Bus Admittance Matrix

 A bus is a node at which one or more lines, one or many loads and
generators are connected. It is not necessary that all of them be
connected at every bus.
 The buses are classified as P–Q Bus (Load Bus), P—V Bus (Generator Bus)
and a slack Bus or Swing Bus or Reference Bus.
 The bus is indicated by a vertical/horizontal line at which several
components are connected.
 Load Flow calculations can be made using bus admittance or bus
impedance matrix. However it is simpler to use bus admittance matrix,
since it can be generated by inspection.
 A power system consists of a large number of buses interconnected
through transmission lines. Some of these buses have generators
connected to them, some with loads or both.
 Some buses may have static capacitors (or synchronous condensers) for
reactive power compensation or voltage control.
 Consider a simple four bus system as shown in Fig
1, SGi denotes the 3—phase complex generator power
flowing into the ith bus and SLi denotes the 3—phase
complex load power flowing out of the ith bus.

SGi = PGi + jQGi (1)

SLi = PLi + jQLi (2)

Where P and Q denoted the real and reactive power. At each Fig 1
bus the generator and load power can be combined so that
the net 3—phase complex power flowing into the ith bus can
be written as:

Si = SGi – SLi = (PGi — PLi) + j(QGi — QLi) = Pi + jQi (3)

 Fig 2 Shows the equivalent circuit of the network of Fig 1.
S1, S2, S3 and S4, denotes the net 3—phase complex power
flowing in to the buses and I1, I2, I3 and I4 denotes the current
flowing into the buses. Each transmission line is represented
by a π circuit.
The equivalent circuit Fig 2 has been redrawn in Fig 3,
where all sources have been shown connected to a common
reference at ground potential and the shunt admittances at
the buses have been lumped. Fig 2

Since the system has 4 buses, the number of nodes(m) is

V1 V2
5. In general yi0 denotes the admittance of ith node with
respect to reference, yip denotes the admittance between ith
and pth nodes (yip = ypi) and Vi denotes the voltage of the ith
node. We assume there is no mutual coupling between lines. V4 V3

Fig 3
Applying KCL (Kirchhoff’s current law) to the 4 nodes, the equations are:

I1 = V1y10 + (V1—V2)y12 + (V1—V3)y13 + (V1—V4)y14 (4)

I2 = V2y20 + (V2—V1)y12 + (V2—V3)y23
I3 = V3y30 + (V3—V1)y13 + (V3—V2)y23 + (V3—V4)y34
I4 = V4y40 + (V4—V1)y14 + (V4—V3)y34
Equation (4) can be re—arranged and written in matrix form as:

I1  (y10  y12  y13  y14)  y12  y13  y14  V1 

I2    y12 (y20  y12  y23)  y23 0  V2 
(5)
   
I3    y13  y23 (y30  y13  y23  y24)  y34  V3 
I4        V4 
   y14 0 y34 (y40 y14 y34)  
Equation (5) can be written as:

I1  Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14  V1 

I2  Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24  V2 
   
(6)
I3  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34  V3 
I4  Y41 Y44  V4 
   Y42 Y43
Where
Y11 = y10 + y12 + y13 + y14
Y22 = y20 + y12 + y23
Y33 = y30 + y13 + y23 + y34
Y44 = y40 + y14 + y34
Y12 = Y21 = — y12 ; Y13 = Y31 = — y13 ; Y14 = Y41 = — y14
Y23 = Y32 = — y23 ; Y34 = Y43 = — y34 ; Y24 = Y42 = 0
 From network theory, each admittance Yii is known as self admittance (or
driving point admittance) of ith node and equals the sum of the admittances
connected to ith node.
Each off diagonal terms Yip is known as mutual admittance (or transfer
admittance) connected between ith and pth nodes and equals the negative of
the sum of all admittances connected directly between the ith and pth nodes.
Equation (6) can be written in compact form as:
Ibus = [Ybus] Vbus (7)
For an n bus system Ibus is an n × 1 vector with general entry Ii, Vbus is an
n × 1 vector with general entry Vi
[Ybus] is an n × n matrix and is known as bus admittance matrix.

Equation (7) can be written as;

Vbus = [Zbus] Ibus (8)

where, [Zbus] = [Ybus]—1

Problems: Ex 1
Fig 4 shows a four bus system. The line impedances are as under:

Bus code Impedances in p.u.

Z = (R + jX)
1–2 0.025 + j0.10
2–3 0.02 + j0.08
3–4 0.05 + j0.20
1—4 0.04 + j0.16 Fig 4

(a) Assume that the line shown dotted (from bus 1 to 3) is not present.
Formulate Ybus
(b) Which elements of Ybus obtained above are affected when the line
from bus 1 to bus 3 is added? If the pu impedance of this line is 0.1
+ j0.4, find the new Ybus.
Solution:
The first step is to convert impedance into admittance.

