DC MACHINES LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL

Academic Year : 2022 - 2023

Course Code : EE-407
Class : IV Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC FOR WOMEN, SIDDIPET

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC FOR WOMEN, SIDDIPET

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Program Outcomes

PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO1

PSO2

PSO3

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 INDEX

S. No. List of Experiments Page No.

1 1.1 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

2 1.2 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC SERIES MOTORS

3 1.3 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS

4 1.4 & 1.5 IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF DC 3 POINT AND 4 POINT STARTER

5 2.1 BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR

6 2.2 BRAKE TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

7 2.3 BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

8 2.4 PERFORMANCE OF DC SHUNT MOTOR BY SWINBURNE’S TEST

9 3.1 & 3.2 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

10 4.1 OCC OR MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC OF DC SHUNT

GENERATOR

11 4.2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

TO DETERMINE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

12 4.3 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR TO DETERMINE

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

13 4.4 LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR TO DETERMINE

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES & PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Exp. Program Outcomes Program Specific

Experiment
No. Attained Outcomes Attained
1.1 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS
1
OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
2 1.2 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC
SERIES MOTORS
3 1.3 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC
COMPOUND MOTORS
4 1.4 & 1.5 IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF DC 3
POINT AND 4 POINT STARTER
5 2.1 BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR

6 2.2 BRAKE TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

2.3 BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND

7
MOTOR

8 2.4 PERFORMANCE OF DC SHUNT

MOTOR BY SWINBURNE’S TEST
9 3.1 & 3.2 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT
MOTOR
10 4.1 OCC OR MAGNETIZATION
CHARACTERISTIC OF DC SHUNT
GENERATOR

11 4.2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT

GENERATOR
TO DETERMINE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.3 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES

12
GENERATOR TO DETERMINE INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.4 LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND

13
GENERATOR TO DETERMINE INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 DC MACHINES LABORATORY

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the DC Machine Lab is to expose the students to the operation of DC machines and give them
experimental skill. It also aims to understand the generation of DC voltages by using different types of
generators and study their performance and enable the students to understand the working principles of DC
motors and their load characteristics, starting and methods of speed control. Further it helps to familiarize with
the constructional details of different types of DC generators, DC motors working principle and their
performance.

OUTCOMES:

Upon the completion of DC Machines laboratory course, the student will be able to attain

CO1 Identify the terminals of DC Motors and parts of Starters

CO2 Sketch the performance characteristics of DC Motors by conducting suitable Tests.

CO3 Apply various speed control methods on DC motors

CO4 Draw and interpret the performance characteristics of DC Generators by Conducting suitable
experiments.

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 EXPERIMENT - 1
1.1 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
AIM:

Identification of different terminals of a DC shunt machine by test lamp method and multi-meter
method & to measure insulation resistance by megger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity
1 DC Shunt Motor Power Rating _______ 1no
Voltage Rating ______
Rate Current ________
Excitation Current ___
Insulation __________
Speed ______________

2 Insulated Combination 150mm 1no

Pliers
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6’’ 1no
5 Double ended Spanner ---------------- 1 Set
6 Ring Spanner` ----------------------- 1Set
7 Mallet 250gm 1no
8 Bearing Puller ----------------------- 1no

Theory:-
Maintenance:- By doing maintenance on electrical machines we can eliminate major failures of the
machines, accidents, heavy repair costs, and loss of production time.
Ground Test: - This method is used to locate the ground fault of a dc machine. Megger is the most
appropriate one for this ground test. In this method, one prob of the test lamp which is in the neutral
line is connected to the earth terminal stud of the machine. The other prob which is in the phase line is
connected to the test lamp. The lamp prob should be touched with each terminal of a dc machine. In a
good condition machine, the lamp should not light, but if the light glow, them mark the terminal and
immediately re-insulate the winding with varnish and tape. If the coil burnt out, which will identified
by the decolonization of coil or smell, then rewinding should be done.
Open Circuit Test: - This test is conducted to determine the correctness of winding continuity. This
test should be done must before conducting insulation test by the megger, because too sure that circuit
will complete before measure the insulation resistance. Depending upon the type of dc machine
different tests need to be conducted. In this method the neutral prob should connected to the one end of
the winding terminal and the line prob should connected another end of winding terminal. In dc
compound motor the light should glow bright.

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 Figure 1. Testing of DC shunt motor for grounding

Figure 2. Testing of resistance of DC shunt motor windings

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Some other reason of open circuit in DC machine: -
(i) The brushes not making proper contact with the commutator.
(ii) Dirty or severely pitted commutator.
(iii) Break in the pigtail connection or jumper connection of the brushes.
(iv) Break in the field circuit.
(v) Break in the armature winding.

