INDEX
• WHAT IS DISASTER ?
• TYPES OF DISASTER
• NATURAL DISASTER
• IMPACT OF DISASTER
• DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• RISK ASSESSMENT
• PREPAREDNESS STRATEGIES
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• RECOVERY OPERATIONS
• CONCLUSION
WHAT IS DISASTER ?
A Disaster can be defined as any occurence
that cause damage, ecological discrfuption, loss
of human life, deterioration of health and health
services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area.
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
either nature or handmade that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that victims
cannot alleviate without assistance.
TYPES OF DISASTER
• NATURAL DISASTER
A sudden and terrible event in nature that usually
results in serious damage and many deaths.Natural
disaster are destructive events that result from natural
processes of the earth , often causing widespread damage,
loss of life , and significant economic impacts. these
events can take varios forms, including earthquakes,
hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, wildfirea,
and drought.
• MANMADE DISASTER
Man-made disasters are usually the result of things
going wrong in our complex technological society. They
include, blackouts, hazardous material spills, air pollution,
house fires, radiation leaks, food or water contamination
and industrial chemical releases.
NATURAL DISASTERS
a. V0LCANO
b.CYCLONE
c. EARTHQUAKE
d.FLOODS
e.DROUGHT
f. TSUNAMI
g. AVALANCHES
h.HURRICANES
i. LANDSLIDES
j. TORNADO
VOLCANO
A volcano is an opening in a planet's surface which allows hot
magma to escape from below the surface. volcanic eruptions
occur when molten rock, ash, and large amount of gas build up
under the surface, eruptions can be explosive, expelling lava into
the air. Less gas and more viscous magma usually mean a kess
dramatic eruption, often causing streams of lava to ooze from the
vent.
The mountains-like mounds that we assosiate with volcanoes are
what remain after the material spewed during eruptions has
collected and hardened around the bvent. This can happen over a
period of weeks or many millions of years.
These eruptions cand ledad to the destruction of communities
near the volcano, as well as pose risks such as ashfall, mudflows,
and volcanic gases.
The largest volcano known to humans as olympus Mons on mars.
Olympus Mons means mount olympus and is bigger than mount
everest.
CYCLONE
• The circulatory winds which rotates inward in the
lower parts of an atmosphere is called a cyclone.
• A cyclone develops when a low pressure area is
surrounded by high pressure.
• The tropical cyclones which originate in the bay of
bengal can reach inland. The areas which are prone
to cyclones in india are west bengal, Orissa, Andhra
pradesh, Tamil nadu, and coastal areas of gujrat
and Maharastra.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY A CYCLONE
• The winds nlows towards the centre at a very high
speed and are destructive in nature. These winds are
accompanied by heavy rains and are often disastrous.
• The coastal areas in Andhra pradesh were hit by a
cyclone storm in may 1990. the speed of the winds
was abbout 250km per hour. The cyclone affected
about 6,000 villages in the coastal areas. It killed
about 1,000 persons and about 25,000 cattle.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CYCLONES
• Listen regularly to weather bulletins on television and
radio.
• keep an emergency kit ready at home.
• Secure your home or move to a safer place efore the
cyclone hits your area.
• Store enough non-perishable food articles in
waterproof bags.
• do not venture into the sea.
• keep phone numbers of hospitals, police, help
agencies, relatives and friends handy.
• After the cyclone, check gas leaks and dry the
electrical appliances.
• Avoid floodwater and be careful about snake bites.
EARTHQUAKE
• An Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the earth,
resulting from the sudden release of energy int the
Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so
weak that they cannot be felt to thode violent enough to
loss people around and destroy whole cities.
• Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are
caused there, both by tectonic faults and the movement
of magna in volvanoes.
DAMAGE BY AN EARTHQUAKE
• Violent earthquakes are often very destructive.They
causes serios damage to life and property. More than
20,000 people died, over 15 lakh were injured, and
about 8 lakh houses were destroyed in a powerful
earthquake in Gujarat on 26 january 2001.
• The Himalayan region in the northern part if India is
earthquake prone.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST EARTHQUAKE
• Leave your home or school building and move to an
open area.
• Learn the basic first aid functions.
• Do not stay near windows, bookcases, mirrors,
hanging pots and fans during or immediately after an
earthquake.
• If trapped in a building remain close to an interior wall
and protect your head with your arms. avoid using a
lift.
• If outdoors, keep away from trees, signboards,
building, poles and electric wires.
• Do not sit inside a car or a bus.
• If you are inside a theatre hall, stadium or auditorium,
do not panic. Stay inside.
FLOODS
• The inundation of an area by water is called a Flood. In
other words, when river over flows its banks and water
spreads in the surroundings areas is a flood.
• It can be also caused due to-
a.Blocking of river channel due to landslides
b. Strong tides and storms in the sea.
c. Cyclones and Tsunamis.
d. Faulty designs of canals and dams.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY A FLOOD
• India has experienced more floods than any other part
of the world. The main season for the occurrence of
floods is the rainy season between june and
september. Floods are more frequent in northern
india than is southern india. About one-eighth of the
totak area of our country is estimated to be flood
prone. Most of its is in the plains of northern india.
• Floods can cause damage of life, property and crops.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FLOODS
• Know the routes and locations of safe shelters.
• listen to the radio or watch television for warning and
advice.
• keep strong ropes for tying things.
• keep the first-aid kit ready, especially for diaroea and
snake bites.
• keep waterproof bags for packing food articles and
clothes.
• keep bamboo sticks to ward off snakes.
• Do not enter the flooded area of unknown depth.
• Swithc off power and electrical appliances.
• Drink only boiled water and eat only fresh cooked food.
• Take help from disaster management teams and other
agencies.
DROUGHT
A drought can be defined as a prolonged perod of usually
dry weather in an area where some rain might normally be
expected. Droughts involve water shortages, crop damage,
steam flow reduction and depletion of groundwater and
soil moisture.
Drought is caused by not onlu lack ofprecipitation and high
temperature but by overuse and overpopulation.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY DROUGHT
• It affects human beings, animals, and agricultural
production. The drought-prone areas are those that
experience low and variable rainfall.
• More than 70 percent of the total cultivable land in
india is drought-prone. These areas recieve low and
highly unreliable rainfall and have inadequate irrigate
faccilities.
• Drought still occur at frequent intervals. however, its
capacity to kill large number of people and animals
has now been reduced due to better drought
management.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST DROUGHT
• Learn to harvest and conserve water at home.
• Develop rainwater harvesting systems.
• Promote drip irrigation.
• Increase forest cover through plantations.
• Encourage crop insurance schemes.
• Plant drought resistant crops.
• The best way to fight the menace of drought on the
agricultural front is to provide irrigational facilities.
TSUNAMI
• The displacement of large mass of water is called
TSUNAMI.
• This can be caused by an undersea earthquake or a
volvanic eruption. when an undersea earthquake occurs
it causes large areas of the seafloor to rise or subside.
This leads to the occurrence of huge waves.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY TSUNAMI
• With its tremendous energy, the fast movinf wave can
crush houses and other structures in the coastal areas.
large objects such as ships can be pushed several
kilometers.
• Tsunami causes great loss ofmlife and property. Most of
the deaths caused by a tsunami are due to drowning.
Although tsunamis are not frequent, they can occur at
any time of the year.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST TSUNAMI
• If you experience an earthquake that lasts for about 20
seconds or longer when you happen to be in a coastal
area, move to higher ground immediately after the
shaking stops.
• Know the height of your street above sea level and
distanmce from the coast. the area of great risk are less
than 10m above sea level and within 2km from the coast.
• prepare a plan of the evacuation route from your house,
school or workshop and find an area about 30m above
sea level.
• The tsunami warning systems should be installed in
high-risk zones..
• Discuss tsunami with your family as this will help reduce
the fear and anxiety associates with it.
AVALANCHES
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping
surface or a mountainside. It could also be compared to a
landslide with snow instead of earth. Avalanches are also
clled snowslide or snowslip.
TYPES OF AVALANCHES-
• LOOSE SNOW AVALANCHE
These avalanches are commonly seen just after a snow
fall. Since the snow does not have time to settle down
fully or has been made loose by sunlight.
• SLAB AVALANCHE
Loose snow avalanches in turn could cause a slab
avalanche, which are characterized by thr fall of a large
blocks of ice down the slopes.
CAUSES OF AVALANCHE
Heavy snowstorms are more likely to cause avalanches.
Heavy snowfall deposits snow in unstable areas and puts
pressure on the snow-pack. precipitation during the
summer months is the leading causes of avalanches.
The construction work done with explosives, wich tend to
weaken the entire surroundings area. earthquakes could
also lead to an ava;amche.
How to avoid getting caught in a
avalanche?
• Recognize where one is most likely to occur.
• If you understand that there is a high possibility of an
avalanche, you are less likely to fall victim to the surprise
occurrence of one.
