class rules

q RULE #1: q RULE #3:

q RULE #2: q RULE #4:

course outline (GE Math 1a)
Chapter 1 – The Nature of Mathematics
Chapter 2 – The Language of Mathematics
Chapter 3 – Problem Solving
Chapter 4 – Introduction to Biostatistics
Chapter 5 – Data Collection and Sampling
Chapter 6 – Data Presentation
Chapter 7 – Hypothesis Testing
Chapter 8 – T-test
Chapter 9 – ANOVA
Chapter 10 – Correlation
Chapter 11 – Chi-Square Test
CHAPTER 8.
T-Test
learning objectives

1. discuss appropriate use of t - test;

2. formulate hypothesis for two/one tailed test;

3. make statistical decisions by comparing different

statistical values.

4. construct appropriate research conclusion based on

the statistical decisions
ASSUMPTIONS AND APPROPRIATE USE
• Parametric tests involve the use of population
parameters such as μ and σ and are known.

• T-test involves the calculation using the mean

and standard deviation, hence, it is used with
interval or ratio data.

• The area under the normal curve is used, the

distribution of random samples is assumed
normal.
ONE-TAILED VS. TWO-TAILED TEST

q two-tailed q one-tailed
non-directional test directional test
§ Ho: § Ho:
A (mean) = B(mean) A (mean) = B(mean)

§ Ha: § Ha:
A (mean) ≠ B(mean) A (mean) > B(mean)
A (mean) < B(mean)
ONE-TAILED VS. TWO-TAILED TEST

q two-tailed (non-directional test)

Ho:
There is no significant difference between the mean
score of males and the mean score of females.
Ha:
There is a significant difference between the mean
score of males and the mean score of females.
ONE-TAILED VS. TWO-TAILED TEST

q one-tailed (directional test)

Ho:
There is no significant difference between the mean
score of males and the mean score of females.
Ha:
The mean score of males is significantly higher than
mean score of females.
USES OF T-TEST

qTest of difference between means of

two independent groups

qTest of difference between means of

two dependent groups

qTest of difference between means of

two matched groups (identical group)
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR
INDEPENDENT GROUPS
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
• A researcher wants to determine if the birth
length of infants is associated to his or her sex.

• Test if the mean birth length of male infants is

significantly greater than that of female infants.

• Test at ⍺ = 0.05.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
Objective: To determine if the mean birth length of
male infants is significantly greater than
that of female infants.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the

mean birth lengths of male and female infants.
Ha:
The mean birth length of male infants is
significantly greater than that of female infants.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
Measurements of birth lengths of male and female
infants in a small clinic
Standard
Groups Sample size Mean
Deviation
Males 12 55.2 8.6

Females 9 50.7 9.5

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1: (Test Statistic via T-Test)
• a = 0.05
• One tailed test
• Critical value = 1.729
• Computed value = 2.373
• Decision: Reject Ho
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
§ Statistical Conclusion
Ha: The mean birth length of male infants is
significantly greater than that of female infants.

§ Research Conclusion
• The birth length of infants is associated to his or her sex.
• Male infants are taller than female infants.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2:
• A researcher wants to find out if sex affects
smoking practices.

• Test if the group of males smoke more number of

cigarettes per day than the group of females.

• Test at ⍺ = 0.05.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2:
Objective: To determine if the average number of
cigarettes smoked by males is significantly
higher than that of females.

Ho: There is no significant difference in the average

number of cigarettes smoked by males and females.
Ha:
The average number of cigarettes smoked by
males is significantly higher than that of females.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2:
Average number of cigarettes smoked
per day by males and females
Standard
Groups Mean Sample size
Deviation

Male 7.5 2.59 16

Female 3.5 2.59 14

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2:
SPSS OUTPUT

NUMBER OF STICKS

SEX Mean N Std. Dev.

Male 7.5000 16 2.58

Female 3.5000 14 2.59

T – value = 4.22 df = 28 p-value = 0.007

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2: (Test Statistic via T-Test)

• Significance level: a = 0.05

• Significance value: p-value = 0.007

• Computed value = 4.22

• Decision: Reject Ho
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR INDEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 2:
§ Statistical Conclusion
Ha: The average number of cigarettes smoked by
males is significantly higher than that of females.

§ Research Conclusion
• Males smoke more number of cigarettes per day than females.
• Smoking practices of respondents is associated to their sex.
• Sex of respondents is related to their smoking practices.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR
DEPENDENT GROUPS
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
• A researcher wants to find out if the experiment
affects the diastolic blood pressure.

• Test if the pre experiment systolic blood pressure

is different from the post experiment systolic
blood pressure.

• Test at ⍺ = 0.05.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
Objective: To determine if there is a significant
difference in the average systolic blood
pressure before and after the experiment.