Procedure:-
a. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
b. Open the terminal box with the help of screw driver.
c. Disconnect the supply of DC shunt motor.
d. Switch ON the test lamp and connect the motor terminal according to the circuit diagram.
a. Keep the multimeters in resistance measuring mode
b. By using multimeters measure the resistance across the terminals and tabulate the values
e. Then measure the insulation resistance with the help of megger.
f. Note the insulation resistance of the motor.
Precautions: -
 Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used
 Use suitable wires and multimeters
 Select proper type i.e AC and DC range of meters
 Note the resistance values without practical errors

Tabulation: -

Name of Series field Shunt field Armature winding

methods winding winding (Ra) in ohm
By (Rsc) (Rsh) (Ra)
Multimeter ______ in ohm ______ in ohm ______ in ohm

By Megger Insulation Insulation Insulation

resistance of resistance of (Rsh) resistance of (Ra)
(Rsc) ______ in ohm ______ in ohm
______ in ohm

Conclusion:
From this experiment, we learnt about the identification of different terminals of a DC
shunt Motor by measuring the resistance across the terminals.

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 EXPERIMENT - 2
1.2 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC SERIES MOTORS
AIM:

Identification of different terminals of a DC series machine by test lamp method and multi-meter
method & to measure insulation resistance by megger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity
1 DC Series Motor Power Rating _______ 1no
Voltage Rating ______
Rate Current ________
Excitation Current ___
Insulation __________
Speed ______________

2 Insulated Combination 150mm 1no

Pliers
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6’’ 1no
5 Double ended Spanner ---------------- 1 Set
6 Ring Spanner` ----------------------- 1Set
7 Mallet 250gm 1no
8 Bearing Puller ----------------------- 1no

Theory: -
Maintenance: - By doing maintenance on electrical machines we can eliminate major failures of the
machines, accidents, heavy repair costs, and loss of production time.
Ground Test: - This method is used to locate the ground fault of a dc machine. Megger is the most
appropriate one for this ground test. In this method, one prob of the test lamp which is in the neutral
line is connected to the earth terminal stud of the machine. The other prob which is in the phase line is
connected to the test lamp. The lamp prob should be touched with each terminal of a dc machine. In a
good condition machine, the lamp should not light, but if the light glow, them mark the terminal and
immediately re-insulate the winding with varnish and tape. If the coil burnt out, which will identified
by the decolonization of coil or smell, then rewinding should be done.
Open Circuit Test: - This test is conducted to determine the correctness of winding continuity. This
test should be done must before conducting insulation test by the megger, because too sure that circuit
will complete before measure the insulation resistance. Depending upon the type of dc machine
different tests need to be conducted. In this method the neutral prob should connected to the one end of
the winding terminal and the line prob should connected another end of winding terminal. In dc
compound motor the light should glow bright.

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 Figure 1. Testing of DC Series motor for grounding

Figure 2. Testing of resistance of DC Series motor windings

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Some other reason of open circuit in DC machine: -
(i) The brushes not making proper contact with the commutator.
(ii) Dirty or severely pitted commutator.
(iii) Break in the pigtail connection or jumper connection of the brushes.
(iv) Break in the field circuit.
(v) Break in the armature winding.

Procedure:-
g. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
h. Open the terminal box with the help of screw driver.
i. Disconnect the supply of DC shunt motor.
j. Switch ON the test lamp and connect the motor terminal according to the circuit diagram.
c. Keep the multimeters in resistance measuring mode
d. By using multimeters measure the resistance across the terminals and tabulate the values
k. Then measure the insulation resistance with the help of megger.
l. Note the insulation resistance of the motor.
Precautions: -
 Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used
 Use suitable wires and multimeters
 Select proper type i.e AC and DC range of meters
 Note the resistance values without practical errors

Tabulation: -

Name of Series field Shunt field Armature winding

methods winding winding (Ra) in ohm
By (Rsc) (Rsh) (Ra)
Multimeter ______ in ohm ______ in ohm ______ in ohm

By Megger Insulation Insulation Insulation

resistance of resistance of (Rsh) resistance of (Ra)
(Rsc) ______ in ohm ______ in ohm
______ in ohm

Conclusion:
From this experiment, we learnt about the identification of different terminals of a DC
series Motor by measuring the resistance across the terminals.
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 EXPERIMENT - 3
1.3 IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS

AIM
Identification of different terminals of a DC compound machine by test lamp method and multi-
meter method & to measure insulation resistance by megger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity
1 DC Compound Motor Power Rating _______ 1no
Voltage Rating ______
Rate Current ________
Excitation Current ___
Insulation __________
Speed ______________

