General Awareness

Chapter - 6
Physics
6.1 Units and Measurements
❖ A definite amount of a physical quantity which is easily represented and internationally
accepted are called standard units. The comparison of any physical quantity with its
standard unit is called measurement.

Fig 6.1

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6.1.1 SI System

1) It is based on the following seven basic units and two supplementary units

Name of Quantity Name of Unit Name of Quantity Name of Unit

Basic Units
Length Metre Mass Kilogram
Time Second Electric current Ampere
Thermodynamic Kelvin Luminous intensity Candela
temperature
Amount of Mole
substance
Supplementary Units
Plane angle Radian Solid angle stereadian
Table 6.1

6.1.2 Some Other Derived Units

Name of Quantity SI Unit Name of Quantity SI Unit

Velocity ms-1 Force kg ms-2 or Newton
Acceleration ms-2 Work joule
Power watt Charge coulomb
Capacitance farad Resistance ohm
Table 6.2

6.1.3 Dimensions of Physical Quantities

• Dimensions of a physical quantities are the power’s to which the fundamental quantities
must be raised to represent that quantity completely. E.g., Force = [MLT-2].
• Any physical quantity is either a scalar or a vector quantity.
• Scalar quantities have magnitude and have no direction. E.g., Speed, work, volume,
power, electric current, etc.
• Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. E.g., Velocity, momentum,
torque, acceleration, displacement, etc.

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6.1.4 Measuring Instruments

• ‘Ammeter’ is a device used to measure the strength of electric currents.

• ‘Barometer’ measured the atmospheric pressure.
• ‘Hygrometer’ measure the humidity in air.
• ‘Hydrometer’ is the instrument used to measure the density or relative density of liquid.
• ‘Pyrometer’ measures the temperature of a body by measuring the radiation by emitted
body.
• ‘Periscope’ is used to view objects above sea-level.

6.2 Motion and Laws of Motion

Fig 6.2

6.2.1 Motion

❖ If an object changes its position with respect to its surroundings with time, then object
is said to be in motion.

6.2.2 Terms related to motion

• The various terms required to describe motion are speed, displacement, velocity,
acceleration, etc.
• The time rate of change of position of the object in any direction is called speed.
• The difference between the final and the initial position of an object is called
displacement.
• The rate of change of displacement of a body is called velocity.
• The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration

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 • If an object is travelling in a straight line at a constant speed, then it will not be
accelerating.
• There are various types of motion viz, projectile motion, circular motion, rotational
motion, etc.

6.2.3 Projectile Motion

➢ When an object is thrown obliquely near the Earth’s surface, its motion on a parabolic
path, is known as projectile motion.
• To achieve maximum range, the boxy should be projectile at an angle of 45˚. Therefore,
a long jumper takes jump at an angle of 45˚.
• To achieve maximum height, the body should be projected at an angle of 90˚.
• When a body is dropped freely from the top of the tower and another body is projected
horizontally from the same point, both will reach ground at the same time.
• If we thrown two balls of different masses in horizontal direction, then they will again
reach on earth at the same time because both the balls will have zero velocity in vertical
direction.

6.2.4 Rotational Motion

➢ When a body moves in a round path without changing its position from one point to
another, then its motion is called rotational motion.

Example: An oscillating table fan.

6.2.5 Circular Motion

➢ When a body moves along a circular path, then its motion is called circular motion.

Example: An artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at a constant speed, a fan’s blades rotating
around a hub.

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6.2.6 Newton’s Law of Motion

Newton propounded three laws of motion

1) First Law: “Every body retains its state of rest or state of motion until an external
force is applied on it.” This law is also known as law of inertia or law of Galileo.

Example: A person standing in a bus falls backward and if bus is suddenly stops, then the
person falls forward, due to inertia.

2) Second Law : “It states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.

Example: A cricket player moves his hand backwards on catching a fast cricket ball, to
reduce the impact of catching the fast moving ball.

3) Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and both act on
two different bodies.

Example: It is difficult to fix a nail on a freely suspended wooden frame because the
wooden block is not resting against a support, the block and nails both move forward on
being hit.

6.2.7 Force

➢ Any action which causes pull or push on a body is called force.

