Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts

Revision Notes
Acids: Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour in taste.
Bases: Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are bitter in taste.
Mineral Acids: Acids which are obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc. are called mineral
acids, example, H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid), HNO3 (Nitric acid) and HCl (Hydrochloric acid).
Organic Acids: Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic acids. Example citric acid,
ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid.
Hydronium Ions: They are formed by the reaction of H+ (from acid) and H2O. It is because H+ is unstable.
Universal Indicator: A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which shows a gradual but well-marked series
of colour changes over a very wide range of change in concentration of H+ ions.
Strong Acids: Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids. Example, H2SO4, HCl.
Weak Acids: Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids. Example, citric acid, acetic
acid.
Chemical Properties of Acids:
 Acids react with active metals to give salt and hydrogen gas.
 Acids react with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates to give salt, water and carbon dioxide.
 Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called a neutralization reaction.
 Acids react with metal oxides to give salt and water.
Chemical Properties of Bases:
 Reaction with metals: Certain metals such as zinc, aluminium and tin react with alkali solutions on heating
and hydrogen gas is evolved.
 Reaction with acids: Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
Indicators: Indicators are substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature of the solution by their colour
change.
pH Scale: A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre.
pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log [H3O+]
where [H+] or [H3O+] represents concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
 The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
 The pH of an acidic solution is < 7.
 The pH of a basic solution is > 7.
Some Important Compounds and their Uses:

Equations of Acids, Bases and Salts:

 Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
 Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 (Sodium zincate) + H2
 Base + Acid → Salt + Water
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
 Acids give hydronium ions in water
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–
 Bases generate OH- ions in water
NaOH (aq) + H2O → Na+ (aq) + O– (aq)
Reactions Of Important Chemical Compounds:

GAUTAM 1
  Preparation of Bleaching powder: By the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
 On heating, baking soda liberates CO2


 Preparation of Plaster of Paris:

1 Marks Questions
1. An acid can react with
(a)AgCl (b)Na2NO3 (c)PbSO4 (d)Na2SO4
Ans. (b) Na2CO3
2. Which of the following gives on heating?
(a) Slaked (b) Quick lime (c) Lime stone (d) Soda ash.
Ans. (c) Lime stone
3. Plaster of Paris is made from
(a) Lime stone (b) Slaked Lime (c) Quick lime (d) Gypsum
Ans. (d) Gypsum
4. Which is a base and not alkali?
(a) NaOH (b)KOH (c)Fe(OH)3 (d) None
Ans. (c) Fe(OH)3
5. Chemical formula of baking soda is
(a) MgSO4 (b) Na2CO3 (c) NaHCO3 (d)MgCO3
Ans. (c) NaHCO3
6. The H+ ion concentration of a solution is . The solution is
(a) Acidic (b) Alkaline (c) Neutral (d) Amphoteric
Ans. (a) Acidic
7. An aqueous solution with pH‐zero is
(a) Acidic (b) Alkaline (c) Neutral (d) Amphoteric
Ans. (a) Acidic
8. Setting of Plaster of Paris takes place due to
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (c) Dehydration (d) Hydration
Ans. (d) Hydration
9. The difference of water molecules is gypsum and Plaster of Paris is
(a) 5/2 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 3/2
Ans. (d) 3/2
10. The odour of acetic acid resembles that of
(a) Rose (b) Burning Plastic (c) Vinegar (d) Kerosene
Ans. (c) Vinegar
11. Washing soda has the formula
(a) Na2CO3.10H2O (b) Na2CO3.7H2O (c) Na2CO3.H2O (d) Na2CO3
Ans. (b) Na2CO3.10H2O
12. Plaster of Paris hardens by

GAUTAM 2
(a) Giving off Water (b)Changing into solid (c) Combining with water (d) Giving out gas
Ans. (c) Combining with water
13. Which of the following is evolved when is heated?
(a) CO2 (b) CO (c) O2 (d) None
Ans. (d) None
14. A drop of liquid sample was put on the pH paper, paper turned blue. The liquid sample must be of
(a) Lemon Juice (b) HCl (c) Sodium bicarbonate (d) Ethanoic acid.
Ans. (c) Sodium bicarbonate
15. If pH of solution is 13, it means that if is
(a) Weakly acidic (b) Weakly basic (c) Strongly acidic (d) Strongly Basic
Ans. (d) Strongly Basic
16. How is concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of acid is diluted?
Ans. Concentration of hydronium ions decreased when the solution of an acid is diluted.
17. What effect does the concentration of H+ ions have on the nature of the solution?
Ans. Higher the concentration of H+ ions, greater is the acidic nature of the solution.
18. What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?
Ans. Bleaching powder.
19. Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
Ans. Slaked lime or calcium hydroxide.
20. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Ans. Sodium carbonate is used for softening hard water.
21. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Ans. (d) 10
22. A solution reacts with crushed egg‐shells to give a gas that turns lime‐water milky. The solution contains
(a) NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl
Ans. (b) HCl
23. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralized by 8 mL of a given solution of HCl. If we
take 20 mL of same solution of NaOH, the amount of HCl solution required to neutralize it will be
(a) 4 mL (b) 8 mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL
Ans. (d) 16 mL
24. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?
(a) Antibiotics (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic
Ans. (c) Antacid
25. ‘A’ is a soluble acidic oxid and ‘B’ is a soluble base. Compared to pH of pure water. What will be the pH of
(a) solution of A (b) solution of B?
Ans. pH of a will be less than 7 and that of B will be more than 7.
2 Marks Questions
1. What happens to the crystals of washing soda when exposed to air?
Ans.Washing soda(White Crystals) Washing Power(White power)
Washing soda undergoes efflorescence.
2. What is the chemical name of washing soda? Name three raw materials used in making washing soda by
Solvay process?
Ans. Chemical name – Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Raw materials – Brine, Lime stone, Ammonia
3. What is efflorescence? Give an example?
Ans. It in the process of the loss of molecules of water of crystallization from a substance when exposed to air for
example Washing soda(White Crystals) Washing Power(White power)

GAUTAM 3
4. Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate an essential ingredient is antacids?
Ans. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is an essential ingredient in antacids because it neutralizes the effect which is
released in the stomach. So it is called as an antacid
5. Give the name and formula of two
(i) strong monobasic acids (ii) two weak dibasic acids
Ans. (i) Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Nitric acid (HNO3).
(ii) Carbonic acid (H2CO3), oxalic acid (C2H4O4).
6. Why alkalis like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide should not be left exposed to air?
Ans. Alkalis should not be left exposed to air because they are hygroscopic in nature and absorb moisture from
atmosphere in which they get dissolved.
7. Dry ammonia has no action on litmus paper but a solution of ammonia in water turns red litmus paper
blue. Why is it so?
Ans. In dry state Ammonia contains no hydroxyl ions. On dissolving in water, it forms NH4OH which dissociates to
give NH4+ and OH- ions. Thus solution becomes basic and turns red litmus paper blue.
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) NH4OH (aq)
NH4OH (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
8. Bleaching powder forms a milky solution in water. Explain.
Ans. When bleaching powder gets dissolved in water, the solution turns milky due to the formation of Ca (OH)2
CaOCl2 + H2O  Ca (OH)2 + 2HCl (Bleaching powder)
9. Why does not an acid show any acidic behavior is the absence of water?
Ans. An acid gets ionized only in aqueous solution which means in the presence of water. Also it releases H+ ions
and show acidic behavior in the presence of water
10. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. What will be the PH value if milk changes into a curd. Justify.
Ans. When milk changes into a curd, its PH value decreases i.e. lactose gets converted into lactic acid. As more of
acid is formed, its PH value decreases.
11. What is the reaction between hydrogen in concentration ion concentration of an aqueous solution and
pH?
Ans. Where is hydrogen in concentration
12. How will you show that acetic acid is monobasic acid
Ans. When acetic acid reacts with solution only one it atom of the acid gets replaced which shows acetic acid is a
monobasic acid.
13. Why should curd and sour substance not be kept in brass and copper vessels.
Ans. Brass and copper vessels contain copper and zinc metal that reacts with acids present in curd and sour
substance forming soluble salts. These salts are poisonous in nature and make curd unfit for consumption.
14. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you
test for the presence of this gas?
Ans. Usually hydrogen gas is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal.
For example: Zn + Cl2 ZnCl2 +H2
When a burning candle or matchstick is bought near hydrogen gas it burns with pop sound.
15. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?
Ans. Electricity is conducted in a solution by ions. Acid release H+ ions in a solution so, it conducts electricity.
16. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Ans. Colour of litmus paper changes only when it come in contact of H+ ions and H+ ions is produced only when HCl
gas comes in contact with water. Therefore, dry HCl do not change the colour of dry litmus paper.
17. While diluting an acid, why it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to
the acid?
Ans. Addition of water to acid is an exothermic reaction. If we add water to acid lot of heat is produced that may
breaks the glass container or sprout to burns the person adding it. But when acid is added to water with constant
stirring, the heat produced is absorbed by water and no harm occurs.
18. How is concentration of hydroxide ions (OH‐) affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of
sodium hydroxide?
Ans. Excess base dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide will release more hydroxide (OH-) ions. Therefore,
concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) will increase.
19. Do basic solutions also have H+ ions? If yes, then why are these basic?

GAUTAM 4
Ans. Acidic and basic solutions both have H+ ions. The difference is that in acids H+ ions concentration is more than
OH- ions concentration while in basic solution OH- ions concentration is more than H+ ions concentration.
20. You have two solutions ‘A’ and ‘B’. The pH of solution ‘A’ is 6 and pH of solution ‘B’ is 8. Which solution
has more hydrogen ions concentration? Which is acidic and which one is basic?
Ans. A solution having pH less than 7 is acidic and that having pH more than 7 is basic. So, solution ‘A’ is acid and ‘B’
is basic. Naturally ‘A ‘which is acidic has greater concentration of hydrogen ions concentrations.
21. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated? Give the equation of reaction
involved.
Ans. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution on heating gives sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
2NaHCO3 + heat  Na2CO3 + CO2 +H2O
23. Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and water.
Ans. The reaction between plaster of Paris and water is as follows:
CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2 H2O CaSO4 .2H2O
24. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?
Ans. Rain water contains small amount of acid because of which it conducts electricity. Distilled water is pure water.
It does not contain ions. Therefore, it does not conduct electricity.
25. Why do acids not show acidic behavior in the absence of water?
Ans. Acids produce hydrogen ions or hydronium ions only in presence of water. Therefore, it shows acidic behavior
only presence of water.
26. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. hydrochloric acid is added to test
tube A, while acetic acid is added to test B. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and
why?
Ans. HCl is stronger acid than CH3COOH. Therefore, H+ ions concentration in test tube A will be more than that in
test tube B. hence, reaction will take place faster in test tube A than in test tube B. so, fizzing will occur more
vigorously in test tube B.
27. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your answer.
Ans. Bacteria change the fresh milk into curd by producing lactic acid. Because of the presence of lactic acid in curd,
the pH will come down from 6 to lower value.
28. Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture‐proof container. Explain why?
Ans. Plaster of Paris reacts with moisture to form gypsum and sets to a hard mass. Therefore, it should be stored in
moisture-proof container.
29. Kazi and priyam want to prepare dil H2SO4.Kazi added conc. H2SO4 to water slowly with Constant
stirring & cooling whereas Priyam added water to conc, H2SO4 .Name the Student Who was correct and why?
Ans. Kazi was correct. If water is added to a concentrated acid, the eat generated may cause the Mixture to splash
our and cause burns. The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
30. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and baking soda for bee
stings.
(i) What does this information tell you about the chemical nature of the wasp stings
(ii) If there were no baking soda in the ouse, what other household substance could you use to treat bee
stings?
Ans. (i) Since vinegar (acetic acid) is used to heal or neutralize the effect of wasp stings This means that the
chemical present in the stings must be some base.
(ii) NH4OH
31. A compound ‘X’ on electrolysis in aqueous solution produces a strong base. ‘Y’ along with two gases ‘A’
and ‘B’. ‘B’ is used in manufacture of bleaching powder. Identify X, Y, A and B. Write chemical equations.
Ans. 2NaCL (aq) + 2H2O (l)  NaOH + Cl2 (g) + H2(g)
32. A yellow powder X gives a pungent smell if left open in air. It is prepared by the Reaction of dry
compound Y with chlorine gas. It is used for disinfecting drinking Water. Identify X and Y. and write the
reaction involved.
Ans. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  CaOCl2 + H2O
33. A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator were added to an unknown solution A. It acquired pink colour.
Now another unknown solution B was added to it dropwise and the solution becomes colorless. Predict the
nature of A & B.
Ans. Sol ‘A’ is basic in nature as phenolphthalein has imparted pink colour to it. Sol ‘B’ is an acid it has made solution
A colourless by neutralizing by its basic effect.
3 Marks Questions
1. (a) Name the raw materials used is the manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay process?