2 Insulated Combination 150mm 1no

Pliers
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6’’ 1no
5 Double ended Spanner ---------------- 1 Set
6 Ring Spanner` ----------------------- 1Set
7 Mallet 250gm 1no
8 Bearing Puller ----------------------- 1no

Theory:-
Maintenance:- By doing maintenance on electrical machines we can eliminate major failures of the
machines, accidents, heavy repair costs, and loss of production time.
Ground Test:- This method is used to locate the ground fault of a dc machine. Megger is the most
appropriate one for this ground test. In this method, one prob of the test lamp which is in the neutral
line is connected to the earth terminal stud of the machine. The other prob which is in the phase line is
connected to the test lamp. The lamp prob should be touched with each terminal of a dc machine. In a
good condition machine, the lamp should not light, but if the light glow, them mark the terminal and
immediately re-insulate the winding with varnish and tape. If the coil burnt out, which will identified
by the decolonization of coil or smell, then rewinding should be done.
Open Circuit Test: - This test is conducted to determine the correctness of winding continuity. This
test should be done must before conducting insulation test by the megger, because too sure that circuit
will complete before measure the insulation resistance. Depending upon the type of dc machine
different tests need to be conducted. In this method the neutral prob should connected to the one end of
the winding terminal and the line prob should connected another end of winding terminal. In dc
compound motor the light should glow bright.

Page | 12
 Figure 1. Testing of DC Compound motor for grounding

Figure 2. Testing of resistance of DC Compound motor windings

Page | 13
Some other reason of open circuit in DC machine: -
(i) The brushes not making proper contact with the commutator.
(ii) Dirty or severely pitted commutator.
(iii) Break in the pigtail connection or jumper connection of the brushes.
(iv) Break in the field circuit.
(v) Break in the armature winding.

Procedure:-
m. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
n. Open the terminal box with the help of screw driver.
o. Disconnect the supply of DC shunt motor.
p. Switch ON the test lamp and connect the motor terminal according to the circuit diagram.
e. Keep the multimeters in resistance measuring mode
f. By using multimeters measure the resistance across the terminals and tabulate the values
q. Then measure the insulation resistance with the help of megger.
r. Note the insulation resistance of the motor.
Precautions: -
 Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used
 Use suitable wires and multimeters
 Select proper type i.e AC and DC range of meters
 Note the resistance values without practical errors

Tabulation: -

Name of Series field Shunt field Armature winding

methods winding winding (Ra) in ohm
By (Rsc) (Rsh) (Ra)
Multimeter ______ in ohm ______ in ohm ______ in ohm

By Megger Insulation Insulation Insulation

resistance of resistance of (Rsh) resistance of (Ra)
(Rsc) ______ in ohm ______ in ohm
______ in ohm

Conclusion:
From this experiment, we learnt about the identification of different terminals of a DC
Compound Motor by measuring the resistance across the terminals.

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 EXPERIMENT – 4
1.4 & 1.5 IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF DC 3 POINT AND 4 POINT STARTER
AIM
To study operation and Identification of different terminals of a 3-Point Starter and 4-Point Starter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity
1 3-Point Starter 1no
2 4-Point Starter 1no

Figure three-point starter

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Theory
The figure shows the schematic diagram of a three-point starter for a shunt motor with protective
devices. It is so called because it has three terminals L, Z and A. The starter consists of starting
resistance divided into several sections and connected in series with the armature.The tapping points of
the starting resistance are brought out to a number of studs. The three terminals L, Z and A of the
starter are connected respectively to the positive line terminal, shunt field terminal and armature
terminal. The other terminals of the armature and shunt field windings are connected to the negative
terminal of the supply. The no-volt release coil is connected in the shunt field circuit. One end of the
handle is connected to the terminal L through the overload release coil. The other end of the handle
moves against a spiral spring and makes contact with each stud during starting operation, cutting out
more and more starting resistance as it passes over each stud in clockwise direction.
Three Point Starter Operation:
(i) To start with, the d.c. supply is switched on with handle in the OFF position.
(ii) The handle is now moved clockwise to the first stud. As soon as it comes in contact with the first
stud, the shunt field winding is directly connected across the supply, while the whole starting
resistance is inserted in series with the armature circuit.
(iii) As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting resistance is cut out of the
armature circuit in steps. The handle is now held
magnetically by the no-volt release coil which is energised by shunt field current.
(iv) If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or if the field excitation is accidentally cut, the no-
volt release coil is demagnetized and the handle goes back to the OFF position under the pull of the
spring. If no-volt release coil were not used, then in case of failure of supply, the handle would remain
on the final stud. If the supply is restored, the motor will be directly connected across the supply,
resulting in an excessive armature current.
(v) If the motor is overloaded (or a fault occurs), it will draw excessive current from the supply. This
current will increase the ampere-turns of the overload release coil and pull the armature C, thus short-
circuiting the no- volt release coil. The no-volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the
OFF position by the spring. Thus, the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply.
Drawbacks of Three point starters:
In a three-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field
circuit so that it carries the shunt field current. While exercising speed control through field regulator,
the field current may be weakened to such an extent that the no-volt release coil may not be able to
keep the starter arm in the ON position. This may disconnect the motor from the supply when it is not
desired. This drawback is overcome in the four point starter.