• By understanding how the path of an avalanche
appears.
LANDSLIDES
The slipping of masses of rocks, earth or debris
downwards on the mountain slopes or banks of the rivers
is called a landslide. The occurrence of landslide
mountains areas is increasing day by day.
The landslides are a common feature in Himalaya,
western ghats and in river valleys.
Landslides are degrading the environment of mountains.
Natural beauty is deminishing slowly anf slowly.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Landslides occur when the downward force of grsvity
acting on the slope is greater than the force holding the
soil particles together.
• Humans are large contributors to the trigger of landslides.
Deforestation is an example of this. As humans are in
demand for clear land, deforestation occurs. when forests
on a slope are logged the soil they hold in place is
dismantled.this makes the slope more susceptible to a
landslide when additional water and shock is added.
TORNADO
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in
contact with both the surface of the earth and a
cumulonimbus cloud or, in rae cases, the base of a
cumulus clouds.
Tornadoes can be very destructive in nature with their
speed ranging from 110mph to 300mph and can last to
about 1-2 hours or 4 hours, in extreme cases, and can be
as tall as 75 feet.
HURRICANES
Hurricanes, also known as typhoons or cyclones
depending on the region, are powerful tropical stroms
characteruzed by strong winds and heavy rainfall. These
storms can cause extensuve damage to infrastructure,
homes, and the environment, as well as result in
widespread flooding and storm surges.
IMPACT OF NATURAL
DISASTERS
• LOSS OF LIFE
Natural disasters can result in tragic loss of Life, as
people are exposed to hazards such as collapsing
buildings, flooding waters, or flying debris. Rapid
response and effective evacuation procedures are
critical in minimizing casualties.
• PROPERTY DAMAGE
Infrastructure, homes, businesses, and public facilities
can suffer extensive damage during natural disasters,
leading to costly repairs and reconstruction efforts.
Insurance, building codes, and disaster-resistant design
can help mitigate property damage.
• ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Natural disasters have significant economic
repercussions, affecting industries, markets, and
livelihoods. The costs of disaster response, recovery,
and rebuilding can strain local and national economies,
with long-term consequences for development and
prosperity.
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCE
Natural disasters can have far-reaching environmental
impacts, including deforestation, habitat destruction,
pollution, and ecosystem disruption.Rehabilitation and
conservation efforts are essential in restoring natural
resources and promoting resilience.
• SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAl EFFECTS
Communities affected by natural disasters may
experience social disruption, displacement, trauma, and
psychological distress. Social support, mental health
services, and community resilience-building are crucial
in addressing these challenges.
In conclusion, natural disasters pose significant threats to
human safety, infrastructure, economies, and the
environment. Understanding the types of natural disasters
and their impacts is essential for developing effective
preparedness, response, and mitigation strategies to
enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to future
catastrophic events.
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management is the creation of plans to
decrease the impact of disasters and cope with disasters.
PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Disaster Preparedness- Activities prior to a disaster.
Disaster Response- Activities after a disaster.
Disaster Recovery- Activities taken place for recovery
from the disaster.
Disaster Mitigation- Activities that reduce the effect of
disasters.
RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is the process of evaluating potential
threats to identify and analyze the associated risks. In the
context of natural disasters, risk assessment involves
identifying hazards that can occur in a particular area,
assessing their likelihood of occurring, and determining
the potential impacts on people, property, and the
environment. This step is crucial in developing effective
preparedness strategies to mitigate the effects of natural
disasters.
Types of Risks-
Natural Hazards: These include events such as
earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, wildfires, and
volcanic eruptions.
Technological Hazards: These are man-made disasters
like chemical spills, nuclear accidents, transportation
accidents, and industrial incidents.
Societal Hazards: These encompass issues related to
public health, security, and societal vulnerabilities that can
exacerbate the impacts of natural disasters.
Risk Assessment Methods
Several methods can be used to assess risks associated
with natural disasters. Common approaches include:
Historical Data Analysis: Examining previous
occurrences of natural disasters in a specific area to
assess their frequency, severity, and impacts.
Probabilistic Modeling: Using statistical techniques
and computer models to estimate the likelihood of different
natural disaster scenarios.
Vulnerability Assessments: Evaluating the
susceptibility of people, infrastructure, and ecosystems to
various natural hazards.
Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment: Considering the
potential impacts of multiple hazards occurring
simultaneously or in rapid succession.