GAUTAM 5
 (b) How is sodium hydrogen carbonate from a mixture of
Ans. (a) Raw materials used are - lime stone or and
(b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is sparingly soluble or less soluble in water and it gets separated as a precipitate
while NH4Cl remains in solution. This precipitate is removed by filtration.
2. Write equations for the following reactions
(i) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(iii) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminum powder.
Ans. (i) 2HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2
(ii) 2HCl + Mg  MgCl2 + H2
(iii) H2SO4 + Al  Al2(SO4)3 + H2
3. (a) An aqueous solution has a pH value of 7.0. Is this solution acidic, basic or neutral?
(b) If H+ concentration of a solution is 10‐2 mol per Litre, what will be its pH value?
(c) Which has higher pH value: or
Ans. (a) The solution is neutral is nature
(b) 2
(c) 1 M NaOH solution (basic) higher pH. Value 1 M HCl solution (acidic) lower PH. Value
4. What will you observe when:
(i) Red litmus is introduced into a solution of sodium sulphate.
(ii) Methyl orange is added to dil HCl.
(iii). Blue litmus is introduced into a solution of ferric chloride
Ans. (i) It will undergo any colour change because solution of Na2SO4 is water is almost neutral.
(ii) In the acidic solution, the colour of methyl Orange will change to reddish.
(iii) FeCl3 solution on reacting with water will form ferric hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Since the acid is
strong, the solution will be acidic. Therefore the colour of blue litmus will change to red.
5. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and baking soda for bee stings.
(a) What does this information tell you about the chemical name of the wasp sting?
(b) If there were no baking soda in the house, what other house hold substances would you use to treat as
stings?
Ans. (a) The chemical present in the sting must be base because vinegar (acetic acid) is used to heal or neutralize
the effect of wasp stings.
(b) Since bee stings are treated by backing soda which is a base it means they must contain some acid. If baking
soda is not available in the house, solution of ammonium hydroxide NH4OH can be used for the same purpose.
6. Does Tartaric acid helps in making cake or bread fluffy. Justify.
Ans. No, tartaric acid does not evolve any carbon dioxide during baking. Its role is to react with Na2CO3 formed when
NaHCO3 decomposes. If this not happens, Na2CO3 will impart a bitter taste to the cake.
7. Explain why?
(a) Common salt becomes sticky during the rainy season.
(b) Blue vittriol change to white upon heating.
Ans. (a) Common salt contains impurity of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) which is of deliquescent nature. When
exposed to atmosphere, it becomes moist. Therefore common salt becomes sticky during the rainy season.
(b) Blue vitriol (CuSO4 5H2O) during heating changes to a anhydrous copper sulphate (CuSO4 ) which is white in
colour.
8. Explain why‐
(i) Anhydrous calcium chloride is used in desiccators
(ii) If bottle full of concentrated Sulphuric acid is left open in the atmosphere by accident, the acid starts
flowing out the bottle of its own.
Ans. (a) Anhydrous calcium chloride is highly hygroscopic in nature it readily absorbs moisture and is therefore
used as drying agent.
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid is highly hygroscopic it absorbs moisture from air and gets diluted. Since the
volume increases, the acid starts flowing out of the bottle.

