Matter in Our Surrounding
Matter
• Anything that has mass and occupies space/volume
• Matter is made up of particles
• We can either see, touch, taste of feel them.
• E.g. chair, soil, water, air, iron, oxygen, etc.
• Light, sound, shadow, pain, happiness, etc. are not matter.
Classification of matter
i. Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the
form of five basic elements called Panch Tatva:
a. Air
b. Earth
c. Fire
d. Sky
e. Water
ii. Based on physical state: Solids, Liquids and Gases
iii. Based on chemical composition: Pure substance
and Mixtures
Physical nature of matter
1. Matter is made up of particles.
2. The particles of matter are very tiny.
3. The particles of matter have space between them
4. The particles of matter are continuously moving
5. The particles of matter attract each other.
1. Matter is made up of particles
2. The particles of matter are very tiny
3. The particles of matter have spaces between them.
4. The particles of matter are continuously moving
5. The particles of matter attracts each other
States of Matter
Characteristics of Solids, Liquids and Gaseous states
Solid Liquid Gas
Definite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape
Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume
Maximum force of attraction Less forces of attraction between Negligible force of attraction
between particles particles compare to solid between particles
Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed
Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of particles is moreKinetic energy of particles is
minimum than solid maximum
Particles cannnot move rather
Particles can slide over one
they vibrate only at their Particles can move freely
another
fixed position
Highest density Density is lower than solid Lowest denisty
Cannot flow Flow Flow
Change of State
• When a solid is heated it changes into liquid. When a liquid is heated it changes
into gas.
• When a gas is cooled it changes to liquid. When a liquid is cooled it changes into
solid.
• Eg:- If ice is heated it changes into water. If water is heated it changes into steam. If steam is
cooled it changes into water. If water is cooled it changes into ice.
• a) Melting (Fusion) :-
• When a solid is heated, the particles begin to vibrate with greater
speed and begin to move more freely. Then at a particular
temperature the solid melts and changes into liquid. The process
of melting is also known as fusion.
• The temperature at which a solid melts is called its melting point.
The melting point of ice is 00C or 273 K.
Latent heat of fusion :-
• The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a solid into
liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called the
latent heat of fusion.
B) Boiling
• When a liquid is heated, its particles begin to move even faster.
Then at a particular temperature the liquid begins to boil and
changes into gas (vapour).
• Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. When a liquid boils the bulk of
the liquid changes into vapour.
• The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling is called its
boiling point. The boiling point of water is 1000C or 373K ( 273 +
100).
Latent heat of vaporisation :-
• The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a liquid
into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called the
latent heat of vaporisation.
c) Sublimation :-
• The change of state directly from solid to gas or from gas to solid is called
sublimation.
• Eg :- If solid camphor or ammonium chloride is heated, it changes into vapour. If the
vapours are cooled it changes into solid.
Cotton
Inverted funnel
Ammonium chloride
solidified Ammonium chloride
vapours
China dish Ammonium chloride
Burner
Effect of pressure on gases
• When pressure is applied on gas the particles come closer and the gas
changes into liquid.
• We can liquefy gases by applying pressure and reducing the temperature.
• Compressed solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. If the pressure is reduced, it
changes directly to gas without coming into liquid state. So solid carbon
dioxide is known as dry ice.
Interconversion of the three states of matter
• The states of matter are inter-convertible. The state of matter can be
changed by changing the temperature or pressure.
Solid
Vaporisation
Gas Liquid
Condensation
Evaporation
• The change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the
forces of attraction and changes to vapour state.
Factors affecting evaporation :-
The rate of evaporation depends upon surface area, temperature, humidity and wind speed.
• Increase in the surface area increases the rate of evaporation.
• Increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
• Increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation.
• Increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling
• When a liquid evaporates, the particles of
the liquid absorb heat from the
surroundings and evaporates. So the
surroundings become cold.
• Eg :- People sprinkle water on the roof or open
ground because during evaporation water absorbs
heat makes the hot surface cool.
• During summer we sweat more because during
evaporation the sweat absorbs heat from our body
making the body cool.
• Wearing cotton clothes in summer keeps us cool
because cotton absorbs sweat and when the sweat
evaporates it absorbs heat from our body making
the body cool.
