1

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course No: EEE-4902
Course Title: Power System Analysis Sessional
4th year 1st semester
Lab 05: TRANSIENT STABILITY
AIMS
The primary aims of this laboratory class are
 to appreciate the swing equation and equal area criterion in transient-stability study of
power systems;
 to gain familiarity with the analysis and computation tools for the transient-stability study
of power system;
 to study transient stability of a simple power system under different fault conditions using
Power World simulator; and

REFERENCE
J. D. Glover, M. S. Sarma and T. J. Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design, 5th edition,
Cengage Learning, 2012.

EQUIPMENT
PC with Power World Simulator software installed.
2 LAB 5

1 INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1 gives the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) model of a power system. In the figure, E′
is the generator internal voltage, Vt is the generator terminal voltage, Vbus is the bus voltage, jXd′
is the generator internal reactance and jX is the transmission line reactance.

Since Pmax = E′Vbus/Xeq, Pe is affected by Xeq. The higher the Xeq, the lower the Pe, and vice
versa. In a power system with multiple transmission lines, if some transmission lines are lost due
to fault, Xeq will increase and hence Pe will decrease. This is shown in Fig. 2.

P1ma
x

P2ma
x

Fig. 2: P- plots

When a fault occurs, the mechanical input Pm remains unchanged but Pe decreases due to
increased Xeq. Consequently, Pm − Pe > 0 and d2/dt2 > 0,  starts to accelerate and then oscillate
as governed by SE. If the fault is cleared soon enough, the power angle  may settle down to a
new steady-state, depending on the post-fault system condition. If a new steady-state is attained,
the system is said to be transiently stable, otherwise it is unstable.
 LAB 5 3

The transient stability can be determined by Equal Area Criterion (EAC) show below. If the
acceleration area (energy) A1 = the deceleration area (energy) A2, then stability can be attained,
otherwise stability will be lost.
1 2

A1  (Pmpu  Pepu ) d   (Pepu  Pmpu ) d  A2 (EAC)

0 1

Fig. 3: Equal area criterion

To analyze transient stability using (EAC), we need to consider three systems (SMIB circuits):
prefault, faulted and postfault. The prefault system gives Pe1 = P1max sin , the faulted system
gives Pe2 = P2max sin , and the postfault system gives Pe3 = P3max sin , corresponding to three
P- curves shown in Fig. 3. Substituting these into (EAC) gives
1 2

A1   (Pmpu  P2max sin  ) d ,  (P 3max sin   Pmpu ) d  A2

0 1
Comparing A1 and A2 we can determine transient stability; equating A1 to A2 we can
determine the critical fault-clearing angle and time, ie, the maximum 1 to attain stability.
Note that P2max = 0 if generator output is short circuited and P3max = P1max if the system
remain unchanged after fault is cleared. See Topics 6 Lecture Notes and Lab 4 Prelim for
details and examples.

Using PowerWorld, the stability and transient response of  under a fault can be numerically
solved from SE and then displayed. To reflect the reality, the SE implemented in PowerWorld
has a damping term and the damping factor D can be specified by user.
4 LAB 5
Analysis methods above can be easily extended to multi-generator systems, and PowerWorld has
implemented this extension for studying the transient-stability of multi-generator systems. You
will use it in this lab to observe the transient stability of multi-generator systems.

2 LAB WORK
Figure below shows a 50 Hz power system. All reactances are given in per-unit on a common
system base. The system is operating in steady-state condition and the infinite bus is receiving
1.0 per unit real power at 0.95 power factor lagging.
The inertia constant of the generating unit is 3.0 per unit-seconds on the system base. Assume
Pm remains constant throughout any disturbance occurring in the tasks of this lab.

=
0.4

= =
0.15 0.15

For the power system described above, perform the following tasks. See Appendix for the
outlines on how to use PowerWorld to perform these tasks.

1) Create the system in PowerWorld

Create a new case in PowerWorld for the system shown above. Choose proper base and voltages
for this system. Also, choose a suitable model for the infinite bus.

2) Transient Stability, Case 1

The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a bolted three-
phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles the fault is cleared and no
circuit breaker trips.

a) Obtain the waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the
fault occurs until 3 seconds.
b) Increase the duration of fault to the critical clearing time (as per your preliminary
calculations). Obtain and observe the generator power angle response.
c) Obtain the response for the duration of fault smaller than the critical clearing time and
also greater than this time.

3) Transient Stability, Case 2

The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a bolted three-
phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles the circuit breakers B13
and B22 trip. Obtain the waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that
the fault occurs until 3 seconds.
a) Compare the waveform with that obtained in Part (2).
b) Identify the maximum power angle of the generator after the fault occurrence. Consider
why it is different from the maximum power angle in Part (2).
 LAB 5 5
4) Transient Stability, Case 3
The generator is operating in the steady-state condition as described above when a bolted three-
phase to ground short circuit occurs at the point F. After three cycles the circuit breakers B13
and B22 trip and the fault is cleared. The circuit breakers reclose 1.0 sec after the fault
occurrence.
a) Obtain the waveforms of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the
fault occurs until 4 seconds.
b) Compare the waveforms with those obtained in Part (3).
c) Repeat a) and b) if the circuit breakers reclose 4 seconds after the fault occurrence.

3 EXPERIMENT RESULTS
Record all the results listed below in doc or pdf file/s and show them to your demonstrator, at
the conclusion of the lab, for assessment.

1) Create the system in PowerWorld

a) Plot of schematic diagram
b) Indication of the slack/swing bus on the diagram
c) Comment on the infinite bus model in the diagram

2) Transient Stability, Case 1

a) The waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the fault
occurs until 3 seconds.
b) The waveform of the generator power angle versus time when the duration of fault is set
to the critical clearing time you calculated in preliminary. Provide the calculated critical
clearing time along with the waveform.
c) Two waveforms of the generator power angle versus time for the duration of fault smaller
than the critical clearing time and greater than this time.
d) Comments on the results.