GAUTAM 6
9. How is plaster of Paris chemically different from gypsum? How may these be inter converted? Write one
use of plaster of Paris?
Ans. Plaster of Paris is different from Gypsum as it is prepared from heating gypsum. Plaster of Pairs is a major
constituent of surgical bandages used for setting fractured bones. Before applying on fractured bone, it is made wet
with water and as a result of hydration it changes into gypsum which keeps the bones in position. These may be
interconverted by the reaction:

The use of plaster of Paris are-

(i) It is used for making modules or casts for toys pottery, ceramics etc.
(ii) In surgical bandages for setting fractured bones.
10. (a) What is the action of red litmus on
(i) Dry ammonia gas
(ii) Solution of ammonia gas is water?
(b) State the observations you would make on adding ammonium hydroxide to aqueous solution of
(i) furious sulphate
(ii) Aluminium chloride?
Ans. (a) (i) Red Litmus has no action on dry ammonia gas. Because it does not release any hydroxyl ions
(ii) When it is passed through water is converted to ammonia hydroxide It dissociates to give hydroxyl ions and
the solution is basic in nature. Red litmus acquires a blue colour.
(b) (i) A green precipitate of ferrous hydroxide will be formed by double decomposition reaction.

(ii) A white precipitate of aluminum hydroxide will be formed by double decomposition reaction

11. State the chemical property in each case on which the following uses of baking soda are based
(i) As an antacid
(ii) As a constituent of baking powder.
Give the chemical for baking soda
Ans. (i) It is weakly alkaline is nature and neutralizes acid formed is the stomach.
(ii) It evolves CO2 in the form of bubbles when cake is made by baking. As a result, the cake becomes porous as well
as fluffy.
The chemical formula of baking soda is: NaHCO3
12. Metal compound ‘A’ reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce efferenvescence. The gas evolved
extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced equation for the reaction, if one of the compounds formed
is calcium chloride.
Ans. As one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride, metal compound ‘A’ is salt ofcalcium. Burning candle is
extinguished by carbon dioxide so carbon dioxide gas is produced by reaction of ‘A’ with hydrochloric acid.
Carbon dioxide is produced by action of HCl on carbonate that means ‘A’ is calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 + HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
13. Why do HCl, HNO3 etc. show acidic characters in aqueous solution while solutions of compounds like
alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Ans. Compounds like HCl and HNO3 release hydrogen ions in solution, therefore they shows acidic character. While
compounds like alcohol and glucose do not release hydrogen ions. Therefore they do not show acidic properties.
14. You have two solutions ‘A’ and ‘B’. The pH of solution ‘A’ is 6 and pH of solution ‘B’ is 8. Which solution
has more hydrogen ions concentration? Which is acidic and which one is basic?
Ans. A solution having pH less than 7 is acidic and that having pH more than 7 is basic. So, solution ‘A’ is acid and ‘B’
is basic. Naturally ‘A ‘which is acidic has greater concentration of hydrogen ions concentrations.
15. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his field with quicklime (calcium
oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate).
Ans. The farmer would treat the soil of his field with quicklime (calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
or chalk (calcium carbonate) when field has become acidic to neutralize the effect of acid.