Bus code Admittances in p.u.

1–2 2.35 — j9.41
2–3 2.94 — j11.76
3–4 1.176 — j4.706
1—4 1.47 — j5.88

(y12  y14)  y12 0  y14 

  y12 (y 12  y23)  y 23 0 
[Ybus] =  
 0  y23 (y23  y34)  y34 
 
  y14 0  y34 (y14  y34)
Y11 = y12 + y14 = (2.35 – j9.41) + (1.47 – j5.88) = 3.82 – j15.29
Y22 = y12 + y23 = (2.35 – j9.41) + (2.94 – j11.76) = 5.29 – j21.17
Y33 = y23 + y34 = (2.94 – j11.76) + (1.176 – j4.706) = 4.116 – j16.466
Y44 = y34 + y14 = (1.176 – j4.706) + (1.47 – j5.88) = 2.646 – j10.586
Y12 = y21 = —y12 = —2.35 + j9.41
Y14 = y41 = —y14 = —1.47 + j5.88
Y23 = y32 = —y23 = —2.94 + j11.76
Y34 = y43 = —y34 = —1.176 + j4.706

 3.82  j15.29  2.35  j9.41 0  1.47  j5.88 

  2.35  j9.41 5.29  j21.17  2.94  j11.76 0 
[Ybus] =  
 0  2.94  j11.76 4.116 - j16.466  1.176  j 4.706 
 
  1.47  j5.88 0  1.176  j 4.706 2.646  j10.586 
(b) The admittance of the new line between buses 1 and 3 is 0.588 — j2.32 pu
The elements of Ybus affected by the addition of this line are Y11, Y33, Y13 and
Y31.
Y11,new = Y11,old + y13 = 3.82 — j15.29 + 0.588 — j2.352 = 4.408 — j17.642
Y33,new = Y33,old + y13 = 4.116 — j16.466 + 0.588 — j2.352 = 4.704 — j18.818
Y13,new = Y13,old — y13 = —0.588 + j2.352 = Y31,new

The new Ybus is,

 4.408 – j17.642  2.35  j9.41  0.588  j2.352 1.47  j5.88 

  2.35  j9.41 5.29  j21.17  2.94  j11.76 0 
[Ybus] =  
 0.588  j2.352  2.94  j11.76 4.704 – j18.818  1.176  j 4.706 
 
  1.47  j5.88 0  1.176  j 4.706 2.646  j10.586 
Problems: Ex 2
The parameters of a 4 – bus system are under:

Bus Code Line Impedance Charging Admittance (pu)

(pu) Ypq/2
1–2 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
2–3 0.3 + j0.9 j0.03
2–4 0.25 + j1 j0.04
3–4 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
1-3 0.1 + j0.4 j0.01

Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix

Solution:
The network is shown in Fig 5. The line series admittances are:

1 1
y12 =   0.294  j1.176
z12 0.2  j 0.8

y13 = 0.588 — j2.352 pu

y23 = 0.333 — j1 pu
y24 = 0.235 — j0.94 pu
y34 = 0.294 — j1.176 pu
y10 = j0.03 pu
y20 = j0.09 pu
y30 = j0.06 pu
y40 = j0.06 pu

Fig 5
 (y12  y13  y10)  y12  y13 0 
  y12 (y12  y23  y24  y20)  y23  y24 
[Ybus] =  
  y13  y23 (y13  y23  y34  y30)  y34 
 
 0  y 24  y 34 (y 24  y 34  y 40 )

 0.882 – j3.498  0.294  j1.176  0.588  j2.352 0 

 0.294  j1.176 0.862  j3.026  0.333  j1  0.235  j0.94 
[Ybus] =  
  0.588  j2.352  0.333  j1 1.215  j4.468  0.294  j1.176 
 
 0  0.235  j0.94  0.294  j1.176 0.529  j2.056 
Ex 3: Form Y-bus for the network shown in Figure using Inspection method
1 2
0.2+j0.8

0.1+j0.5 0.3+j0.9 0.6+ j1.9

0.5+j1.8
3 4

Ex 4: The parameters of a 4-bus system are as under:

Bus code Line impedance Half Line Charging

(pu) admittance (pu)
1-2 0.1 + j 0.5 j 0.02
2-3 0.2 + j 0.75 j 0.01
2-4 0.15 + j 0.7 j 0.03
3-4 0.25 + j 0.8 j 0.02
1-3 0.15 + j 0.75 j 0.01
Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix.