force.

For a straight wire, this force is given by: F = BIL sinθ

- Where I is the current,
- L is the length of the wire within the field,
- And θ is the angle between the current direction and the magnetic field.

Fleming's left-hand rule helps us figure out the direction of this force.

Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields

What happens when a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to its
velocity? It starts moving in a circle!

The radius of this circular path is: r = (mv) / (qB)

- Where m is the mass of the particle.

The time it takes to complete one circle (period) is: T = (2πm) / (qB)

If the velocity has a component parallel to the field, the particle will follow a helical (spiral)
path.

Magnetic mirroring occurs when a charged particle, moving in a non-uniform magnetic field,
gets reflected back from regions of stronger magnetic field.

Let's Solve Some Problems!

1. A proton (charge +1.6 x 10^-19 C) is moving with a velocity of 5 x 10^5 m/s through a
magnetic field of 2 T. The velocity is perpendicular to the field. What is the magnetic force
acting on the proton?

2. An electron enters a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T with a velocity of 10^6 m/s
perpendicular to the field. Calculate the radius of the circular path it follows. (Mass of electron
= 9.1 x 10^-31 kg)

Think about how these concepts are used in particle accelerators to control and speed up
charged particles! We will explore these applications in more detail in the next lesson.

Additional Notes
• Remember: Visualizing the scenarios and using the right-hand and left-hand rules can be
super helpful in understanding the directions of forces and motion.
• Keep those physics brains buzzing!

Narration 1: Motion in a magnetic field

Recap of Magnetic Force and Fields (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• Let's begin today's class by revisiting what we've learned about magnetic force and
magnetic fields. Can anyone remind me what a magnetic field is and how it interacts
with magnets?
• Excellent! Now, let's recall how a magnetic field affects a current-carrying conductor.
What happens when a wire with current flowing through it is placed in a magnetic field?
• Great job! We're now going to delve deeper into this interaction and understand how
charged particles behave when they move within magnetic fields. This area of study has
immense significance in various fields like particle physics and medical imaging.
Force on a Moving Charge (15 minutes) (15 minutes)
 • Imagine a single charged particle, like an electron, zipping through a magnetic field.
What do you think will happen to it? Will it continue in a straight line, or will its path be
altered?
• That's right! A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force. This force is what
causes the charge to deviate from its original path. Now, let's learn how to calculate this
force. The formula is F = qvB sinθ, where F represents the magnetic force, q is the
magnitude of the charge, v is the velocity of the charge, B is the magnetic field strength,
and θ is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field. Remember, this force is
a vector, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. The direction is determined by
the right-hand rule. Let me demonstrate how it works using my right hand.
• Now, let's visualize different scenarios. What happens to the force when the charge
moves parallel to the magnetic field? What if it moves perpendicular? How about when
the angle is somewhere in between? Let's explore these possibilities with diagrams and
examples.
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• Now that we understand how a single charge behaves, let's extend this concept to a
current-carrying conductor. Remember that current is essentially a stream of moving
charges.
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, each moving charge
within it experiences a force. These individual forces add up, resulting in a net force
acting on the entire conductor. The formula for this force is F = BIL sinθ, where I is the
current, L is the length of the conductor, and the other terms remain the same as
before.
• Similar to the force on a single charge, the direction of this force is determined by
Fleming's left-hand rule. Let me show you how to apply this rule. Using your left hand,
point your thumb in the direction of the current, your index finger in the direction of the
magnetic field, and your middle finger will then point in the direction of the force on the
conductor.
Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields (10 minutes) (10
minutes)
• Let's now visualize what happens when charged particles move in different types of
magnetic fields. First, consider a uniform magnetic field. If a charged particle enters this
field perpendicular to the field lines, what kind of path do you think it will follow?
• Excellent! The force on the charge will always be perpendicular to its velocity, causing it
to move in a circle. The radius of this circle and the time it takes to complete one
revolution can be calculated using specific formulas. Now, what if the particle enters the
field at an angle? In this case, it follows a helical path, a combination of circular motion
and linear motion.
Problem-Solving and Applications (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
Let's apply what we've learned to solve some numerical problems related to the motion of
charged particles in magnetic fields. I'll present a few problems, and we'll work through them
together step by step. Feel free to ask questions and share your thought processes.
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.4 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT ELEMENT,
BIOT-SAVART LAW
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state the Biot-Savart Law.
• Analyze the relationship between current, distance, and magnetic field strength.
• Understand the vector nature of the magnetic field due to a current element.
• Apply Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field in simple configurations.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Images/illustrations of magnetic fields around current carrying wires
• Small magnets and compasses (optional)
• Worksheet with problems based on Biot-Savart Law
Lesson Outline
Engaging with the Phenomenon (10 minutes)

• Begin by demonstrating the magnetic effect of current using a simple setup (e.g., a wire
connected to a battery and a compass).
• Ask students to observe the deflection of the compass needle when the circuit is
complete and discuss their observations.
• Introduce the concept of a magnetic field being produced by moving charges (electric
current).
Biot-Savart Law: Introduction and Explanation (15 minutes)

• Introduce the Biot-Savart Law, stating that it gives the magnetic field due to a small
element of current carrying wire at a point.
• Write the mathematical expression of the law on the board, explaining each term and
its significance.
• Emphasize the vector nature of the magnetic field and the direction using the right-hand
rule.
Analyzing the Law (10 minutes)

• Discuss the factors affecting the strength and direction of the magnetic field due to a
current element, as per Biot-Savart Law.
 • Analyze how the magnetic field changes with: - Magnitude of current - Distance from
the current element - Angle between the current element and the position vector of the
point
Application and Problem Solving (10 minutes)

• Solve a simple problem on the board using Biot-Savart Law, calculating the magnetic
field due to a straight current carrying wire at a point.
• Distribute worksheets with a variety of problems involving different configurations of
current carrying wires.
• Encourage students to work in pairs to solve these problems, applying the Biot-Savart
Law.
Recap and Looking Ahead (5 minutes)

• Summarize the key takeaways of the lesson: Biot-Savart Law, factors affecting magnetic
field strength, and its application.
• Briefly introduce the concept of Ampere's Law, which provides an alternative way to
calculate magnetic fields in certain symmetrical situations.
• Inform students about the topics to be covered in the next class, building upon the Biot-
Savart Law.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement during the demonstration and discussions.
• Assess their understanding through their responses to questions and problem-solving
approaches.
• Review the completed worksheets to evaluate their ability to apply the Biot-Savart Law
correctly.
Rubrics
Remembering the Law (20%)

Can the student accurately recall and state the Biot-Savart Law?

Understanding the Concepts (30%)

Can the student explain the meaning of each term in the law and its implications?

Analysis and Application (40%)

Can the student analyze the factors affecting the magnetic field and apply the law to solve
problems?

Creativity and Insight (10%)

Does the student demonstrate original thinking or insightful observations during problem-
solving or discussions?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore Ampere's Law and its applications in calculating magnetic
fields for symmetrical current distributions. We will also discuss the similarities and differences
between Biot-Savart Law and Ampere's Law, and when to use each approach effectively.
Additionally, we will delve into the concept of magnetic flux and its significance in
electromagnetic induction.

Next Steps
• Assign homework problems that involve more complex configurations of current
carrying wires.
• Encourage students to research applications of Biot-Savart Law in real-world scenarios
like MRI machines or particle accelerators.
• Conduct a laboratory experiment to verify the Biot-Savart Law using a current balance
or a Hall probe.

Handout 1: Magnetic field due to a current element: exploring

biot-savart law
Introduction: The Invisible Force
Have you ever wondered how magnets attract or repel each other without touching? Or how a
compass needle always points north? These phenomena are due to a fundamental force in
nature: magnetism. In this chapter, we will explore the fascinating relationship between
electricity and magnetism, specifically how moving electric charges create magnetic fields.

Unveiling the Biot-Savart Law

The Biot-Savart Law is our key to understanding the magnetic field created by a current-
carrying wire. Just like Coulomb's Law helps us calculate electric fields due to charges, the Biot-
Savart Law allows us to determine the magnetic field at a point due to a small segment of
current.

The Equation

The Biot-Savart Law states that the magnetic field (dB) at a point due to a small element of
current (Idl) is:

- Directly proportional to the current (I)

- Directly proportional to the length of the element (dl)

- Directly proportional to the sine of the angle (θ) between the current element and the line
joining the element to the point

- Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between the element and the point

Visualizing the Magnetic Field

Imagine a straight wire carrying current. The magnetic field lines around this wire form
concentric circles, with the wire at the center. The direction of these field lines can be
determined using the right-hand rule:

- Point your right thumb in the direction of the current.

- Curl your fingers around the wire.

- The direction of your curled fingers represents the direction of the magnetic field lines.

Factors Affecting Magnetic Field Strength

The strength of the magnetic field at a point due to a current element depends on:

- Current (I): Higher the current, stronger the magnetic field.

- Distance (r): Magnetic field strength decreases with increasing distance from the current
element.

Angle (θ): The magnetic field is strongest when the point is perpendicular to the current
element (θ = 90°) and zero when the point is along the line of the current element (θ = 0° or
180°).

Applications of Biot-Savart Law

The Biot-Savart Law is fundamental to understanding and designing various technologies,
including:

- Electromagnets: Used in devices like motors, generators, and loudspeakers.

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A medical imaging technique that utilizes strong magnetic
fields.

- Particle Accelerators: Used in scientific research to accelerate charged particles to high

speeds.

Practice Problems
1. A long straight wire carries a current of 5 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at a
point 10 cm from the wire?

2. Two parallel wires carry currents in the same direction. What is the direction of the magnetic
force between the wires?

3. A circular loop of wire carries a current. What is the direction of the magnetic field at the
center of the loop?

Additional Notes
 • Remember: The Biot-Savart Law is a fundamental law in electromagnetism that allows
us to calculate the magnetic field produced by moving charges. Understanding this law
is crucial for comprehending various electromagnetic phenomena and technological
applications.
• Keep Exploring: Research and explore other interesting applications of the Biot-Savart
Law in different fields.

Narration 1: Magnetic field due to a current element:

exploring biot-savart law
The Intriguing Dance of Magnets and Currents (10 minutes) (10
minutes)
• Alright everyone, let's kick things off today with a little experiment! I have here a simple
wire connected to a battery, and right next to it, a compass. Now, as you all know, a
compass needle always points North, right? But watch what happens when I complete
this circuit by connecting the wire to the battery.
• Did you see that? The compass needle moved! But why? What force could be acting on
it? Well, this, my friends, is the magic of moving charges, or what we call electric
current, creating a magnetic field around them!
• This invisible force field around any wire carrying current is what we call a magnetic
field. And today, we're going on a mission to understand how to figure out this magnetic
field, using a very important law called the Biot-Savart Law.
Decoding the Biot-Savart Law (15 minutes) (15 minutes)
• The Biot-Savart Law is our key to unlocking the secrets of the magnetic field created by a
current-carrying wire. It tells us that every tiny part of this wire, every little segment of
current, contributes to the magnetic field at a point.
• Now, let's break down the actual equation for the Biot-Savart Law and understand what
each term signifies. Don't worry, it's not as intimidating as it might look!
• And here's the interesting part – the magnetic field isn't just about strength; it also has
direction! We can figure out this direction using the right-hand rule, which we'll practice
together.
Unraveling the Factors at Play (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
• So, we know that current creates a magnetic field, but how strong is this field, and in
what direction? Well, the Biot-Savart Law tells us that it depends on a few key players:
• First, we have the amount of current flowing through the wire. More current, stronger
the magnetic field – just like having more water flowing in a river makes the current
stronger.
• Second, the distance from the wire matters. Imagine standing close to a speaker versus
far away – the sound intensity changes, right? Similarly, the magnetic field weakens as
we move away from the wire.
• Lastly, the angle at which we're looking at the wire also plays a role. Think of it like
looking at a flashlight beam head-on versus from the side – the brightness appears
different. Similarly, the magnetic field strength changes with the angle.
Putting the Law into Action (10 minutes) (10 minutes)
 • Now that we understand the Biot-Savart Law, let's put on our thinking caps and apply it
to a real problem! Suppose we have a straight wire carrying a certain amount of current.
How can we calculate the magnetic field at a specific point away from this wire?
• I'll walk you through a step-by-step solution on the board using the Biot-Savart Law, and
then, it's your turn! I have prepared some interesting problems for you all to solve in
pairs. These problems involve different arrangements of current-carrying wires, and
your task is to use the Biot-Savart Law to crack the magnetic field code!
Wrapping Up and Looking Ahead (5 minutes) (5 minutes)
• Let's take a moment to recap what we've learned today. We dove into the world of
magnetic fields, explored the Biot-Savart Law, and even used it to solve problems.
We've uncovered the factors influencing the magnetic field's strength and direction.
• But our journey doesn't end here! In our next class, get ready to explore another
intriguing law – Ampere's Law – which offers a different, and sometimes easier, way to
calculate these magnetic fields, especially for symmetrical arrangements of wires. It's
like having different tools in our physics toolbox!
• Until then, stay curious, and keep those physics brains buzzing!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.5 MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR
CURRENT LOOP
Learning Objectives
• Recall Biot-Savart law and its application.
• Understand the derivation of the magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.
• Analyze the factors affecting the magnetic field strength on the axis of the loop.
• Apply the formula to solve numerical problems related to the magnetic field due to a
current loop.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Circular loop apparatus (optional)
• Magnetic compass (optional)
• Prepared slides or diagrams (optional)
Lesson Outline
Recap and Introduction (5 minutes)

• Begin by briefly reviewing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field
produced by a current element.
• Introduce the topic of the day: calculating the magnetic field on the axis of a circular
current loop.
• Emphasize the importance of this concept in understanding the magnetic fields
produced by various current configurations.
Derivation of the Formula (20 minutes)

• Draw a clear diagram of a circular loop carrying current I, highlighting a small current
element dl.
• Explain how to calculate the magnetic field dB at a point on the axis of the loop due to
this current element using the Biot-Savart law.
• Clearly show the direction of dB using the right-hand rule.
• Explain that due to symmetry, only the component of dB along the axis contributes to
the net magnetic field.
• Integrate the expression for dB over the entire loop to obtain the formula for the
magnetic field B at a point on the axis.
Analysis and Discussion (15 minutes)
 • Discuss the final formula for the magnetic field, emphasizing the dependence on
current, radius of the loop, and the distance from the center of the loop.
• Analyze how the magnetic field strength varies along the axis of the loop.
• Discuss the special case of the magnetic field at the center of the loop.
• If possible, demonstrate the magnetic field using a circular loop apparatus and a
magnetic compass.
Application and Problem Solving (5 minutes)

• Solve a numerical problem related to the calculation of the magnetic field on the axis of
a circular loop.
• Encourage student participation in solving the problem step-by-step.
• Discuss the significance of the result and its practical applications.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during the recap and derivation.
• Assess their understanding through targeted questions during the analysis and
discussion.
• Evaluate their problem-solving skills based on their performance on the numerical
problem.
Rubrics
Remembering (20%)

Can the student recall the Biot-Savart law and state the formula for the magnetic field on the
axis of a circular loop?

Understanding (30%)

Can the student explain the derivation of the formula and the factors affecting the magnetic
field strength?

Analysis (30%)

Can the student analyze the variation of the magnetic field along the axis and discuss special
cases?

Application (20%)

Can the student apply the formula to solve numerical problems and understand the significance
of the results?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore the concept of Ampere's law and its applications in
calculating magnetic fields due to different current distributions. We will also discuss the force
on a moving charge in a magnetic field and its applications.

Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of the magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
 • Discuss the magnetic field due to a solenoid and its applications.
• Explore the similarities and differences between the magnetic fields produced by a bar
magnet and a current loop.

Handout 1: Magnetic field due to a circular current loop

Introduction
We will be exploring the magnetic field created by a circular loop of wire carrying an electric
current. This is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism with various applications.

We will be using the Biot-Savart Law, which you should be familiar with. This law helps us
calculate the magnetic field created by a current at any point in space.