Ho: There is no significant difference in the average systolic

blood pressure before and after the experiment.
Ha:
There is a significant difference in the average systolic
blood pressure before and after the experiment.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
Table showing the pre experiment and post
experiment systolic blood pressure
Res. # Pre Post Res. # Pre Post Res. # Pre Post
1 134 134 6 120 126 11 134 138
2 103 106 7 128 130 12 108 111
3 116 110 8 122 118 13 111 115
4 113 115 9 123 125 14 125 125
5 124 122 10 108 110 15 134 130
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1: Respondent No. Pre Experiment SBP Post Experiment SBP
1 134 134
2 103 106
3 116 110
4 113 115
5 124 122
… … …
12 108 111
13 111 115
14 125 125
15 134 130
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
Table showing the pre experiment and post
experiment systolic blood pressure
Standard
Mean Sample size
deviation
Pre experimental systolic
blood pressure 120.2 10.1 15

Post experimental systolic

blood pressure 121.0 9.7 15
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
T Test for dependent samples

(Pre) (Post) Mean Standard

df t Sig.
Mean/ sd Mean/ sd difference Deviation

120.2 / 10.1 121.0 / 9.7 -0.800 3.4268 14 -.904 0.381

T – value = -0.904 Significance value = 0.381

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1: (Test Statistic via T-Test)
• a = 0.05
• two tailed test
• Significance level = 0.05
• Significance value = 0.381
• Decision: Do not Reject Ho
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR DEPENDENT GROUPS
Example 1:
§ Statistical Conclusion
Ho: There is no significant difference in the average
systolic blood pressure before and after the experiment.

§ Research Conclusion
The experiment does not have an effect on the systolic blood
pressure of respondents.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR
MATCHED GROUPS
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1:
• A researcher wants to find out if the teaching method
affects the reading performance of students.

• Test if the new teaching method is better than the

standard teaching method.

• Test at ⍺ = 0.05.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1: To determine if the mean performance score of
students who were taught using new method is
Objective: significantly higher than the mean performance
score of students who were taught using standard
method.
Ho: The mean performance score of students who were taught using new
method is not significantly different from the mean performance score
of students who were taught using standard method.

Ha: The mean performance score of students who were taught using new
method is significantly higher than the mean performance score of
students who were taught using standard method.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1: Reading test scores for eight pairs of slow learners
Pair New Method Standard Method
1 77 72
2 74 68
3 82 76
4 73 68
5 87 84
6 69 68
7 66 61
8 80 76
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1:
Table showing the mean performance score
of students under new and standard method
Standard
Mean Sample size
deviation

New method 76.00 6.93 8

Standard
71.63 7.0 8
Method
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1:
T Test for dependent samples

(Pre) (Post) Mean Standard

df t Sig.
Mean/ sd Mean/ sd difference Deviation

76 / 6.93 71.63 / 7.0 4.38 1.68 7 7.344 0.002

T – value = 7.344 df = 7 p-value = 0.002

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1: (Test Statistic via T-Test)

• Test statistic value = 7.344

• α -value = 0.01
• p-value = 0.002
• Decision: Reject Ho
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 1:
§ Statistical Conclusion
Ha: The mean performance score of students who were taught using
new method is significantly higher than the mean performance score
of students who were taught using standard method.
§ Research Conclusion
• The new teaching method is significantly better than the standard
method in improving the “reading IQs” of slow learners.
• The new teaching method has significantly improved the reading IQ
of the students.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2:
• A researcher wants to find out if Treatment A is better
than treatment B against Staphylococcus aureus.

• Test if treatment A (100% extract) is better than

treatment B (75% extract) against staphylococcus
aureus.

• Test at ⍺ = 0.01.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2:
To determine if the mean zone of inhibition of
Objective: treatment A is greater than the mean zone of
inhibition of treatment B against staphylococcus
aureus.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean zone of
inhibition when classified according to type of treatment.

Ha: The mean zone of inhibition of treatment A is greater than the

mean zone of inhibition of treatment B against staphylococcus
aureus.
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2: Table showing the mean zone of inhibition
of different treatments.

Replicates Mean Standard

TREATMENTS
1 2 3 deviation

Treatment A 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 0.1

Treatment B 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.1

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2:
T – test for paired sample
Treatments Standard
Mean T-value p-value
Deviation
Treatment A 2.0 .1
3.211 0.008
Treatment B 1.4 .1

T – value = 3.211 p-value = 0.008

TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2: (Test Statistic via T-Test)

• Test statistic value = 3.211

• α -value = 0.01
• p-value = 0.008
• Decision: Reject Ho
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
FOR MATCHED GROUPS
Example 2:
§ Statistical Conclusion
Ha: The mean zone of inhibition of treatment A is greater
than the mean zone of inhibition of treatment B against
staphylococcus aureus.

§ Research Conclusion
• Treatment A (100% extract) is more effective than
treatment B (75% extract) against staphylococcus aureus.
End of Discussion