• There are mainly four fundamental forces in nature viz gravitational forces, weak
nuclear forces, electromagnetic forces and, strong nuclear forces.
• A body performing circular motion is acted upon by a force which is always directed
towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.
• Cyclist bends his body towards the centre of a turn while turning to obtain the required
centripetal force.
• Roads are banked at turns to provide the required centripetal force for taking a turn.
• Centrifugal force is a pseudo force which is equal and opposite to centripetal force.
• Cream separator, centrifugal dryer, etc., work on the principle of centrifugal force.

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6.2.8 Linear Momentum

➔ The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called the linear momentum of the
body.

6.2.9 Impulse

➔ If a force acts on a body for a very short time Δt, then the product of force and time is
called impulse.

I = F x Δt

Its SI unit is N-s or kg-m/s.

6.3 Work, Power and Energy

Fig 6.3

6.3.1 Work

• When a body is displaced by applying a force on it in the direction of applied force,

then work is said to be done.
Work = Force × Displacement
• Work can be positive and negative.
• The SI unit of work is newton - metre (N-m) or joule and its CGS unit is erg. It is a
scalar quantity.

6.3.2 Power

• The time rate at which work is done, is called power.

• The unit of power is named after James Watt, i.e., ‘watt’.
• Another unit of power is horse-power (HP).

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 1HP = 746 watt

1 kilowatt = 103 watt

1 megawatt = 106 watt

1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 103W × 3600 (s) = 3.6 × 106J

Note : k Wh is a unit of energy and not of power

6.3.3 Energy

➢ The capacity of doing work is called energy.

• Its unit is joule in SI and erg in CGS.
• A larger unit of energy is kilojoule.
• Work done against a force is stored as energy.

Example: When a fast moving cricket ball hits a stationary wicket, then the wicket is thrown
away.

• When a raised hammer falls on a nail placed on a piece of wood, then it drives the nail
into wood.
• The energy which is possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
• The energy possessed by a body due to its change in position or shape is called potential
energy.

6.3.4 Transformation of Energy

• In a heat engine, heat energy changes into mechanical energy.

• In the electric bulb, the electric energy is converted into light energy.
• In burning coil, oil, etc., the chemical energy changes into heat energy.
• In solar cell, solar energy changes into electrical energy.
• In playing sitar, the mechanical energy changes into sound energy.
• In microphone, sound energy changes into electrical energy.
• In loud speaker, electrical energy changes into sound energy.
• In battery, chemical energy changes into mechanical energy.
• In electric motor, electrical energy changes into mechanical energy.
• In a photocell, light energy is converted into electrical energy.
• The dynamo converts, mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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6.4 Properties of Solids and Liquids

Fig 6.4

6.4.1 Elasticity

• Elasticity is the property of material of a body by which the body acquired its original
shape and size after removal of deforming force.
• The ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain is known as modulus of rigidity
(η).
• The unit of modulus of rigidity is Nm-2.
• Shock absorbers are usually made of steel as it has higher elasticity.
• Steel is more elastic than rubber because the magnitude of stress for a given strain is
much larger in steel than in rubber. i.e., required larger deforming force.

6.4.2 Pressure

• It is the force acting perpendicular to the unit area of an object.

• The SI unit of pressure is Nm-2, which is also called pascal (Pa), named after the
scientist Blaise Pascal.
• The standard atmospheric pressure is measured in various units : 1 atm = 760 mm of
Hg = 101.3 k Pa.
• Pressure on ground is more when a person is walking than when he is standing because
in case of walking the effective area is less.
𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞
Pressure = (or) P = ρgh
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚

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6.4.3 Buoyancy

➔ The tendency of a liquid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it, is called
buoyancy and the exerted force is called buoyant force.

6.4.4 Archimedes’ Principle

➔ When a solid body is immersed wholly or partially in a liquid, then there is same
apparent loss in its weight. This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the body.
• If the buoyant force exerted by the liquid is less than the weight of the object, then
object will sink in the liquid.
• If the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the object, then object will float inside the
liquid. This is called flotation.
• If the buoyant force is more than the weight of the object, then the object will rise with
some of its parts outside the liquid.

6.4.5 Density

• The density of a substance (d) is defined as the ratio of its mass (M) to its volume (V).
𝑴
i.e., d= 𝑽
3
Its unit is kg/m .
• Density of water is maximum at 4˚C.