Deriving the Formula

Imagine a circular loop of wire with radius "a" carrying a current "I". We want to find the
magnetic field "B" at a point "P" located a distance "x" away from the center of the loop, along
its axis.

We consider a small segment of the loop "dl". The magnetic field "dB" due to this segment at
point "P" can be given by the Biot-Savart Law.

Due to the symmetry of the loop, the components of "dB" perpendicular to the axis will cancel
out when we integrate over the entire loop. Therefore, only the component of "dB" along the
axis contributes to the net magnetic field at "P".

After integrating the expression for "dB" over the entire loop, we arrive at the formula for the
magnetic field at point "P": B = (μ₀ * I * a²) / (2 * (a² + x²)^(3/2)), where μ₀ is the permeability of
free space.

Analyzing the Formula

The magnetic field "B" is directly proportional to the current "I" flowing through the loop. A
higher current results in a stronger magnetic field.

The magnetic field "B" is inversely proportional to the distance "x" from the center of the loop.
As you move farther away from the loop, the magnetic field strength decreases.

At the center of the loop (x = 0), the magnetic field is maximum and is given by: B = (μ₀ * I) / (2
* a).

The direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the right-hand rule. If you curl the
fingers of your right hand in the direction of the current, your thumb will point in the direction
of the magnetic field.

Applications
Electromagnets: Circular current loops form the basis of electromagnets, which are used in
various applications like motors, generators, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Magnetic Dipole Moment: The magnetic field produced by a current loop is similar to that of a
bar magnet. This leads to the concept of the magnetic dipole moment, which is important in
understanding the behavior of magnetic materials.

Practice Problem
A circular loop of wire with a radius of 5 cm carries a current of 2 A. What is the magnetic field
strength at a point on the axis of the loop, 10 cm away from the center?

Additional Notes
• Remember to use the correct units for all quantities involved in the calculations.
• Try to visualize the magnetic field lines around the current loop. You can use iron filings
sprinkled on a piece of paper with the loop placed on top to observe the field pattern.
• Explore further: How does the magnetic field on the axis of a circular loop change if we
have multiple loops stacked together (like in a solenoid)?

Narration 1: Magnetic field due to a circular current loop

Recap and Introduction (5 minutes)
• Let's begin today's session by revisiting a fundamental law that governs the magnetic
fields produced by currents: the Biot-Savart Law. Can anyone remind us what this law
states and its significance?
• Excellent! Now, let's steer our attention to a specific scenario - determining the
magnetic field generated on the axis of a circular loop carrying current. This is a crucial
concept as it lays the groundwork for understanding the magnetic behavior of various
current configurations we encounter in physics.
• Imagine a tiny loop of wire carrying current. How would we figure out the magnetic field
it creates at a point directly above its center? That's what we'll uncover today!
Deriving the Formula (20 minutes)
• To visualize this, let's sketch a circular loop with current 'I' flowing through it. Now,
imagine a tiny segment of this loop, a current element denoted as 'dl'. We can use the
Biot-Savart Law to find the magnetic field 'dB' at a point on the loop's axis due to this
tiny element.
• Remember the right-hand rule? It helps us determine the direction of this magnetic field
'dB'. Now, due to the symmetrical nature of our circular loop, only the component of
'dB' along the axis contributes to the net magnetic field. Why do you think that is?
• Our next step is to integrate the expression for 'dB' over the entire loop. This will give us
the formula for the total magnetic field 'B' at any point on the axis. Don't worry, we'll
break down this integration step-by-step, and you'll see it's not as intimidating as it
sounds!
Analysis and Discussion (15 minutes)
 • Now, let's examine the formula we've derived. What factors influence the strength of
this magnetic field? The formula clearly shows the dependence on the current, the
radius of the loop, and the distance from the loop's center.
• Let's imagine moving along the axis of the loop. How do you think the magnetic field
strength changes as we move further away from the center? And what about the
magnetic field at the very center of the loop - any special characteristics there?
• If we have time, we'll use a circular loop apparatus and a magnetic compass to visually
demonstrate the magnetic field and its behavior. This will give you a practical
perspective on what we've discussed theoretically.
Application and Problem Solving (5 minutes)
• Now that we have a grasp of the theory, let's apply our knowledge to a real-world
problem! We'll work through a numerical problem together, step-by-step, where we
need to calculate the magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.
• I encourage everyone to actively participate in solving this problem. Don't hesitate to
share your thoughts and ideas. Once we've found the solution, we'll discuss its
significance and explore how this concept is applied in practical scenarios.
Conclusion (0 minutes)
Today, we've embarked on a journey to understand the magnetic field produced by a circular
current loop on its axis. We began by recalling the Biot-Savart Law, then meticulously derived
the formula for the magnetic field, carefully analyzed its components and dependencies, and
finally, applied our knowledge to solve a practical problem. Remember, understanding this
concept is fundamental to comprehending the magnetic behavior of various current
configurations. Great work today!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.6 AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state Ampere's Circuital Law.
• Apply Ampere's Circuital Law to calculate the magnetic field due to straight and
infinitely long current carrying conductors.
• Analyze the relationship between current and the magnetic field it produces.
• Evaluate the limitations of Ampere's Circuital Law.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or blackboard
• Markers or chalk
• PowerPoint presentation (optional)
• Images/diagrams illustrating Ampere's Circuital Law and its applications
• Worksheet with problems based on Ampere's Circuital Law
Lesson Outline
Introducing Ampere's Law (10 minutes)

• Begin by reviewing the concept of magnetic fields produced by moving charges (link to
previous lesson).
• Introduce Ampere's Circuital Law as a powerful tool to determine the magnetic field
around a current-carrying conductor.
• State the law: The line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed path in vacuum
is equal to μ0 times the total current I threading the closed path.
Understanding the Law (15 minutes)

• Explain the meaning of line integral and its significance in the context of Ampere's Law.
• Discuss the role of permeability of free space (μ0) in the equation.
• Illustrate the law with diagrams, showing different closed paths and the current
threading them.
Applications of Ampere's Law (15 minutes)

• Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight current-
carrying conductor using Ampere's Law.
• Solve a numerical problem based on the derivation, calculating the magnetic field at a
certain distance from the conductor.
• Discuss other applications of Ampere's Law, such as finding the magnetic field inside a
solenoid and a toroid (mention these examples for advanced understanding).
Limitations and Conclusion (5 minutes)

• Discuss the limitations of Ampere's Law, emphasizing that it is valid only for steady
currents.
• Briefly introduce the concept of displacement current and its role in modifying Ampere's
Law for time-varying fields (connect to future lessons).
• Conclude by summarizing the importance of Ampere's Law in electromagnetism.
Assessment
• Observe student participation during the review and discussion.
• Evaluate student understanding based on their responses to questions.
• Assess problem-solving skills through the numerical problem based on Ampere's Law.
• Review completed worksheets for understanding and accuracy in applying the law.
Rubrics
Remembering Ampere's Law (20%)

Can the student accurately recall and state Ampere's Circuital Law?

Understanding the Law (30%)

Can the student explain the meaning of the terms in the law and its significance?

Applying the Law (30%)

Can the student apply Ampere's Law to solve problems involving magnetic fields due to current-
carrying conductors?

Analyzing and Evaluating (20%)

Can the student analyze the relationship between current and magnetic field and evaluate the
limitations of Ampere's Law?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will delve into the concept of magnetic flux and Faraday's Law of
electromagnetic induction, which describes the interaction between changing magnetic fields
and electric currents.

Next Steps
• Assign homework problems that involve applying Ampere's Law to different
configurations of current-carrying conductors.
• Encourage students to research and explore the applications of Ampere's Law in various
fields like electronics and telecommunications.
• Conduct a laboratory experiment to verify Ampere's Law using a solenoid and a
magnetic field sensor.
 Handout 1: Unveiling ampere's circuital law
What is Ampere's Circuital Law?
Ampere's Circuital Law provides a powerful way to determine the magnetic field (B) produced
by a steady electric current (I).