PREPAREDNESS STRATOGIES
Effective preparedness strategies are essential to
minimize the impact of natural disasters and protect lives
and property. Some key strategies include:
Early Warning Systems: Establishing reliable and timely
warning systems to alert communities about imminent
natural disasters, allowing for evacuation and other
preventive measures.
Emergency Planning: Developing comprehensive
emergency plans that outline roles and responsibilities,
communication procedures, evacuation routes, and shelter
locations.
Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public
about natural disaster risks, preparedness measures, and
response protocols to enhance community resilience.
Infrastructure Resilience: Designing and constructing
buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure to
withstand or minimize damage from natural disasters.
Community Engagement: Fostering collaboration between
government agencies, non-profit organizations,
businesses, and community members to enhance disaster
preparedness and response efforts.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
In the event of a natural disaster, emergency response
operations play a crucial role in saving lives, minimizing
damage, and restoring normalcy to affected areas.
Emergency response operations are the immediate
actions taken to address the immediate impacts of a
natural disaster, such as search and rescue missions,
medical assistance, and evacuation procedures.
Key Components of Emergency
Response Operations
Search and Rescue: This involves locating and extracting
individuals who are trapped or injured in the disaster-
stricken area.
Medical Assistance: Providing medical care to those
injured during the disaster, setting up field hospitals, and
ensuring the availability of medical supplies.
Evacuation: Safely moving people from high-risk areas to
temporary shelters or designated evacuation points
Communication: Establishing and maintaining
communication systems to coordinate response efforts
and provide critical information to the affected population.
Role of First Responders in
Emergency Response
First responders, including firefighters, paramedics, law
enforcement officers, and other trained professionals, play
a crucial role in emergency response operations. They are
often the first on the scene and work tirelessly to assess
the situation, provide immediate assistance, and
coordinate with other agencies to ensure a comprehensive
response.
Responsibilities of First Responders
Assessment and Triage: Quickly assessing the situation
and prioritizing individuals based on the severity of their
injuries or level of need.
Basic Life Support: Providing essential medical care
such as CPR, first aid, and wound treatment to stabilize
and support individuals until more advanced medical care
is available.
Coordination: Working closely with other first responders,
government agencies, and non-profit organizations to
ensure an efficient and effective response.
Maintaining Safety: Ensuring the safety of themselves
and others while responding to the disaster, including
following proper protocols and using personal protective
equipment.
Recovery Operations
While emergency response operations focus on
immediate needs, recovery operations are crucial for the
long-term rebuilding and restoration of affected
communities. Recovery operations involve activities such
as debris removal, infrastructure repair, access to basic
services, psychological support, and economic recovery
efforts.
Phases of Recovery Operations
Short-Term Recovery: Focuses on providing immediate
relief, temporary shelter, food, and medical care to those
affected by the disaster.
Medium-Term Recovery: Includes rebuilding
infrastructure, restoring services, and addressing the long-
term needs of the community.
Long-Term Recovery: Involves sustainable
reconstruction efforts, economic revitalization, and
community development to restore the affected area to
pre-disaster conditions or better.
Collaborative Efforts in Emergency
Response and Recovery
Effective emergency response and recovery operations
require collaboration and coordination among government
agencies, non-governmental organizations, local
communities, and international partners. By working
together, stakeholders can pool their resources, expertise,
and efforts to address the multifaceted challenges posed
by natural disasters.
Collaborative Initiatives
Interagency Cooperation: Government agencies at the
local, state, and federal levels must coordinate their efforts
and share information to ensure a unified response.
Public-Private Partnerships: Engaging private sector
organizations can provide additional resources, expertise,
and innovation to support emergency response and
recovery efforts.
Community Engagement: Involving local communities in
the planning and implementation of response and
recovery activities can enhance resilience, ensure cultural
sensitivity, and promote sustainable development.
CONCLUSION
NOT ALL NATURAL DISASTERS CAN BE PREVENTED.
EACH NATURAL DISASTER HAS ITS OWN FACTORS AND
COMPLICATIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC
PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY CAN PROVIDE KEYS TO
LESSENING THEIR EFFECTS. NATURE EVOVLVED WITH
NATURAL DISASTERS AND DISTRUBANCE THE BEST
PREVENTATION IS LOOKING AT STRATEGIES FOUND IN
NATURE.
In conclusion, understanding the Introduction to Natural
Disasters and Their Impact is crucial in preparing for and
mitigating their effects. Risk Assessment and
Preparedness Strategies play a key role in minimizing
vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience. Lastly, effective
Emergency Response and Recovery Operations are
essential for saving lives and rebuilding communities in
the aftermath of disasters.
THANK YOU