6.4.6 Surface Tension

• It is measured as the force per unit length of imaginary line drawn on the free surface
of the liquid.
• Surface tension in a liquid is due to cohesion (force of attraction between the molecules
of same substance).
• Spherical drop of rain is due to surface tension.
• Water lies a higher surface tension than most liquids, it is possible to float a steel needle
or razer blade on water, if the surface is not penetrated.

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6.5 Gravitation

Fig 6.5

• It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses.
• Greater the masses, smaller the separation, greater is the force of attraction.

6.5.1 Centre of Gravity

• The centre of gravity of a body is that point, at which the whole weight of the body
appears to act.
• It can be inside or outside the body.

6.5.2 Earth’s Gravity

• The acceleration due to gravity (g) on the moon is 1/6th that of the Earth.
• Earth is surrounded by an atmosphere of gases due to gravity. The force of gravity
varies with latitude and becomes stronger as you can increase in latitude towards the
poles.
• At the centre of gravity of the Earth, the value of gravitation acceleration becomes zero.
• The value of ‘g’ is maximum at pole and the value of ‘g’ is minimum at equator.
• Value of g also vary due to rotation of Earth.
• If the Earth stops rotating, the apparent value of ‘g’ on its surface will increase at some
places and remains the same at other places.

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6.5.3 Satellite

• A satellite is a body which is revolving continuously in an orbit around a comparatively

much longer body.
• The potential energy is required to raise the satellite to the height.
• The kinetic energy is required for the orbit at that particular height.
𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐭
Time period of satellite T = 𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲

6.5.4 Escape velocity

• The minimum velocity of the body that should be given to the body to enable it to escape
away from Earth’s gravitational field is called escape velocity.
• Its value on the Earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. Satellites are launched with the escape
velocity as needed.
Escape velocity V e = (2GM / R

6.5.5 Orbital velocity

• Velocity is given to a satellite in order to keep it in its orbit. This velocity is known as
orbital velocity. The necessary centripetal force needed for the circular motion is
provided by the gravitational attraction between earth of mass M and satellite of mass
m.
V₀ = (GM / R = ( gR

6.6 Sound wave

Fig 6.6

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 • Wave is a form of disturbance which travels through a material medium or vacuum due
to the repeated periodic motion of the particle of the medium.
• Waves are divided into two types:

Sound Waves

Non
Mechanical
Mechanical
Waves
Waves

Fig 6.7

6.6.1 Mechanical waves

• The waves which need material medium for their propagation are mechanical waves.
E.g., sound
• Sound wave is a longitudinal mechanical wave producing sensation of hearing on the
ear.
• Sound cannot travel through vacuum i.e., required medium for propagation.
• The speed of sound is maximum in solids and minimum in gases.
• The propagation of sound waves in a gas involves adiabatic compression and
rarefaction.
• The persistence of sound due to repeated reflection from the walls, ceiling and floor of
the wall, is known as reverberation

6.6.2 Electro magnetic waves

• These waves can travel in space even without any material medium.
• These waves travel in free space with the speed of light
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
• Electromagnetic waves shows the phenomenon of diffraction and interference.

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 • The oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors of EM waves are oriented mutually
perpendicular directions and are in phase

6.7 Heat

Heat Flow

Fig 6.8

• Heat is form of energy which flows from hotter body to colder body by virtue of
temperature difference.
• Its SI units joule and practical unit of heat energy is calorie.

6.7.1 Temperature scale

➢ Temperature of the body is measured in the unit as Kelvin(K), degree centigrade (° C),
degree Fahrenheit ( ° F), etc., among which Kelvin (K) is taken as SI unit of
temperature.

6.7.2 Centigrade scale (° C) or celsius Scale

➢ The upper and lower fixed points of centigrade scale are 100 ° C and 0 °C and the
fundamental interval is100°

6.7.3 Fahrenheit scale (°F)

➢ The upper and lower fixed points of Fahrenheit scale are 212 °F and 32°F an the
fundamental interval is 180°.

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6.7.4 Kelvin scale

➢ The upper and lower fixed points of Kelvin scale are 373K and 273K and the
fundamental interval is 100°.
𝐂 𝐅−𝟑𝟐 𝐊−𝟐𝟕𝟑
= =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

6.7.5 Transmission of heat

Heat can be transfer through following ways:

Conduction Convection Radiation

Fig 6.9

Conduction

➔ It is the transfer of heat energy through matter by molecular activity.