Imagine a closed loop, or path, surrounding a wire carrying a current. Ampere's Law tells us
that the total magnetic field along this loop is directly proportional to the current passing
through the loop.

Mathematically, it's represented as: ∮B⋅dl = μ₀I

- Where:
- ∮B⋅dl represents the line integral of the magnetic field (B) around the closed path.
- μ₀ is the permeability of free space (a constant value).
- I is the total current enclosed by the path.

Key Points to Remember

Line Integral: Think of it like adding up all the tiny contributions of the magnetic field along the
chosen loop. It considers both the strength and direction of the field.

Permeability of Free Space (μ₀): This constant tells us how easily a magnetic field can be
established in a vacuum. It's like a measure of how 'permeable' space is to magnetic fields.

Right-Hand Rule: You can use the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic
field around a current-carrying wire. Point your thumb in the direction of the current, and your
curled fingers will show the direction of the magnetic field lines.

Applications of Ampere's Law

Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire: Ampere's Law helps us derive the formula for the magnetic
field around a long, straight wire, which is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.

Solenoids: It's used to calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid (a coil of wire), which is
approximately uniform.

Toroids: Ampere's Law is also applied to toroids (donut-shaped coils) to determine the
magnetic field within them.

Limitations of Ampere’s Law

Steady Currents: Ampere's Law in its basic form works best for steady currents (not changing
with time).

Displacement Current: For situations involving changing electric fields, a modification called
'displacement current' is introduced to make Ampere's Law more general.
Practice Problems
Calculate the magnetic field at a distance 'r' from a long, straight wire carrying current 'I'. Use
Ampere's Law and the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the field.

A solenoid has 'n' turns of wire per unit length and carries a current 'I'. Use Ampere's Law to
find the magnetic field inside the solenoid, assuming it's much longer than its radius.

Research: Find examples of how Ampere's Law is used in practical applications, such as in
designing electromagnets or in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Additional Notes
• Ampere's Law is a fundamental law in electromagnetism that helps us understand and
calculate magnetic fields produced by electric currents. By mastering this law, you gain a
deeper insight into the fascinating interplay between electricity and magnetism.
• Keep exploring, and don't hesitate to ask questions!

Narration 1: Unveiling ampere's circuital law

Recap of Magnetic Fields and Introduction to Ampere's Law (10
minutes) (10 minutes)
• Let's begin today's session by revisiting a fascinating concept we've explored earlier –
magnetic fields generated by moving charges. Remember how a simple flow of
electrons can create a magnetic influence around it? Today, we're going to delve deeper
into this relationship and discover a powerful tool that helps us calculate this magnetic
field - Ampere's Circuital Law.
• Imagine you have a wire carrying an electric current. This current creates an invisible
force field around the wire – the magnetic field. Ampere's Circuital Law provides an
elegant way to determine the strength and direction of this field.
Deciphering Ampere's Circuital Law (15 minutes) (15 minutes)
• Now, let's break down Ampere's Circuital Law into simpler terms. Imagine taking a stroll
around the wire carrying the current. This stroll represents the 'closed path' mentioned
in the law. As you walk, you measure the magnetic field at every point along this path
and add up those measurements. This process of adding up is called 'line integral' in
physics.
• Ampere's Law states that this sum, the line integral of the magnetic field, is directly
proportional to the total current flowing through the wire. The constant of
proportionality is μ0, known as the permeability of free space, a fundamental constant
in electromagnetism.
Visualizing Ampere's Law and Its Applications (15 minutes) (15
minutes)
• To solidify our understanding, let's visualize this law using diagrams. Imagine a straight,
infinitely long wire carrying a current. We can draw imaginary loops, our 'closed paths,'
around this wire. Ampere's Law allows us to calculate the magnetic field at any point on
these loops.
 • A practical application of this law is determining the magnetic field produced by a
solenoid, a coil of wire. By applying Ampere's Law, we can calculate the magnetic field
inside the solenoid, which is surprisingly uniform.
• Let's solve a numerical problem together to see how we can apply Ampere's Law to
calculate the magnetic field at a specific distance from a current-carrying conductor.
Beyond Ampere's Law: A Glimpse into Future Concepts (5 minutes) (5
minutes)
While incredibly powerful, Ampere's Law has its limitations. It works perfectly for steady
currents, but what happens when the current changes with time? That's where the concept of
displacement current comes in, a modification to Ampere's Law introduced by Maxwell to
account for time-varying fields. We will explore this fascinating concept in our upcoming
lessons.

Wrapping Up and Looking Ahead (5 minutes) (5 minutes)

• To sum up, Ampere's Circuital Law provides a fundamental relationship between
electricity and magnetism, allowing us to calculate magnetic fields produced by current-
carrying conductors. It lays the groundwork for understanding more complex
electromagnetic phenomena.
• As we move forward, we will delve deeper into the world of electromagnetism,
exploring concepts like magnetic flux and Faraday's Law, which beautifully describe the
interplay between changing magnetic fields and electric currents. Stay curious and keep
those questions coming!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.7 THE SOLENOID
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state the definition and properties of a solenoid.
• Explain the magnetic field due to a solenoid using right-hand rule.
• Analyze the factors affecting the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid.
• Design a simple experiment to demonstrate the magnetic field of a solenoid.
Material Needed
• A solenoid (can be procured or made using insulated copper wire and a cylindrical
object like a pen)
• DC power supply (battery eliminator or cells)
• Connecting wires with crocodile clips
• Iron filings
• Compass
• Cardboard
• Whiteboard and markers
Lesson Outline
Introducing the Solenoid (10 minutes)

• Begin by asking students if they have ever used devices like electric bells, fans, or even
scrapyard cranes.
• Introduce the solenoid as a crucial component in these devices and many more.
• Define a solenoid: 'A solenoid is a long coil of wire wrapped in many turns, usually
around a cylindrical core.'
• Show a real solenoid and explain how it's made.
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (15 minutes)

• Demonstrate the magnetic field of a solenoid: Connect the solenoid to the DC power
supply and sprinkle iron filings on a cardboard sheet placed around it. Observe the
pattern of iron filings.
• Explain that a current-carrying solenoid produces a magnetic field similar to that of a bar
magnet.
• Introduce the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field: If you
grasp the solenoid with your right hand such that your curled fingers point in the
direction of the conventional current, your extended thumb will point towards the north
pole of the solenoid.
• Draw diagrams on the board to illustrate the magnetic field lines.
Factors Affecting Field Strength (10 minutes)
 • Discuss the factors affecting the strength of the magnetic field of a solenoid:
- Number of turns in the solenoid: More turns, stronger field.
- Current flowing through the solenoid: Higher current, stronger field.
- Presence of a ferromagnetic core: Core strengthens the field.
• Use the compass to demonstrate how the magnetic field strength changes with varying
current or number of turns in the solenoid.
Solenoid Design Challenge (10 minutes)

• Divide the class into groups and challenge them to design a simple experiment to
demonstrate one of the factors affecting the magnetic field strength of a solenoid.
• Provide materials like additional solenoids, varying power sources, iron rods,
compasses, and encourage creative thinking.
• Groups will present their experiment designs and discuss the expected outcomes.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement during the demonstration and their understanding of the
right-hand rule.
• Evaluate their responses during discussions about factors affecting field strength.
• Assess the creativity and feasibility of their experiment designs in the challenge.
• Assign a short quiz at the end of the class to test their understanding of the definition,
properties, and factors affecting the magnetic field of a solenoid.
Rubrics
Knowledge of Solenoid (30%)

Can the student define a solenoid and explain its properties?

Understanding Magnetic Field (40%)

Can the student explain and apply the right-hand rule to determine the magnetic field
direction? Can they explain the factors affecting field strength?

Experiment Design and Analysis (30%)

Can the student design a feasible experiment and analyze the expected outcomes?

Follow Up
Encourage students to research and find more real-world applications of solenoids. Ask them to
think about how solenoids contribute to technological advancements in various fields.

Next Steps
• In the next lesson, we will delve into the applications of solenoids in various devices like
electromagnets, relays, and electric motors.
• Students will learn about the working principles of these devices and their significance
in our daily lives.
 Handout 1: Exploring the fascinating world of solenoids
What is a Solenoid?
A solenoid is a coil of wire wound tightly in many turns, often around a cylindrical core. Think of
it like a spring made of wire!