3) Transient Stability, Case 2

a) The waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the fault
occurs until 3 seconds.
b) The waveforms of a) and the counterpart waveform obtained in Part 2) side by side.
c) The maximum power angles of the generator after the fault occurrence identified from
the waveforms in b).
d) Comment/explanation on the difference between the maximum power angles found in c).

4) Transient Stability, Case 3

a) The waveform of the generator power angle versus time from the time that the fault
occurs until 4 seconds.
b) The waveforms of a) and the counterpart waveform obtained in Part 3) side by side.
c) Comment/explanation on the difference between the responses of power angles found in
6 LAB 5
b).
d) a) – c) for the case that the circuit breakers reclose 4 seconds after the fault occurrence.
 LAB 5 7
Appendix 1

A Quick Guide for Using Transient Stability

After you built your model in PowerWorld based on the Figure in this instruction you need to
add a dynamic generator model to the existing power flow case. It is worth noting that in your
model you should add another bus before the transformer which is numbered as 4 in the model
to connect the generator to it. Therefore, to add the dynamic generator model:
 In run mode, right-click on the generator symbol for bus 4, then select “Generator
Information Dialog” from the local menu.
 This displays the Generator Information Dialog (as shown below), select the “Stability”
tab to view the transient stability models; none are initially defined.
 Select the “Machine models” tab to enter a dynamic machine model for the generator at
bus 4. Click “Insert” to enter a machine model. From the Model Type list select
GENCLS, which represents a simple “Classical” machine model. Use the default
values (H=3). Values are per unit using the generator MVA base.
 Hit “Ok” when done to save the data and close the dialog box.

Most of the PowerWorld Simulator transient stability functionality is accessed using the
Transient Stability Analysis form. To view this form, from the ribbon select “Add Ons”,
“Transient Stability”. This will open the “Transient Stability Analysis” form as depicted below.
Key pages of form for quick start examples (listed under “Select Step”).

 Simulation page: Used for specifying the starting and ending time for the
simulation, the time step, defining the transient stability fault (contingency) events,
and running the simulation.
 Options: Various options associated with transient stability.
8 LAB 5

 Result Storage: Used to specify the fields to save and where.

 Plots: Used to plot results.
 Results: Used to view the results (actual numbers, not plots)

By default PowerWorld Simulator does NOT treat the slack bus as an infinite bus, but does
provide this as an option. Therefore, we will use the option to treat the slack bus as an infinite
bus. To do this, select “Options” from the “Select Step” list. This displays the option page.
Select the “Power System Model” tab, and then set Infinite Bus Modeling to “Model the power
flow slack bus(es) as infinite buses” if it is not already set to do so.
 LAB 5 9

This page is also used to specify the nominal system frequency as shown in the above figure.

To specify the transient stability contingency go back to the “Simulation” page and click on the
“Insert Elements” button. This displays the Transient Stability Contingency Element Dialog,
which is used to specify the events that occur during the transient stability study. For example,
if you want to perform a self-clearing, balanced 3-phase, solid (no impedance) fault at bus 1,
starting at time = 0.00 seconds, and clearing at time = 0.06 seconds.

 For the first action just choose all the defaults and select “Insert.” Insert will add the
action but not close the dialog.
 For the second action simply change the Time to 0.06 seconds, and change the Type to
“Clear Fault.” Select “OK,” which saves the action and closes the dialog.

Click to insert
new elements

Summary of all
elements in Right click here
contingency and And select “show dialog”
time of action To reopen this

If you want to perform the fault on a transmission line rather than a bus, you can select “AC
Line/Transformer” from the Transient Stability Contingency Element Dialog.

For large cases, transient stability solutions can generate huge amounts of data. PowerWorld
Simulator provides easy ways to choose which fields to save for later viewing. These choices
can be made on the “Result Storage” page. For example, we can save the generator 4 rotor
angle and speed. To this end, from the “Result Storage” page, select the generator tab and
double click on the specified fields to set their values to “Yes”, as illustrated below.
 1 LAB 5
0

Result
Storage
Page

Generator
Tab

Double Click on Fields to (which sets them to yes) to store their values

Because time plots are commonly used to show transient stability results, PowerWorld
Simulator makes it easy to define commonly used plots. Plot definitions are saved with the
case, and can be set to automatically display at the end of a transient stability run. To define
some plots on the Transient Stability Analysis form select the “Plots” page. Initially we’ll setup
a plot to show the rotor angle.

 Use the Plot Designer to choose a Device Type (Generator), Field, (Rotor Angle),
and an Object (Bus 4). Then click the “Add” button. Next click on the Plot Series
tab (far right) to customize the plot’s appearance; set Color to black and Thickness
to 2.
 LAB 5 11
Plot Designer Tab Plot Series Tab

Plots
Page

Device
Type

Field

Object; note multiple objects and/or fields can be simultaneously selected

Once the plot is designed if you run the simulation the plot should appear automatically.

The last step before doing the run is to specify an ending time for the simulation, and a time
step. To do so:
 Go to the “Simulation” page, and specify end time to 3 seconds and time step to 0.5
cycles. PowerWorld Simulator allows the time step to be specified in either seconds
or cycles, with 0.5 cycles recommended.
 Before doing your first simulation, save all the changes made so far by using the
main PowerWorld Simulator Ribbon, select “Save Case As” with an appropriate
name.
 Click on “Run Transient Stability” to solve.
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2

Click to run
the
specified
contingency

Once the contingency runs the plot will be opened.