Convection

➔ It is the transfer of heat energy by movement of a mass or substance from one place to
another by actual movement of molecules.

Radiation

➔ It is the transfer of heat energy that comes from the sun and travels in the form of EM
waves.

6.7.6 Specific heat capacity

➢ The amount of heat required to change the temperature of unit mass of a substance by
unity is known as specific heat capacity.
➢ Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/Kg °C
𝐐
C = 𝐦𝚫𝐓

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6.8 Light

Fig 6.10

❖ Light is a form of energy which produces sensation of sight and makes the
surrounding objects visible to us.
❖ The speed of light is maximum in vacuum i.e., 3 x10⁸ m/s
❖ The speed of light remains unaltered with the increase in the temperature of
medium.

6.8.1 Reflection of light

➢ The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays in the same medium of striking the
smooth surface is known as reflection of light.

6.8.2 Refraction of light

➢ Change in the path of a light ray as it passes from one transparent medium to another
transparent medium is known as refraction of light.

6.8.3 Laws of refraction

➢ The incident ray , the normal to the surface of separation at the point of incidence and
refracted ray lie in the same plane.

Sine of angle of incidence bears a constant ratio to the sine of angle of refraction
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐢
i.e., 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐫 = I μ II

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6.8.4 Dispersion of light

• The splitting of a beam of light through a prism into seven colors is called dispersion
of light.
• Rainbow is caused due to dispersion of light.
• In rainbow, water droplets act like small prisms and they refract and disperse the
incident light, then reflect and finally refract it again when comes out of the rain drop.

6.8.5 Total internal reflection

• The phenomenon due to which a ray of light, while travelling from optical denser
medium to rarer medium, gets reflected into the same medium at the surface of
separation is called total internal reflection.
• The working of optical fibre is based on total internal reflection.
• It is used in endoscopy and in telecommunication.
• Mirage is the optical illusion of water appears in deserts is due to total internal
reflection.

6.9 Electricity and magnetism

Fig 6.11

6.9.1 Electric charge

• It is a physical quantity which is defined by excess or deficiency of electrons on a body

• Its SI unit is coulomb (C)

Q = IT

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6.9.2 Electric current

• The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-section of a conductor in unit time
is called electric current.
• The SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A)
𝐐
I=𝐓

6.9.3 Conductor

• Those materials which allow electricity to pass through themselves is called conductors.
• Metals like silver, iron, copper, etc., are the examples of conductor
• A current carrying conductor is associated with magnetic field.

6.9.4 Ohm’s law

➢ It states that , “ the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the physical conditions
remains unchanged”. V = IR

6.9.5 Super conductivity

• It is the phenomenon in which electrical resistance of certain materials becomes zero at

very low temperatures.
• It was first observed by K. Onnes in 1911

6.9.6 Magnetism

❖ The material which can attract the magnetic substances is called magnet and the
property of attracting the magnetic substance by a magnet is called magnetism.
❖ Similar poles of a magnet repel each other and dissimilar poles attract each other.

6.9.6.1 Components of Earth’s magnetic field

• Angle of declination: The angle between the magnetic meridian and geographical
meridian at a place, is called the angle of declination at that place.
• Angle of dip: The angle at which the axis of needle makes with the horizontal, is called
angle of dip. It is denoted by δ.

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 • Horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field: the direction of the Earth’s
magnetic field at the magnetic poles is normal to the Earth’s surface and at magnetic
equator, it is parallel to the Earth’s surface, is called horizontal component of Earth’s
magnetic field.
• Geographic meridian: The vertical plane passing though the geographic north-south
direction, is called geographic meridian.
• Magnetic meridian: The vertical plane passing through N-S line of a freely suspended
magnet, is called magnetic meridian.

6.10 Semiconductor Electronics and Communication

Fig 6.12

❖ The substance in which electric conduction is not possible at a low temperature but on
increasing the temperature, electric conduction becomes possible are called the
semiconductor.
❖ At absolute zero Kelvin, semiconductor behaves like a perfect insulator.
❖ Germanium and silicon are two important semiconductors.
❖ An impure semiconductor is called extrinsic semiconductor.