When an electric current flows through this coil, it creates a magnetic field around it, turning
the solenoid into an electromagnet.

The Magic of Magnetism

We can see this magnetic field in action! By connecting a solenoid to a power source and
sprinkling iron filings around it, the filings will arrange themselves along the magnetic field
lines.

The pattern formed resembles that of a bar magnet, with a north pole and a south pole.

Right-Hand Rule: Finding the North Pole

Imagine holding the solenoid in your right hand with your fingers curled in the direction of the
conventional current (from positive to negative terminal).

Your extended thumb will then point towards the north pole of the solenoid.

Factors Influencing Magnetic Field Strength

Number of Turns

Just like adding more loops to a spring makes it stronger, increasing the number of turns in the
solenoid strengthens its magnetic field.

Current Strength

A higher current flowing through the solenoid results in a stronger magnetic field. Think of it as
increasing the water flow in a pipe for greater force.

Core Material

Adding a ferromagnetic core, like an iron rod, inside the solenoid can significantly enhance its
magnetic field strength.

Solenoid Design Challenge

Time to put your thinking caps on! Your challenge is to design a simple experiment that
demonstrates how one of the factors mentioned earlier affects the magnetic field strength of a
solenoid.
Think about using different solenoids, power sources, iron cores, and compasses to observe and
measure the changes in the magnetic field.

Additional Notes
• Remember, solenoids are not just theoretical concepts; they are found in numerous
devices we use every day, from electric bells and door locks to medical imaging
equipment and particle accelerators.
• Keep exploring and stay curious about the fascinating world of electromagnetism!

Narration 1: Exploring the fascinating world of solenoids

Everyday Encounters with Solenoids (10 minutes)
• Good morning, class! Before we dive into the world of solenoids, let's start by thinking
about our everyday experiences. Have you ever wondered how an electric bell rings or
how a scrapyard crane lifts heavy objects? The answer lies in a fascinating device called
a solenoid.
• A solenoid is a simple coil of wire that becomes an electromagnet when an electric
current flows through it. It's a key component in many devices we use daily.
Constructing a Solenoid: From Wire to Wonder (5 minutes)
Now, let's understand how a solenoid is made. Imagine taking a long piece of insulated copper
wire and winding it neatly around a cylindrical object, like a pen. That's essentially what a
solenoid is! The more turns of wire you have, the stronger the magnetic field it can produce.

Unveiling the Invisible: Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (10 minutes)

But how do we know that a solenoid actually produces a magnetic field? Let's conduct a simple
experiment. I have a solenoid connected to a power source. When I turn on the power and
sprinkle iron filings around the solenoid, observe what happens. You'll see the iron filings
arrange themselves in a specific pattern, revealing the invisible magnetic field lines.

Decoding the Right-Hand Rule (10 minutes)

To determine the direction of the magnetic field, we use the Right-Hand Rule. Imagine grasping
the solenoid with your right hand, such that your curled fingers point in the direction of the
conventional current flow. Your extended thumb will then point towards the north pole of the
solenoid.

Factors Influencing Solenoid Strength (10 minutes)

The strength of a solenoid's magnetic field isn't constant—it can be influenced by several
factors. Can anyone guess what these factors might be? That's right! The number of turns in
the coil, the amount of current flowing through it, and the presence of a ferromagnetic core
inside the solenoid all play a role in determining its magnetic strength.

Solenoid Design Challenge (5 minutes)

Now, let's put our knowledge to the test with a Solenoid Design Challenge! I'm going to divide
you into groups and challenge each group to design a simple experiment to demonstrate one
factor affecting the magnetic field strength of a solenoid. Use the materials provided and let
your creativity flow!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.8 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS, THE
AMPERE
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state the definition of the Ampere.
• Describe the factors influencing the force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors.
• Apply the formula to calculate the force between parallel currents.
• Analyze the behavior of parallel currents in various configurations and scenarios.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Images/diagrams of parallel conductors and magnetic field lines
• Ammeter (optional, for demonstration)
• Long wires, power supply, switch (optional, for demonstration)
Lesson Outline
Introduction and Recap (5 minutes)

• Begin by briefly reviewing the concept of magnetic fields produced by a straight current-
carrying conductor (Biot-Savart Law).
• Ask students to recall the right-hand rule for determining the direction of the magnetic
field.
• Introduce the idea that when two current-carrying conductors are placed close to each
other, their magnetic fields interact, resulting in a force between them.
Force Between Two Parallel Currents (15 minutes)

• Draw or project an image of two parallel conductors carrying currents in the same
direction and in opposite directions.
• Explain that the force can be attractive (when currents flow in the same direction) or
repulsive (when currents flow in opposite directions).
• Introduce the formula for calculating the force per unit length between two parallel
conductors: F/l = μ₀I₁I₂/2πd, where F is the force, l is the length of the conductors, μ₀ is
the permeability of free space, I₁ and I₂ are the currents, and d is the distance between
the conductors.
• Emphasize the factors affecting the force: magnitude of currents, distance between
conductors, and the permeability of the medium.
The Ampere (10 minutes)

• Define the Ampere (A) as the unit of electric current.

• State the formal definition of the Ampere based on the force between two parallel
conductors: One Ampere is the constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1
meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 ×
10⁻⁷ newton per meter of length.
• Explain how this definition relates to the formula discussed earlier.
Application and Analysis (10 minutes)

• Work through numerical examples to calculate the force between parallel conductors
for different scenarios (varying currents, distances, and directions).
• Discuss real-world applications of this phenomenon, such as in electromagnets, motors,
and power transmission lines.
• Encourage students to analyze the behavior of parallel currents in different
configurations and predict the direction and magnitude of the force.
Creative Thinking and Discussion (5 minutes)

• Pose open-ended questions to stimulate creative thinking:

• What would happen if the currents were not parallel but at an angle to each other?
• How could we use the force between parallel currents to design a simple device?
• Facilitate a brief class discussion based on student responses.
Assessment
• Observe student engagement and participation during the recap and discussions.
• Evaluate their understanding through responses to questions and problem-solving
activities.
• Assess their ability to apply the formula and analyze different scenarios.
• Review their creative thinking and insights from the open-ended questions.
Rubrics
Knowledge and Understanding (30%)

Can the student recall and explain the concepts of force between parallel currents and the
definition of the Ampere?

Application (40%)

Can the student apply the formula to solve numerical problems related to the force between
parallel conductors?

Analysis and Creativity (30%)

Can the student analyze the behavior of parallel currents in different situations and
demonstrate creative thinking in problem-solving?
Follow Up
In the following lesson, we will explore the concept of magnetic flux and Faraday's Law of
electromagnetic induction, which are fundamental to understanding the workings of generators
and transformers. We will also delve deeper into the applications of magnetism in various
technological advancements.

Next Steps
• Assign practice problems and exercises from the textbook or online resources for
further reinforcement.
• Conduct a laboratory experiment (if resources permit) to demonstrate the force
between parallel currents using long wires, a power supply, and an ammeter.
• Introduce the concept of magnetic flux and its relation to the force between current-
carrying conductors in the next lesson.

Handout 1: Force between parallel currents and the ampere

Introduction
We already know that a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field. But did you
know that two current-carrying conductors placed near each other exert a force on one
another? This interaction is a fundamental aspect of electromagnetism.

In this handout, we will delve into the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors
and understand how this phenomenon leads to the definition of the Ampere, the unit of
electric current.

Force Between Two Parallel Currents

Imagine two parallel wires carrying electric current. Each wire generates its own magnetic field
due to the moving charges (electrons) within it.

These magnetic fields interact, leading to a force between the wires. The nature of this force
depends on the direction of the currents:

Attractive Force:

When currents in the two parallel wires flow in the same direction, the wires experience an
attractive force, pulling them towards each other.

Repulsive Force:

When currents in the two parallel wires flow in opposite directions, the wires experience a
repulsive force, pushing them away from each other.

