CHAPTER – 1
WHAT IS AI ?
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a
computer-controlled robot, or a software think
intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans
think.
• AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and
how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a
problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis
of developing intelligent software and systems.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like
humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied
to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human
mind such as learning and problem-solving.
Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its
users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
Task Domains of AI
Mundane tasks Formal tasks Expert tasks
Perception Games Engineering
Computer Vision Go Design
Speech, Voice Chess (Deep Blue) Fault Finding
Ckeckers Manufacturing
Monitoring
Natural Language Processing Mathematics Scientific Analysis
Understanding Geometry
Language Generation Logic
Language Translation Integration and
Differentiation
Common Sense Reasoning Theorem Proving Financial Analysis
Planning Medical Diagnosis
Robot Control
AI Technique
• In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed
properties −
Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge
efficiently in such a way that −
It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete
or inaccurate.
There are three important AI techniques:
1.Search –
Provides a way of solving problems for which no direct
approach is available.
It also provides a framework into which any direct techniques
that are available can be embedded.
2.Use of knowledge –
Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting
the structure of the objects that are involved.
3.Abstraction –
Provides a way of separating important features and variations
from many unimportant ones that would otherwise
overwhelm any process.
Classification of AI
Weak AI: The study and design of machines that perform intelligent tasks.
Not concerned with how tasks are performed, mostly concerned with
performance and efficiency, such as solutions that are reasonable for NP-
Complete problems. E.g., to make a flying machine, use logic and physics,
don’t mimic a bird.
Strong AI: The study and design of machines that simulate the human mind to
perform intelligent tasks.
- Borrow many ideas from psychology, neuroscience. Goal is to perform
tasks the way a human might do them – which makes sense, since we do
have models of --human thought and problem solving.
- Includes psychological ideas in STM, LTM, forgetting, language,
genetics, etc. Assumes that the physical symbol hypothesis holds.
Evolutionary AI: The study and design of machines that simulate simple
creatures, and attempt to evolve and have higher level emergent behavior. For
example, ants, bees, etc.
Applications of AI
1. Gaming
• AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker,
tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of
possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
2. Expert Systems
• There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and
advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
3. Natural Language Processing
• It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.
4. Vision Systems
• These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer. For example, Doctors use clinical
expert system to diagnose the patient.
5. Speech Recognition
• Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their
meanings while a human talks to it.
6. Handwriting Recognition
• The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on
paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
7. Intelligent Robots
• Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such
as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and
pressure.
• They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge
memory, to exhibit intelligence.
• In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes
and they can adapt to the new environment.
Turing Test in AI
• In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a
machine can think like a human or not, this test is known as
the Turing Test. In this test, Turing proposed that the computer
can be said to be an intelligent if it can mimic human response
under specific conditions.
• The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game,"
with some modifications. This game involves three players in
which one player is Computer, another player is human
responder, and the third player is a human Interrogator, who is
isolated from other two players and his job is to find that
which player is machine among two of them.
• Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper,
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence," which considered
the question, "Can Machine think?"
• Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an
interrogator. Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine,
but he needs to identify this on the basis of questions and their
responses.
• The conversation between all players is via keyboard and
screen so the result would not depend on the machine's ability
to convert words as speech.
• The test result does not depend on each correct answer, but
only how closely its responses like a human answer. The
computer is permitted to do everything possible to force a
wrong identification by the interrogator.
The questions and answers can be like:
• Interrogator: Are you a computer?
• Player A (Computer): No
• Interrogator: Multiply two large numbers such as
(256896489*456725896)
• Player A: Long pause and give the wrong answer.
Features required for a machine to pass the
Turing test
1. Natural language processing: NLP is required to
communicate with Interrogator in general human language
like English.
2. Knowledge representation: To store and retrieve
information during the test.
3. Automated reasoning: To use the previously stored
information for answering the questions.
4. Machine learning: To adapt new changes and can detect
generalized patterns.
5. Vision (For total Turing test): To recognize the interrogator
actions and other objects during a test.
6. Motor Control (For total Turing test): To act upon objects
if requested.