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These are of two types

There are two

types of
Semiconductor

n- type p- type
Semiconductor Semiconductor

Fig 6.13

1. n-type semiconductor : If pentavalent impurity atom is added to the pure germanium or

silicon crystal, the crystal so obtained is called the n-type semiconductor.

2. p- type semiconductor: If trivalent impurity atom is added to the pure germanium or silicon
crystal, the crystal so obtained is called p-type semiconductor.

6.10.1 p-n Junction

• An arrangement consisting a p – type semiconductor brought into a close contact with

n-type semiconductor, is called a p-n unction.
• Rectifier is a device which converts alternating voltage into direct voltage or current.
Diode valve acts as a rectifier.

6.10.2 Communication

• It is the act of transmission and reception of informations.

• Communication system has three essential system: transmitter, channel and receiver
• It receive and redirect communication signal

6.10.3 Optical fibre

➢ The optical fibres are used to transmit light signals from one place to another without
any practical loss in the intensity of light signal.

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 SOLVED PROBLEMS
Question 1:

The radius of the sphere is (5.3± 0.1) cm. The percentage error in its volume is

0 .1
a) X100
5 .3
0.1X100
b) 3 X 5.3
1 0.1X100
c) X
3 5.3
0.1X100
d) 3 + 5.3

Solution:

3
4πr
Volume of the sphere V= 3

0.1X100
(ΔV/V)X100 =3 (Δr /r)X100 = 3X 5.3

𝟎.𝟏𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟎
Ans:- (b) 3 X 𝟓.𝟑

Question 2:

One pascal is equal to :

a) One dyne / cm 2
b) 1 Newton/metre 2
c) 1Newton/metre
d) One Newton metre

Ans:- (b) 1 Newton/metre2

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Question 3:
a
The equation of state for real gases is (P+ 2
)(V-b)=RT where P is pressure , V is the
v

volume, T is temperature and a and b are constants. The dimensions of ‘a’ are:
a) ML −1 T −3
b) L 4
c) ML 5 T −2
d) ML −5

Solution:
a
(P+ 2
)(V-b)=RT
v

a
Since only similar quantities can be added or subtracted together [P] = 2
v

a = [PV 2 ] = [ML −1 T −2 XL 6 ] = ML 5 T −2
5 −2
Ans:- (c) ML T

Question 4:
In square plate , on increasing temperature error in the length is 1%. The percentage error
in area will be
a) 1%
b) 2%
c) 3%
d) 4%

Solution:

A= L2
Δ𝐿
=2 ×1
L

= 2 (1)

= 2%

Ans:- (b) 2 %

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Question 5:
A car is moving n a road and rain is falling vertically then select the correct answer:
a) The rain will strike the hind screen only
b) The rain will strike the front screen only
c) The rain will strike both the screens
d) The rain will not strike any of the screens

Solution:

Relative velocity of car V Rain

U Car

Ans:- (b) The rain will strike the front screen only

Question 6:
A body is dropped from the top of the tower and reaches the ground in 3 seconds. Then the
height of the tower is :
a) 39.2m
b) 98m
c) 44.1m
d) 18.6m

Solution:

h = ½ gt 2 , h = ½ X9.8X9 = 44.1m

Ans:- (c) 44.1 m

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Question 7:
The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is illustrated in figure.
What is the distance covered by the particle in 4 seconds.
a) 55m
b) 50m
c) 45m
d) 40m

Solution :a

S= Area I + Area II + Area III + Area IV + Area V

S= ½ X1X20 + (2-1)X20 + ½ (3-2)X(20-10) +(3-2)X10+ (1X10)

S = 55m

Ans:- (a) 55 m

Question 8:
Which one of the following curves do not represent motion in one dimension?

v v

t t
a) b)

v
v

t t
c) d)

Ans:- (b)

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Question 9:
A bus accelerates uniformly from rest and acquires a speed of 72km/hr in 20sec.The
acceleration of the bus is
a) 10 m/s 2
b) 5 m/s 2
c) 2 m/s 2
d) 1 m/s 2

Solution:

We know that final velocity of bus v = u+at

5
V = 72 × 18 = 20

a = 20/20 =1 m/s 2

Ans:- (d) 1 m/s 2

Question 10:
The work done by a force is defined as W=F.S In certain situation F and S are not equal to
zero but work done is zero. From this we conclude that
a) F and S are in same direction
b) F and S are in opposite direction
c) F and S are at right angles
d) F>S