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 Fig. 2: Four-point starter for a dc shunt motor
Theory
The construction and working principle of a Four-Point starter is almost similar to the working of
a three-point starter. It is used to limit starting current and also used as a speed control and protective
device. Similar to a three-point starter, this starter also consists of a No-volt coil (NVC) and an
overload trip coil (OTC).
Working of Four-point Starter:
When the motor is connected across the supply by moving the starter handle to the starting resistor
terminal. The current from the terminal L flow through the OLR (over-load release) and then to the
starter handle. Now the current from the handle is divided into three different paths.
A part of the supply current flows to the armature (terminal-A) through series of starter resistors,
A part of the supply current flows through field winding (terminal-F) of the motor, and
The remaining part of the supply current flows through the NVC (terminal-L').
Here, the point to be noted that, change in field current doesn't affect the electromagnetic pull force on
the handle by the NVC coil. Because the NVC circuit (NVC current path) is independent of the field
circuit (field current path). Due to this independency, a protective resistance is connected in series with
the NVC to regulate current flow, when the field circuit is accidentally kept open while starting the
motor.
Therefore, the starting current of the motor is regulated and any change in the field excitation doesn't
affect the NVC coil thereby holding the starter handle in ON position throughout the operation of
motor.

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Disadvantage of Four-point Starter :
The only drawback of a four-point starter is that, in the case of a three-point starter. If the field circuit
gets opened, the current in the field and NVC becomes zero due to the series connection. This tends to
decreases the holding force of the NVC with the handle below the spring restoring force. Thus spring
pulls back the handle to the OFF position and the motor gets disconnected.
ut, due to independent connections of field and NVC circuits in a four-point starter. Under such field
failure, there will be no change in the NVC and it continues holding the handle in the same position.
Due to some residual flux, the motor tries to run at dangerously high speeds.
Results
We able to know the operation of 3-point starter and its draw backs and also the operation of 4-point
starter

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 EXPERIMENT - 5
2.1 BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To obtain the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor by conducting brake test.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage
Current
Output
Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 1 DC Shunt Motor with Brake Drum

APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter M.C 0 – 30 A 1

2 Voltmeter M.C 0 – 250 V 1

3 D.C. Shunt motor

with loading
arrangement
4 Tachometer 0-5000 rpm

5 Connecting wires

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PROCEDURE:

1 Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2 Keeping the field rheostat (Rf) at the minimum position, switch on the supply and start the motor.
3 Adjust the speed of the motor on no load to its rated value by means of the field rheostat. Do not
disturb the position of the rheostat throughout the test.
4 Put on the load by tightening the screws of the spring balances. Note down the spring tensions, the
speed, the voltage and the currents at different loads until full load current obtained.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Measure the circumference of the brake drum and calculate its radius (r), in meters.
2. Calculate the torque, T = Wrg (N-m). Where W = W1 – W2 = spring balance reading (the difference
between the spring tensions) and ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity i.e.9.81. Calculate the power
output of the motor given by P0= 2NT/60
3. Calculate the input power, PI =VIL (IL is the line current = Ia+ If).
4. Calculate the percentage efficiency,  = P0/PIx 100
5. Draw the following graphs:
a) Output Vs , T, Ia and N in one graph.
b) Speed Vs Torque.

TABULAR COLUMN:

=
S IL VL W1 W2 W (kg) = N T = rgW P0= PI=
P0/PIx
No (A) (V) Kg Kg W1 – W 2 (RPM) (N-m) 2NT/60 VL IL
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 2 Performance Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

PRECAUTIONS:

1 Take care while using the starter.

2 The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
3 There should be no loose connections.
4 Pour water in the brake drum for cooling purpose.

RESULT:

By conducting brake test the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor are drawn

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why did you use a 3-point starter for starting DC shunt motor?
2. What is the efficiency range of DC motor?
3. Where can you use the DC shunt motor?
4. What is the starting torque?
POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. If starter is not available, how can you start DC motor?
2. Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?
3. Why brake test is used to find the efficiency of DC motor?
4. Why the starting torque is low in dc shunt motor?

EXPERIMENT – 6

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 2.2 BRAKE TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct the load test on D.C. Series motor and draw its performancecharacteristics.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage
Current
Output
Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 1 DC Series Motor with Brake Drum

APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter M.C 0 – 30 A 1

2 Voltmeter M.C 0 – 250 V 1

3 D.C. Series motor

with loading
arrangement
4 Tachometer 0-5000 rpm

5 Connecting wires

Page | 22
PROCEDURE:

1 The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2 Ensuring that the belt over the brake drum is tightened and the 2-point starter handle at initial
position and armature rheostat in CUTIN position, the supply switch is closed.
3 The 2-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the resistance in the motor
armature circuit so that the motor starts. Then , armature rheostat is brought to CUTOUT position.
4 All the meter readings, spring balance readings as well as speed are noted.
5 The load is applied in steps and for each step all the meter readings, spring balance readings as well
as speed are noted.
6 Step no. 5 is repeated until the rated current of the motor is reached.
7 The supply switch is opened with minimum load on the motor.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Measure the circumference of the brake drum and calculate its radius (r), in meters.
2. Calculate the torque, T = Wrg (N-m). Where W = W1 – W2 = spring balance reading (the difference
between the spring tensions) and ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity i.e.9.81. Calculate the power
output of the motor given by P0= 2NT/60
3. Calculate the input power, PI =VIL (IL is the line current = Ia+ If).
4. Calculate the percentage efficiency,  = P0/PIx 100
5. Draw the following graphs:
a) Output Vs , T, Ia and N in one graph.
b) Speed Vs Torque.

TABULAR COLUMN:

=
S IL VL W1 W2 W (kg) = N T = rgW P0= PI=
P0/PIx
No (A) (V) Kg Kg W1 – W 2 (RPM) (N-m) 2NT/60 VL IL
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Page | 23
MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 2 Performance Characteristics of DC Series Motor

PRECAUTIONS:

1 Take care while using the starter.

2 The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
3 There should be no loose connections.
4 Pour water in the brake drum for cooling purpose.

RESULT:

By conducting brake test the performance characteristics of DC series motor are drawn

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

5. What is the principle of a motor?
6. What is the condition for maximum power in a DC motor?
7. Define Torque?

8. Why did you use a 2-point starter for starting DC series motor?
9. What is the efficiency range of DC motor?
10. Where can you use the DC series motor?
11. What is the starting torque?
POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:
5. If starter is not available, how can you start DC motor?
6. Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?
7. Why brake test is used to find the efficiency of DC motor?
8. Why the starting torque is low in dc series motor?
9. Write the torque equation of a DC motor?
10. What is the shaft torque equation of a DC motor?
11. Shaft torque T sh =(9.55 output power)/N, N-m
BBBBB BBBBB

12. What are different compound motors?

13. What are the characteristics of series motors?
14. Give some application of DC series motors?
15. What type of starter is used for DC series motor?
16. What is the range of speed obtained by series parallel system of speedcontrol of
series motors?
Page | 24
 EXPERIMENT – 7
2.3 BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM:
To determine the efficiency of DC compound motor by conducting brake test

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Compound Motor

Voltage
Current
Output
Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20A

Fig – 1 DC Compound Motor with Brake Drum

APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Rheostats
5 Tachometer
6 Connecting wires

Page | 25
 PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the field rheostat (Rf) at the minimum position, switch on the supply and start the motor.
3. Adjust the speed of the motor on no load to its rated value by means of the field rheostat. Do not
disturb the position of the rheostat throughout the test.
4. Put on the load by tightening the screws of the spring balances. Note down the spring tensions, the
speed, the voltage and the currents at different loads until full load current is obtained.
5. The load on the drum is removed and the motor is stopped.
6. The efficiency is calculated at different load conditions

CALCULATIONS:

7. Measure the circumference of the brake drum and calculate its radius (r), in meters.
8. Calculate the torque, T = wrg(N - m). Where w = (w1 – w2)= spring balance reading (the difference
between the spring tensions ) and ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity i.e.9.81. Calculate the power
output of the motor given by P0= 2 NT/60
9. Calculate the input power, PI =VIL(IL is the line current = Ia+ If).
10. Calculate the percentage efficiency,  = P0/PI* 100
11. Draw the following graphs:
a) Output Vs , T, Ia and N in one graph. b) Speed Vs Torque.

TABULAR COLUMN:

W1 W2 W (kg) N T= rgW P0= PI= =

S No IL (A) If (A) V (V)
Kg Kg W1 – W2 (RPM) (N-m) 2NT/60 VL IL P0/PIx 100

Page | 26
MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 2 Performance Characteristics of Compound Motor

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the position of the rheostat position before stating the motor.
2. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections
3. Take care while using the starter.
4. The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
5. Pour water in the brake drum for cooling purpose.

