9/27/2023

Lecture 14

Intake Structures

Subject: Environmental Engineering I

Section: Water Collection and transmission

 Water Intakes

Disclaimer: the material used in this presentation i.e., pictures/graphs/text, etc. is solely intended for
educational/teaching purpose, offered free of cost to the students for use under special circumstances of
Online Education due to COVID-19 Lockdown situation and may include copyrighted material - the use of
which may not have been specifically authorised by Copyright Owners. It’s application constitutes Fair Use
of any such copyrighted material as provided in globally accepted law of many countries. The contents of
presentations are intended only for the attendees of the class being conducted by the presenter.
.

1
 9/27/2023

After completion of this class discussion the

students will be able to:

Discuss the Intake and their types

INTAKE STRUCTURE

The main function of the intakes is to

collect water from the surface source
and then discharge water so
collected, by means of pumps or
directly to the treatment plant.

2
 9/27/2023

3
 9/27/2023

• Intakes structures essentially consists of opening, strainer

through which the raw water from river, canal or reservoir enters
and carried to the sump well.
• water from the sump well is pumped through the rising mains to
the treatment plant.

TYPES OF INTAKE

 Depending on the source of water, the intake works are classified as follows:

• Lake Intake
• Reservoir Intake
• River Intake
• Canal Intake

4
 9/27/2023

LAK E INTAKE:

• For obtaining water from lakes mostly

submersible intakes are used.
• These intakes are constructed in the bed of the
lake below the water level.
• These intakes have advantages such as no
obstruction to the navigation, no danger from the
floating bodies and no trouble due to ice.
• As these intakes draw small quantity of water,
these are not used in big water supply schemes
or on rivers or reservoirs. The main reason being
that they are not easily approachable for
maintenance.

10

5
 9/27/2023

RIVER INTAKE:

• Water from the rivers is always drawn from the

upstream side, because it is free from the contamination
caused by the disposal of sewage in it.
• It is circular masonry tower of 4 to 7 m in diameter
constructed along the bank of the river at such place
from where required quantity of water can be obtained
even in the dry period.
• The water enters in the lower portion of the intake
known as sump well from penstocks.
11

12

6
 9/27/2023

RESERVOIR INTAKE

• It consists of an intake well, which is placed near the dam

and connected to the top of dam by foot bridge.

13

14

7
 9/27/2023

• The intake pipes are located at different levels with common

vertical pipe. The valves of intake pipes are operated from
the top.

• Each intake pipe is provided with bell mouth entry with

perforations of fine screen on its surface. The outlet pipe is
taken out through the body of dam. The location of intake
pipes at different levels ensures supply of water from a level
lower than the surface level.

• When the valve of an intake pipe is opened the water is

drawn off from the reservoir to the outlet pipe through the
common vertical pipe.

15

C A N A L INTAKE

• A intake chamber is constructed in the canal section.This results in the reduction

of water way which increases the velocity of flow. It therefore becomes necessary
to provide pitching on the downstream and upstream portion of canal intake.

16

8
 9/27/2023

17

• The entry of water in the intake chamber takes through

coarse screen and the top of outlet pipe is provided
with fine screen.
• The inlet to outlet pipe is of bell-mouth shape with
perforations of the fine screen on its surface.
• The outlet valve is operated from the top and it
controls the entry of water into the outlet pipe from
where it is taken to the treatment plant.

18

9
 9/27/2023

Design Considerations
• sufficient factor of safety against external forces such as
heavy currents, floating materials, submerged bodies, ice
pressure, etc.
• should have sufficient self weight so that it does not float by
upthrust of water.

19

• The intake structures design should provide for withdrawal of water

from more than one level to cope up with seasonal variations of depth
of water. Undersluices should be provided for release of less desirable
water held in storage.

• Undermining of foundations due to water currents or overturning

pressures, due to deposits of silt against one side of an intake
structure, are to beavoided.

• The entrance of large objects into the intake pipe is prevented by

coarse screen or by obstructions offered by small openings in the crib
work placed around the intake pipe. Fine screens for the exclusion of
small fish and other small objects should be placed at an accessible
point.

20

10
 9/27/2023

• The conduit for conveying water from the intake should lead
to a suction well in or near the pumping station. For conduits
laid under water, standard cast iron pipe may be used. Larger
conduits may be of steel of concrete. A tunnel makes the
safest conduit.

• A velocity of 60 to 90 cm/s in the intake conduit with a lower

velocity through the ports will give satisfactory performance.
The horizontal cross-sectional area of the suction well should
be three to five times the vertical cross-sectional area of the
intake conduit.

21

Design of Intakes

 If population, daily consumption of water per capita and rate of water supply are given then
the discharge required by the city or town is first found out.
 Discharge required by city or town is worked out using given population and consumption
of water per capita as follows:
 Q = population x per capita consumption
 Intake load is calculated using given condition for canal.

 Intake load = m3 per second

Time for which canal runs

22

11
 9/27/2023

Design of Course screen

 Assume the coarse screen is in the form of vertical iron bars of 15 to 20 mm diameter
placed at 30 mm to 50 mm centre to centre and velocity through screen 0.15 meter per
second.
 Area = (m2)

 Height of screen = depth of canal – bottom cover – free board

 Length of screen =

 Number of bars can be found out after assuming the diameter and the spacing of the bars.

23

Design of bell mouth entry

 First assume the velocity through bell-mouth, usually 0.30 m/sec

 Area = (m2)

 Knowing the area, calculate the dia of bell mouth

24

12
 9/27/2023

Head Loss Calculations

25

Example:

26

13
 9/27/2023

27

Course Screen

28

14
 9/27/2023

Bell Mouth Entry

29

Intake Pipe

30

15
 9/27/2023

Head Loss

31

32

16