Calculating the Force

The force per unit length (F/l) between two parallel conductors carrying currents I₁ and I₂
separated by a distance d is given by:

F/l = μ₀I₁I₂ / 2πd

Where:

- F is the force between the conductors (in Newtons)

- l is the length of the conductors (in meters)

- μ₀ is the permeability of free space (a constant value of 4π × 10⁻⁷ T⋅m/A)

- I₁ and I₂ are the currents in the conductors (in Amperes)

- d is the distance between the conductors (in meters)

The Ampere
The Ampere (A), often shortened to "amp," is the base unit of electric current in the
International System of Units (SI).

The formal definition of the Ampere, based on the force between two parallel conductors, is:

“One Ampere is the constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10⁻⁷ newton per meter of length.”

Applications
The force between parallel currents has numerous applications in our daily lives and various
technologies, including:

Electromagnets:

By winding a wire into a coil (solenoid) and passing a current through it, we can create a strong
magnetic field. This principle is used in devices like MRI machines, loudspeakers, and electric
motors.

Motors:

Electric motors utilize the force between current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields to
generate rotational motion, powering a wide range of devices from electric fans to electric
vehicles.

Power Transmission Lines:

The high-voltage power lines you see crisscrossing the landscape carry alternating current (AC).
While not strictly parallel, the force between these lines is a factor in their design and spacing.

Points to Remember
Parallel currents flowing in the same direction attract each other, while those flowing in
opposite directions repel.

The force between parallel currents is directly proportional to the product of the currents and
inversely proportional to the distance between them.

The Ampere is defined based on the force between two parallel conductors carrying a constant
current.

Practice Problems
Two parallel wires 1 meter long each carry a current of 5 A in the same direction. If the wires
are 0.1 meters apart, calculate the magnitude of the force between them.

Two parallel conductors carrying currents of 2 A and 4 A in opposite directions are separated by
a distance of 0.05 meters. Determine the force per unit length between the conductors.

Explain why high-voltage power lines are usually spaced far apart from each other.

Additional Notes
• Think about other applications of the force between parallel currents in technology and
everyday life. How does this phenomenon contribute to the functioning of devices you
use regularly?
• Further Exploration: Research the concept of magnetic flux and its relationship to the
force between current-carrying conductors. How does Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction explain the interaction between changing magnetic fields and electric
currents?

Narration 1: Force between parallel currents and the ampere

Recap: The Magnetic Symphony of Moving Charges (5 minutes)
• Let's begin our journey into the fascinating world of moving charges and magnetism by
revisiting a familiar concept: the magnetic field generated by a straight current-carrying
conductor.
• Remember the elegant dance of the right-hand rule? It helps us visualize and determine
the direction of this magnetic field. Now, imagine two such conductors, each humming
with its own magnetic field, brought close to each other. What do you think would
happen?
• Today, we're going to explore this intriguing interaction, uncovering the forces that
attract or repel, and the factors that govern their strength.
Interactive Demonstration: Unveiling the Invisible Force (10 minutes)
 • To truly grasp this phenomenon, let's witness it firsthand. I've set up a simple
demonstration with two long, straight wires connected to a power supply. When I turn
on the current, watch closely what happens to the wires.
• Notice how the wires move towards each other when the currents flow in the same
direction. Now, observe what happens when the currents flow in opposite directions.
Fascinating, isn't it?
• This visible interaction is a testament to the invisible force at play – the magnetic force
between parallel currents.
Decoding the Force: Factors at Play (10 minutes)
• Now that we've witnessed this force in action, let's delve into the factors that influence
its strength. The formula F/l = μ₀I₁I₂/2πd holds the key to understanding this interaction.
• Let's break it down together. 'F' represents the force, 'l' the length of the wires, 'μ₀' a
fundamental constant known as the permeability of free space, 'I₁' and 'I₂' the currents
in the wires, and 'd' the distance separating them. Can anyone tell me what happens to
the force if we increase the current in one of the wires?
• That's right! The force increases proportionally. Similarly, as the distance between the
wires decreases, the force strengthens. This interplay between current and distance
determines the intensity of the magnetic interaction.
The Ampere: A Unit Defined by Force (10 minutes)
• Now, let's turn our attention to a fundamental unit in electromagnetism: the Ampere,
often shortened to 'amp'. This unit, named after the French physicist André-Marie
Ampère, quantifies electric current.
• The formal definition of the Ampere beautifully encapsulates the force we've been
exploring: One Ampere is the constant current which, if maintained in two straight
parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1
meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 ×
10⁻⁷ newton per meter of length.
• This definition emphasizes that the Ampere is not just an abstract unit, but one
intrinsically linked to the tangible force between current-carrying conductors.
From Theory to Application: Real-World Implications (5 minutes)
• The interaction between parallel currents isn't confined to textbook examples; it powers
countless technologies that shape our world.
• Consider electromagnets, used in everything from loudspeakers to MRI machines. Their
strength relies on the carefully controlled forces between parallel current-carrying coils.
Motors, which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, also exploit this
principle.
• Even the efficient transmission of electricity over long distances relies on minimizing
energy losses due to the magnetic forces between power lines. Understanding these
interactions is crucial for designing and optimizing such technologies.
Challenge Your Intuition: Unconventional Configurations (5 minutes)
• Let's step outside the realm of perfectly parallel conductors and consider more complex
scenarios. What if the currents were not parallel but at an angle to each other? How
would the force change?
 • Imagine two current-carrying loops placed close together. Can you predict how they
would interact? These questions challenge us to apply our understanding to
unconventional configurations, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge.
Homework: Solidifying Understanding, Sparking Curiosity (0 minutes)
To solidify your understanding, I'm assigning a few practice problems from the textbook.
Additionally, I encourage you to research and explore real-world applications of the force
between parallel currents. Prepare to share your findings and insights in our next class!
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.9 TORQUE ON CURRENT LOOP, MAGNETIC DIPOLE
Learning Objectives
• Recall the concept of torque and magnetic moment.
• Explain the behavior of a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field.
• Derive the expression for torque on a rectangular loop in a uniform magnetic field.
• Understand the concept of a magnetic dipole and relate it to a current loop.
• Analyze the analogy between a current loop and a magnetic dipole.
• Apply the concepts to solve numerical problems.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard or projector
• Markers or pens
• Model of a rectangular loop and magnetic field (optional)
• Pictures/illustrations of magnetic dipoles and current loops
• Textbook and reference materials
• Worksheet with practice problems
Lesson Outline
Recap and Introduction (5 minutes)

• Begin by briefly reviewing the concepts of magnetic force on a moving charge and the
magnetic field.
• Introduce the topic of torque experienced by a current-carrying loop when placed in a
magnetic field.
• Pose questions to stimulate students' thinking about how a loop might behave in a
magnetic field.
Torque on a Rectangular Loop (15 minutes)

• Draw a clear diagram of a rectangular loop carrying current I, placed in a uniform

magnetic field B.
• Consider the forces acting on each side of the loop and discuss their directions.
• Explain how these forces result in a net torque on the loop.
• Derive the expression for the torque (τ = NIBA sinθ), explaining each term and its
significance.
Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole (15 minutes)

• Introduce the concept of a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment (m = NIA).
• Show pictures/illustrations of magnetic dipoles and their field lines.
 • Compare the behavior and field lines of a current loop to that of a bar magnet.
• Explain the analogy between a current loop and a magnetic dipole, emphasizing that
both create similar magnetic fields.
Application and Problem Solving (10 minutes)

• Work through a numerical example to demonstrate the application of the derived

formula for torque.
• Provide students with a worksheet containing a variety of problems related to torque on
a current loop and magnetic dipole moment.
• Encourage students to work in pairs or small groups to solve the problems.
Conclusion and Summary (5 minutes)

• Summarize the key concepts covered in the lesson: torque on a current loop, magnetic
dipole moment, and the analogy between a current loop and a magnetic dipole.
• Address any remaining questions from the students.
• Assign homework problems from the textbook to reinforce the learned concepts.
Assessment
• Active participation in class discussions and problem-solving activities.
• Observation of students' understanding during problem-solving.
• Review of completed worksheets and homework assignments.
Rubrics
Understanding of Torque and Magnetic Moment (30%)

Can the student explain the concepts of torque on a current loop and magnetic dipole
moment?