GAUTAM 7
16. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set a curd?
Ans. (a) The pH of milk changes from 6 to slightly alkaline on addition of a very small amount of baking soda. This is
because sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) is basic in nature. This prevents the milk from souring.
(b) Lactic acid formed as a result of fermentation is neutralized by sodium hydrogen carbonate. This prolongs the
time taken by milk to set as curd.
17. What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
Ans. The reaction between an acid and a base to give salt and water is called neutralization reaction.
For example:
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
KOH + HNO3  KNO3 + H2O
18. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Ans. Uses of washing soda:
(i) As cleansing agent.
(ii) Removing permanent hardness of water.
(iii) Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
Uses of baking soda:
(i) For making baking powder.
(ii) As ingredient of antacid.
19. Compound P forms enamel of teeth. It is the hardest substance of the body. It does not dissolve in water
but it is corroded when pH in the mouth is below 5.5. How does tooth paste prevent dental decay?
Ans. P = Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar And food particles remaining in the
mouth after eating. Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralize the excess acid
and prevent Tooth decay.
20. The oxide of a metal M was water soluble when a blue litmus strip was dipped in This solution, it did not
go any change in colour. Predict the nature of oxide.
Ans. The Metal oxide (MO) is of basic in nature. It dissolve in water to form metal Hydroxide as Blue litmus does not
undergo any change in Colour in the basic medium.
21. A road tanker carrying an acid was involved in an accident and its contents spilledon the road, iron drain
covers began melting and fizzing as the acid ran over them. A Specialist was called to se if the acid actually
leaked into the nearby river.
(a) Explain how the specialist could carry out a simple test to see if the river water contains some acid or
not.
(b) The word melting is incorrectly used in the report. Suggest a better name that should have been used.
(c) Explain why drain covers began fizzing as the acid rain over them.
Ans. (a) By dipping a strip of blue limos paper in to the sample of river water. If the colour Changes to red this
means that some acid has gone in to the river.
(b) Corrosion.
(c) Iron reacts with acid to evolve hydrogen gas.
22. A compound ‘A’ on heating at 370 K gives ‘B’ used as plaster for supporting fractured Bones in the right
position. ‘B’ on mixing with water changes to ‘A’. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’ and write the chemical reaction.
Ans.

23. A student heated a few crystals of copper sulphate n a dry boiling tube.
(a) What will be the color of the copper sulphate after heating?
(b) Will you notice water droplets in the boiling tube?
(c) Where have these come from
Ans. (a) White

GAUTAM 8
 (b) Yes
(c) Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.
23. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when:
(a) Dilute Sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) Dilute Sulphuric acid reacts with aluminum powder
(d) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron fillings.
Ans. (a) Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate +Hydrogen
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
(b) Magnesium + Sulphuric acid magnesium chloride +Hydrogen gas
Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2
(c) Aluminum + Sulphuric acid Aluminum sulphate +Hydrogen gas
Al +S04 -- Al2(S04)3 + H2
(d) Iron + Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride +Hydrogen
Fe + 2HCl – FeCl2 + H2
2. (a) Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity?
(b) How does the concentration of hydrogen ions changes when the solution of an acid is diluted with water?
(c) Which has higher pH. A concentrated or dilute solution of HCL?
(d) What would you observe on adding dil HCL acid to
(i) Sodium bicarbonate placed in a test tube.
(ii) Zinc metal in a test tube.
Ans. (a) An aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity because in water an acid (HCl) dissociates to give ions.
Since the current is carried out by the movement of ions, an aqueous solution of acid conducts electricity.
(b) During dilution, more of acid dissociates into ions. Thus concentration of H3O+ ions will increase on dilution.
(c) Even on increasing H3O+ ions, the number of ions per unit volume decreases. Therefore, ph will increases on
dilution.
(d) (i) CO2 gas will evolves accompanied by brick effervescence. NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) +
H2O (aq)
(ii) H2 gas will evolves accompanied by brick effervescence. Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)  ZnCl2 (aq) + H2O (g)
7. When gas pass through saturated solution of ammonia cal brine, two compound ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are form. ‘Y’ is
used as antacid and decomposes to form another solid ‘Z’. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’ and write chemical equations.
Ans.

5. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and baking soda for bee stings.
i. What does this information tell you about the chemical nature of the wasp stings
ii. If there were no baking soda in the house, what other household substance could you use to treat bee
stings?
Ans. i. Since vinegar (acetic acid) is used to heal or neutralize the effect of wasp stings this means that the chemical
present in the stings must be some base.
ii. NH4OH

GAUTAM 9