RESULT:

by conducting brake test the performance characteristics of DC compound motor are drawn

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

6. Differentially compounded after reversal?

7. Mention the applications of the cumulative compounded motor?
8. Which type of DC starter is used to start the compound motor?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

9. Why differentially compounded motors are not in common use?

10. What is the speed regulation of DC motor?
11. What is Difference between Shunt and compound motors?

Page | 27
 EXPERIMENT – 8
2.4 PERFORMANCE OF DC SHUNT MOTOR BY SWINBURNE’S TEST

AIM:
Pre - determine the efficiency and constant losses of a DC shunt machine by Swinburne’s method.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage
Current
Output
Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 1 DC Shunt Motor

APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter M.C 0 – 30 A 1
2 Voltmeter M.C 0 – 250 V 1
3 D.C. Shunt motor
with loading
arrangement
4 Tachometer 0-5000 rpm
5 Connecting wires

PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position, start the motor by closing the switch
and operating the starter slowly.
3. Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
4. Note down the voltage, no load current and field current.
Page | 28
TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No V(Volt) ILo(Amp) Speed(rpm)

1

CALCULATIONS FOR SWINBURNS TEST

From the no load test results,
Supply voltage = VL Volts.
No load line current = ILo Amperes.
Field current= If Amperes.
Therefore No load Armature Current = Iao = IL-If Amperes.
Resistance cold = Rm
Effective resistance Re = 1.25 x Rm ohms.
No load copper losses are =Iao 2 Re
No load power input=VLIL
Constant losses = (No load power input - No load copper losses) -------------- (1)
Efficiency as motor:
Efficiency=output/input = (input – total losses)/ input.
Where total losses = constant losses + variable losses.
Constant losses are known value from the equation (1)
Variable loss = I 2 R , where I = I -I
a e a L f

Input = VL IL.. VL is rated voltage of the machine

Assume line currents (IL) as 2, 4,6, --- 20A and find corresponding efficiency
Efficiency as generator:
Efficiency=output/input = output / (output + total losses).
Where losses = constant losses + variable losses
Constant losses are same for both motor and Generator
Armature Current = Ia = IL + IF
Variable loss = I 2 R
a e

Output power = VL IL . VL is rated voltage of the machine

Assume load currents (IL) as 2, 4, 6, ---- 20A and find corresponding efficiencies

Page | 29
TABULAR COLUMN:

As a Motor: Rated voltage VL = Rated speed N =

Output power =
Input Power Constant losses Copper losses Total losses =
S.No IL (input power – 
(VLIL) Wconst. Wcu = Ia2Re (Wcons.+Wcu)
losses)
1
2
3
4
5

As a Generator: Rated voltage VL = Rated speed N =

Input power =
Out power Constant losses Copper losses Total loss =
S.No IL (output power+ 
(VLIL) Wconst. Wcu = Ia2Re (Wcons. + Wcu)
losses)
1
2
3
4
5

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 2. Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor and Generator

PRECAUTIONS:
5. Run the motor at rated speed and rated voltage.
6. Avoid loose connections and parallax errors

Page | 30
RESULT:

The efficiency and constant losses of a DC shunt machine is determined by Swinburne’s method.

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

7. Will the values deduced from the Swinburne’s method exactly coincide with the values realized by
direct loading on the machine? Why?
8. Why are the constant losses calculated by this method less than the actual losses?
9. Can we conduct Swinburne’s test on dc series motor?
10. What are the drawbacks of Swinburne’s test?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTION:

11. Why Swinburne’s is used to find efficiency of high rating motors?
12. How you can say that the wattmeter reading in the experiment is constant losses?
13. Why constant losses are constant irrespective of load?
14. Advantage of this test.

Page | 31
 EXPERIMENT – 9
3.1 & 3.2 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To vary the speed of the given DC shunt motor by armature control and field control methods

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage
Current
Output
Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

20A
Fig – 1 DC Shunt Motor

APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting wires

PROCEDURE OF SPEED CONTROL:

Page | 32
Part - A
Armature Control Method: (below rated speed)

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rf) in the minimum position and the armature rheostat (Ras) in the
maximum position, start the MG set.
3. Give supply and accelerate the motor using 3-point starter.
4. Decrease the armature rheostat value and note down speed and induced emf in motor winding.
5. Tabulate these readings and plot the graph Eb VS N.