Derivation and Application of Formula (40%)

Can the student derive the formula for torque and apply it to solve numerical problems?

Understanding of Analogy (30%)

Can the student explain the analogy between a current loop and a magnetic dipole?

Follow Up
In the next lesson, we will explore the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field and
discuss its applications. We will also delve into the concept of the Hall effect and its
significance.

Next Steps
• Introduce the concept of a galvanometer and explain its working principle based on the
torque on a current loop.
• Discuss the applications of the magnetic dipole moment in various fields like MRI,
motors, and generators.
• Conduct an experiment to demonstrate the torque on a current loop in a magnetic field.
 Handout 1: Torque on current loop and magnetic dipole
moment
Introduction: Torque on a Current Loop
We already know that a moving charge experiences a force in a magnetic field. But what
happens when a current-carrying loop is placed in a magnetic field? The loop experiences a
torque, which is a twisting force that causes rotation.

Torque on a Rectangular Loop

Imagine a rectangular loop carrying current (I) placed in a uniform magnetic field (B). The forces
on the opposite sides of the loop are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, creating a
net torque.

Deriving the Torque

The torque (τ) on a rectangular loop is given by: τ = NIBA sinθ, where:
- N is the number of turns in the loop
- I is the current in the loop
- B is the magnetic field strength
- A is the area of the loop
- θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the plane of the loop

Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

A current loop behaves like a tiny magnet, called a magnetic dipole. It has a north pole and a
south pole, just like a bar magnet.

Magnetic Dipole Moment

The strength of a magnetic dipole is given by its magnetic dipole moment (m), defined as: m =
NIA
- The direction of the magnetic dipole moment is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and
follows the right-hand rule.

Analogy: Current Loop vs. Bar Magnet

Both a current loop and a bar magnet produce similar magnetic fields. The field lines around a
current loop resemble those around a bar magnet.

Key Takeaways
A current-carrying loop in a magnetic field experiences a torque.

The torque is maximum when the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field and zero
when it is perpendicular.

A current loop behaves as a magnetic dipole, with its own magnetic dipole moment.
Practice Problems
A rectangular loop of wire with sides 5 cm and 10 cm carries a current of 2 A. It is placed in a
uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T such that the plane of the loop makes an angle of 30° with the
field. Calculate the torque on the loop.

A circular loop of radius 2 cm carries a current of 1 A. What is the magnitude of its magnetic
dipole moment?

Additional Notes
• Visualize the forces and torque on a current loop using diagrams and animations. Try to
relate the concepts to real-world applications like electric motors and generators.
• Remember: The right-hand rule is your friend! Use it to determine the direction of the
magnetic force, magnetic field, and magnetic dipole moment.

Narration 1: Torque on current loop and magnetic dipole

moment
Recap and Introduction (5 minutes)
Let's begin today's class by quickly revisiting what we've learned about magnetic force on
moving charges and the magnetic field. Remember, a moving charge creates its own magnetic
field, and when this charge enters an external magnetic field, it experiences a force. Now,
imagine a wire carrying current, which is essentially a stream of moving charges. What happens
when this wire, bent in the form of a loop, is placed in a magnetic field? That's what we are
going to explore today! Think about this: how do you think the loop will behave in the magnetic
field? Will it move, rotate, or stay still? Let's find out!

Torque on a Rectangular Loop (15 minutes)

Let's visualize a rectangular loop carrying current 'I' placed in a uniform magnetic field 'B'. Can
someone help me draw this on the board? Good! Now, let's consider the forces acting on each
side of this loop. Notice that the forces on opposite sides are equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction. What does this tell us about the net force on the loop? Yes, the net force is zero,
which means the loop won't simply move in one direction. However, these forces do create a
turning effect on the loop, which we call torque. The torque (τ) is given by the formula: τ = NIBA
sinθ, where N is the number of turns in the loop, A is the area of the loop, and θ is the angle
between the magnetic field and the normal to the loop. The greater the area of the loop or the
stronger the magnetic field, the greater the torque. The sinθ term tells us that the torque is
maximum when the loop is oriented perpendicular to the field (θ = 90 degrees) and zero when
it's parallel (θ = 0 degrees).

Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole (15 minutes)

Have you heard of a magnetic dipole? A magnetic dipole is like a tiny magnet with a north and
south pole. It creates a magnetic field around it, represented by field lines that emerge from
the north pole and curve towards the south pole. Now, here's something interesting: a current
loop behaves just like a magnetic dipole! It has its own magnetic dipole moment 'm', given by
m = NIA, where N, I, and A are the same as before. If you could shrink a current loop down to a
tiny size, it would essentially act like a tiny bar magnet. This analogy helps us understand how
compasses work or how magnets attract or repel each other. The magnetic dipole moment is
like the strength of this tiny magnet.

Application and Problem Solving (10 minutes)

Let's put our understanding to the test. Suppose we have a rectangular loop with 100 turns,
carrying a current of 2A, placed in a magnetic field of 0.5T. If the area of the loop is 0.1 square
meters and the angle between the loop and the field is 30 degrees, what is the torque
experienced by the loop? Let's use our formula: τ = NIBA sinθ and plug in the values. Can
someone help me calculate this? Great! Now, I want you all to work in pairs and try solving the
problems on the worksheet. These problems will help you practice calculating torque and
understanding the concept of magnetic dipole moment in different situations.

Conclusion and Summary (5 minutes)

To sum up, today, we explored the fascinating behavior of current loops in magnetic fields. We
learned that a current loop experiences a torque in a magnetic field due to the interaction
between the magnetic field and the current. We also discovered that a current loop acts like a
magnetic dipole, with its own magnetic dipole moment. Remember, the torque and dipole
moment depend on the loop's characteristics like its area, the current flowing through it, and
its orientation in the magnetic field. For homework, please solve the problems from the
textbook to solidify your understanding of these concepts. We will continue our exploration of
magnetism in the nex
 LESSON PLAN
CLASS – XIIth
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
CHAPTER – 4 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
TOPIC - 4.10 THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
Learning Objectives
• Recall and state the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer.
• Design a basic moving coil galvanometer using simple materials.
• Analyze the factors affecting the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer.
• Explain the significance of key features like radial magnetic field and torque in a
galvanometer.
Material Needed
• Whiteboard and markers
• Diagram/model of a moving coil galvanometer
• Simple magnets
• Coil of wire
• Battery
• Connecting wires
• Compass
• Chart paper for group work
• Pens/pencils
Lesson Outline
Introduction & Recap (10 minutes)

• Begin by revisiting the concept of magnetic fields and their influence on moving charges.
• Ask students to recall the motor effect and its significance.
• Introduce the moving coil galvanometer as a device that utilizes this effect for
measurement.
Working Principle (15 minutes)

• Explain the construction of a moving coil galvanometer, highlighting key components

like the coil, magnet, spring, and pointer.
• Describe how a current passing through the coil interacts with the magnetic field,
producing a torque.
• Illustrate how this torque leads to the deflection of the coil and the pointer, indicating
current strength.
Hands-On Activity: Building a Simple Galvanometer (10 minutes)

• Divide students into small groups and provide them with simple materials.
 • Guide them to construct a basic galvanometer model, demonstrating the principle in
action.
• Encourage observation and discussion within groups about the effect of changing
current direction or magnet strength on the coil's deflection.
Factors Affecting Sensitivity & Applications (10 minutes)

• Discuss the concept of sensitivity in a galvanometer and its importance.

• Analyze how factors like number of turns in the coil, magnetic field strength, and spring
stiffness affect sensitivity.
• Explain the practical applications of galvanometers in various fields like ammeters,
voltmeters, and other measuring instruments.
Wrap Up & Assessment (5 minutes)

• Summarize the key learnings about the moving coil galvanometer.

• Assign a short quiz or worksheet to assess understanding of the working principle,
factors affecting sensitivity, and applications.
• Encourage students to think about real-world examples where galvanometers might be
used.
Assessment
• Active participation in discussions and group activity.
• Observation of students' engagement and understanding during the model building.
• Evaluation of responses to the quiz/worksheet on the working principle and factors
affecting sensitivity.
• Assessment of students' ability to connect the concept to real-world applications.
Rubrics
Remembering (20%)

Can accurately recall and define the components and working principle of a moving coil
galvanometer.

Understanding (30%)

Demonstrates clear comprehension of the interaction between the magnetic field, current, and
torque in producing deflection.

Analysis (30%)

Can analyze and explain how different factors influence the sensitivity of a galvanometer.

Creativity (20%)

Shows creativity and problem-solving skills while building the galvanometer model and
connecting the concept to real-world applications.
Follow Up
In the upcoming classes, we will delve deeper into the quantitative aspects of moving coil
galvanometers, including deriving the equation for torque and understanding the concept of
current sensitivity. We will also explore the applications of galvanometers in various electrical
circuits and measurement scenarios.

Next Steps
• Introduce the conversion of galvanometers into ammeters and voltmeters in the next
lesson.
• Explore the working of digital multimeters and their advantages over analog
instruments.
• Discuss the historical development of galvanometers and their contribution to scientific
advancements.

Handout 1: Exploring the moving coil galvanometer

Introduction
In the realm of electromagnetism, understanding how moving charges interact with magnetic
fields is crucial. This interaction forms the basis for many electrical devices, one of which is the
moving coil galvanometer. This handout will delve into the workings of this device, its
significance, and its applications.

What is a Moving Coil Galvanometer?

A moving coil galvanometer is a highly sensitive instrument used to detect and measure
extremely small electric currents. It works on the principle that a current-carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field experiences a torque.

Construction and Working Principle

A typical moving coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil of wire with numerous turns,
suspended freely in a strong, radial magnetic field provided by permanent magnets. This coil is
delicately pivoted on jeweled bearings to minimize friction and allow for free rotation. A soft
iron core is often placed within the coil to concentrate the magnetic field lines.

When an electric current flows through the coil, it generates its own magnetic field. This field
interacts with the external radial magnetic field, resulting in a torque that tends to rotate the
coil. The amount of deflection of the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through
it.

A spring provides a counter-torque that increases with the coil's rotation. The coil comes to rest
when the magnetic torque balances the spring's restoring torque. A pointer attached to the coil
moves along a calibrated scale, indicating the current strength.

Key Features
Radial Magnetic Field

The radial magnetic field ensures that the plane of the coil is always parallel to the field lines,
maximizing the torque for a given current. This results in a linear scale for the galvanometer.

Torque

The torque on the coil is the rotational force that causes the deflection. It is directly
proportional to the current in the coil, the magnetic field strength, and the number of turns in
the coil.

Factors Affecting Sensitivity

The sensitivity of a galvanometer is determined by how much deflection is produced for a given
amount of current. Several factors influence this:

Number of Turns in the Coil

Increasing the number of turns increases the magnetic moment of the coil, leading to greater
torque and hence, higher sensitivity.

Magnetic Field Strength

A stronger magnetic field results in a larger torque for the same current, increasing sensitivity.

Spring Stiffness

A weaker spring allows for greater deflection for the same torque, increasing sensitivity, but it
may also make the instrument more delicate.

Area of the Coil

A larger coil area intercepts more magnetic flux, leading to higher sensitivity.

Applications
Moving coil galvanometers, due to their high sensitivity, form the basis for many electrical
measuring instruments:

Ammeters

By connecting a low resistance shunt in parallel to the galvanometer, it can be converted into
an ammeter to measure larger currents.

Voltmeters
Connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer converts it into a voltmeter to
measure potential differences.

Other Applications

Galvanometers are also used in control systems, bridge circuits, and laser systems to detect
small currents and light signals.

Building a Simple Galvanometer

In the class activity, we will be building a basic galvanometer model using simple materials like a
compass, a coil of wire, and a battery. This will provide a practical understanding of how the
interaction between a current-carrying coil and a magnetic field leads to deflection,
demonstrating the fundamental principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

Practice Questions
Explain the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer with a labeled diagram.

What is the significance of a radial magnetic field in a galvanometer?

How does the number of turns in the coil affect the sensitivity of a galvanometer?

Describe how you would convert a galvanometer into (a) an ammeter, (b) a voltmeter.

Research and discuss some real-world applications of moving coil galvanometers.

Additional Notes
• Remember: The moving coil galvanometer is a testament to the power of understanding
fundamental physics principles and applying them to create sensitive and versatile
instruments. Its impact on science and technology is immense, underpinning our ability
to measure and control electrical currents with precision.
• Keep Exploring: The world of electromagnetism is full of fascinating phenomena. Keep
asking questions, exploring, and deepening your understanding!

Narration 1: Exploring the moving coil galvanometer

Introduction & Recap (10 minutes)
Alright everyone, let's get started! Remember how we've been exploring the fascinating world
of magnetic fields and their influence on moving charges? Today, we're going to take it a step
further and discover how this interaction is cleverly used in a device called a moving coil
galvanometer. But before we dive into that, I want you to quickly jot down what you remember
about the motor effect. What is it, and why is it significant? (Pause for students to recall and
note down). Now, keep that in mind as we move forward because the moving coil
galvanometer we're about to learn about actually utilizes this very effect for measurement
purposes!
Unveiling the Mechanism: How Does It Work? (15 minutes)
Now, let's take a closer look at the heart of the matter - the construction of a moving coil
galvanometer. Imagine a coil, yes, a simple coil of wire, delicately placed within the embrace of
a magnetic field. This coil is the heart of our galvanometer. Now, when an electric current flows
through this coil, something interesting happens. The magnetic field, like an invisible hand,
exerts a force on the current-carrying coil, causing it to rotate. This rotation isn't random; it's
directly proportional to the strength of the current passing through. To make this rotation
visible and measurable, we attach a pointer to the coil. As the coil rotates, so does the pointer,
moving along a calibrated scale. And voila! That's how the galvanometer cleverly translates the
invisible force into a measurable reading, giving us a way to quantify the electric current.

Hands-On Challenge: Building Our Own Galvanometer (10 minutes)

Time to put our learning caps on and get those hands dirty! Today, we're going to transform
into inventors and build a basic galvanometer model ourselves. Don't worry; it's not as daunting
as it sounds! I've divided you into groups and provided each group with a kit containing simple
materials – magnets, a coil of wire, a battery, and some connecting wires. Your challenge is to
use these materials and try to create a simple setup that demonstrates the principle of a
galvanometer. Remember, the key is to observe what happens when you change the direction
of the current or alter the strength of the magnet. Does it affect the coil's deflection? Let's find
out!

Decoding Sensitivity and Real-World Applications (10 minutes)

Let's now talk about a crucial aspect of a galvanometer - its sensitivity. In simple terms,
sensitivity refers to how responsive our galvanometer is to even the slightest changes in
current. The more sensitive it is, the smaller the current it can detect. Now, what factors do you
think can influence this sensitivity? (Pause for students to brainstorm). You're absolutely right!
The number of turns in the coil, the strength of our magnetic field, and even the stiffness of the
spring play a vital role. Let's delve deeper into how each of these factors affects the sensitivity.
(Explain each factor). Now, that we understand its workings, where do you think we use such a
device? Turns out, galvanometers are the backbone of many measuring instruments we use
daily, like ammeters and voltmeters!

Wrapping Up and Looking Ahead (5 minutes)

Let's quickly recap what we've learned today. We explored the fascinating world of moving coil
galvanometers, understanding how they cleverly use the interaction between magnetic fields
and electric currents to measure current strength. We even got our hands dirty building a basic
model ourselves, experiencing firsthand how this simple yet ingenious device functions. Now,
for a quick assessment of your understanding, I'm going to hand out a short quiz. Don't worry;
it's not about right or wrong answers but about how much you've grasped. As we move
forward, we'll delve deeper into the quantitative aspects of galvanometers, learn how to
convert them into ammeters and voltmeters, and explore their significance in various electrical
circuits and measurements. Keep those thinking caps on, and I'll see you all in our next class!
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