Part - B
Field Control Method: (above rated speed)

1. Maintain the armature rheostat in maximum position and vary the field current (If) by varying the
field rheostat. Note down the speeds (N) at different values of field current. Take care that the speed
doesn’t exceed 2000 rpm. Note down the armature voltage also.

2. Tabulate these readings and plot the N Vs If describes the field control of motor speed on no load.

TABULAR COLUMN:
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

S. No. Eb(Volt) Speed (rmp)

1
2
3
4
5
6

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

S. No. If (Amp) Speed (rpm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Page | 33
MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 7.2 Armature Control Fig 7.3 Field Control

PRECAUTIONS:

6. Avoid parallax errors and loose connection.

7. Take care while using the starter.
8. Keep the armature and field rheostats at proper positions.
9. The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
10. There should be no loose connections.

RESULT:

By armature control and field control methods we obtained the various speeds of the given DC shunt motor

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1 Explain why the graph of armature speed control of motor is linear?
2 Comment on the efficiency calculated by this method.
3 Why do you need a starter in a dc motor?
4 What is meant by rated speed?
5 Can we start the dc shunt motor and series motor without load?
6 What is meant by speed regulation?
7 Can we operate a dc motor an ac supply?
8 What are the other methods of controlling the speed of dc shunt motor?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

11. How do you change the direction of rotation of a D.C. motor?

12. What is the disadvantage of using armature control of speed on load?
13. What are the limitations of shunt field control?
14. Can we conduct continuity test on ac supply?
15. While running if the field winding gets disconnected, what will happen?
16. What is the shape of the curve of field control of method motor speed? Explain why is it so?

Page | 34
 EXPERIMENT – 10
4.1 OCC OR MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:

To determine the magnetization (open circuit) characteristics of DC shunt generator, the critical field
resistance and critical speed.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Generator

Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 1 DC Shunt Motor - Shunt Generator Set

APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting wires

Page | 35
PROCEDURE:

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rf) in the minimum resistance position.
3. Keep the generator field rheostat (Rf) in the maximum resistance position
4. Observe the speed of the generator using a tachometer and adjust to the rated value by varying the
motor field rheostat. Keep the same speed through out the experiment.
5. Note down the terminal voltage of the generator. This is the e.m.f. due to residual magnetism.
6. Increase the generator field current If (ammeter) by gradually moving the rheostat for every value
and note down the corresponding voltmeter reading. Increase the field current till induced e.m.f is
about 120% of rated value.
7. Draw the characteristics of generated emf (Eg) versus field current (If)
8. Draw a tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C from the origin. The slope of this straight
line gives the critical field resistance and also calculates critical speed.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Field Current Generated Voltage

S No
(Amp) (Volts)

10

Page | 36
MODEL GRAGH:

Fig - 1.2 Magnetization Characteristics Curve

PRECAUTIONS:

9. Field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position

10. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections

RESULT:

By conduction this test drawn the magnetization (open circuit) characteristics of DC shunt generator, from
this characteristics obtained critical fieldresistance and critical speed.

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

11. Under what conditions does the DC shunt generator fail to self - excite?
12. OCC is also known as magnetization characteristic, why?
13. How do you check the continuity of field winding and armature winding?
14. How do you make out that the generator is DC generator without observing the name plate?
15. Does the OCC change with speed?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

16. Define critical field resistance.

17. How do you get the maximum voltage to which the generator builds up from OCC?
18. What does the flat portion of OCC indicate?
19. Why OCC does not start from origin?
20. Why is Rf > Ra in dc shunt machine?
21. How do you create residual magnetism if it is wiped out?
22. Why does the OCC differ for decreasing and increasing values of field current?

Page | 37
 EXPERIMENT - 11
4.2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR
TO DETERMINE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To conduct load test on DC shunt generator and to draw its external and internal characteristics

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Generator

Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20A

Fig - 1 DC Shunt Motor - Shunt Generator Set

APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter

2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostats
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting wires

Page | 38
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat in the
minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the maximum position at starting.
2. Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting the motor field
rheostat.
3. Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field rheostat. Keep the rheostat
in this position through out the experiment as its variation changes the field circuit resistance and
hence the generated emf.
4. Put on the load and note the values of the load current, IL; terminal voltage, V and field current, If at
different values of the load until full load current is obtained.
5. Calculate the armature current in each case: Ia = IL + If.

6. Measure the armature resistance by volt ampere method. Note down the voltage drop V a across the
armature for different values of current I passing through it. Armature resistance in each case is
calculated. Ra = Va / I., Ra (Hot) = 1.25 Ra. Take the mean of the values which are close together
as the resistance of the armature, Ra.
7. Calculate the generated e.m.f. E at each value of the load current. E= V+ Ia Ra.
8. Draw external characteristic, VT versus IL and internal characteristic, E versus IL.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No IL(Amp) IF(Amp) Ia(Amp) VT(Volt) E(Volt)

10

Page | 39
MODEL GRAPH:

Fig - 2 Internal and External Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

PRECAUTIONS:

9. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections

10. Take care while using the starter.
11. The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
12. There should be no loose connections.

RESULT:
By conducting load test on DC shunt generator drawn its external and internal characteristics

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

13. Why is the generated emf not constant even though the field circuit resistance is kept unaltered?
14. Find out the voltage drop due to full load armature reaction?
15. State the conditions required to put the DC shunt generator on load.
16. How do you compensate for the armature reaction?
17. What happens if shunt field connections is reversed in the generator?
18. The EMF induced in armature conductors of DC shut generator is AC or DC?
POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

19. Specify the applications of DC shunt generators.

20. Differentiate between DC shunt Motor and DC shunt generator.
21. Which method is suitable for testing of high rating DC generator?
22. Why the terminal voltage decreases when load is increased on the generator?

Page | 40
 EXPERIMENT - 12
4.3 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR TO DETERMINE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

To obtain the external and internal characteristics of DC series generator by conducting load test.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Generator

Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20A

Fig - 3.1 DC Shunt Motor - Series Generator Set

APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting wires

Page | 41
PROCEDURE:

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the motor field resistance minimum and the generator output terminals are open circuited,
give supply and start the motor - generator set.
3. Adjust the speed of the MG Set to the rated speed of the generator using the motor field rheostat
(Rf)
4. Note down the voltage due to residual magnetism on no load.
5. Run the DC series generator under rated load conditions and note down the terminal voltage and
load current by removing the loads slowly. ( but not no-load condition)
6. Measure the generator armature resistance Ra by drop method.
7. Calculate the generated emf E at each load from the relation, Eg = V+ I(Ra + RSe).
8. Draw the external characteristic, VT vs. IL and the internal characteristic, Eg Vs Ia on the same graph
sheet.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. NO. IL(Amp) VT(Volt) Eg= (VT +IL(Ra + RS))

1
2
3
4
5

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig - 2 Internal and External Characteristics of DC series generator

Page | 42
PRECAUTIONS:

9. Don’t switch on the supply without any load.

10. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections.

RESULT:
By conducting load test on DC series generator drawn its external and internal characteristics

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

11. What are the applications of DC series generator?

12. To conduct the test on DC series generator, can we use any other prime mover other than DC shunt
motor?
13. Why DC series motor should not start without any load?
14. State the applications of the series generator.
15. State voltage builds up conditions of a series generator.

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

16. In what way does the series generator differ fundamentally from shunt generator?
17. Why does a series generator have rising characteristics?
18. Why the series generators will only built up when load switch is on?
19. Why the series generator used as voltage booster in transmission system?

Page | 43
 EXPERIMENT - 13
4.4 LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR TO DETERMINE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

To obtain internal and external characteristic of DC compound generator by conducting load test.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Generator

Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Output Output
Speed Speed

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20A

Fig - 1 DC Shunt Motor - Compound Generator Set

APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter

2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting wires

Page | 44
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position (Resistance) and the Generator field
rheostat in maximum resistance position at starting.
3. Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the Generator by adjusting the motor field
rheostat.
4. Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator to rated value by means of the generator field rheostat.
Keep the rheostat in this position throughout the experiment as its variation changes the field
circuit current and hence the generated e.m.f.
5. Put on the load and note down the values of load current IL and terminal voltage VT at the generator
side, for different values of load until full load current.
6. Draw external characteristics VT vs IL & Internal characteristics Eg vs I Where Eg = V+ IaRa.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. IL(Amp) VT(Volt) Eg = V+ IaRa

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 2 Load Characteristics of DC Compound Generator

Page | 45
PRECAUTIONS:

7. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections.

8. Take care while using the starter.
9. The speed should be adjusted to rated speed.
10. There should be no loose connections.
11. Remove the load gradually in steps and switch off the motor.

RESULT:
By conducting load test on DC compound generator drawn its external and internal characteristics

PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

12. Where you can use DC Compound Generator?

13. Comment on the shape of load current Vs speed curve of the differential compounded generator.
14. How do you reverse the terminal voltage of an over compounded short shunt generator without
effecting the over compounding?
15. Mention the applications of differential compound generator.
16. Mention the applications of over compound generator.

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

17. What do you understand from load curves?

18. Which causes the drop between internal & external characteristics?
19. A cumulative compound generator is generating full load, what will happen if its series field
winding gets short – circuited?
20. Explain the difference between cumulative and differential compound generators.

Page | 46