Ans:- (c) F and S are at right angles

Question 11:
A force F = 5i + 3j Newton is applied over a particle which displaces it from its origin to
the point ȓ = 2i – j metres. The work done on the particle is
a) -7 joules
b) +13 joules
c) +7 joules
d) +11 joules

Solution:

W =F.r = (5i + 3j ).(2i – j ) = 7 joules Ans:- (c) + 7 joules

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Question 12:
The maximum range of a gun on a horizontal terrain is 16km.If g=10m/s 2 , the muzzle
velocity of the shell must be :
a) 400m/s
b) 16010m/s
c) 1600 m/s
d) 200 2 m/s

Solution:

R max = u 2 / g

R max = 16000 = u 2 /10 = 400 m/s

Ans:- (a) 400 m/s

Question 13:
Rocket works on the principle of
a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of linear momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of angular momentum

Ans:- (b) Conservation of linear momentum

Question 14:
Ship of mass 3X10 7 kg initially at rest is pulled by a force of 5X10 4 N through a distance
3m. Assume that the resistance due to water is negligible, the speed of the ship is:
a) 1.5 m/s
b) 60 m/s
c) 0.1 m/s
d) 5 m/s

Solution:

a = F/M = 5X10 4 N / 3X10 7 kg

(2x 5x10-3 )
V 2 = 2as = x3 = 0.1 m/s Ans:- (c) 0.1 m/s
3

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Question 15:
A projectile of mass 50kg is shot vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 100m/s.
After 5 sec it explodes into two fragments, one of which having mass of 20kg is travelling
vertically with a velocity of 15m/s what is the velocity of the other fragment at that instant?
a) 15m/s
b) -15m/s
c) Zero
d) None of the above

Solution:

Velocity of the projectile after 5 sec.

V = u – gt = 100 – 9.8x5 = 51m/s

Applying law of conservation of linear momentum

20x150 + 30V = 50x51

V= -15 m/s

Ans:- (b) -15m/s

Question 16:
The moment of inertia of a body depends upon :
a) The angular velocity of the body
b) The mass of the body
c) The distribution of mass in the body
d) Angular acceleration of the body

Ans:- (c) The distribution of mass in the body

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Question 17:
Three identical particles each of mass a 1 kg are placed touching one another with their
centers on a straight line. Their centres are marked A,B,C respectively. The distance of
centre of mass of the system from A is :
AB+BC+AC
a) 3
AB+AC
b) 3
AB+BC
c) 3
AC+BC
d) 3

Solution:
1X0+1XAB+1XAC
= 3

AB+AC
= 3

𝐀𝐁+𝐀𝐂
Ans:- (b) 𝟑

Question 18:
If the stone is thrown up vertically and return to ground, its potential energy is maximum:
a) During the upward journey
b) At the maximum height
c) During the return journey
d) At the bottom

Ans:- (b) At the maximum height

Question 19:
A body of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m/s hits a spring ( fixed at the other
end)of force constant 1000N/m and comes to rest after compressing the spring. The
compression of the spring is
a) 0.01 m
b) 0.1m
c) 0.2m
d) 0.5 m

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Solution:

2
mv
X= k

0.1x100
= = 0.1m
1000

Ans:- (b) 0.1 m

Question 20:
A body of mass m is taken to the bottom of a deep mine. Then:
a) Its mass increases
b) Its mass decreases
c) Its weight increases
d) Its weight decreases

Ans:- (d) Its weight decreases

Question 21:
The time of revolution of planet A around the sun is 8 times that of another planet B.
The distance of planet A from the sun is how many times greater than that of the planet
B from the sun?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5

Solution:

We know that according to kepler’s III law of planetary motion that T 2 α R 3 .Therefore

RA TA 8T B RA
( )3= ( 2
) =( )2 ; =4
RB TB TB RB

Ans:- (c) 4

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Question 22:
The gravitational potential at two points A and B is -10 and -5 M.K.S units. A mass of
100gm is moved from A to B. The work done is
a) 0.5J
b) 5J
c) 1.5J
d) Depends on the path followed in moving from A to B

Solution:

W = m(V B - V A ) = 10 −3 x100(-5+10)

W= 0.5 joule

Ans:- (a) 0.5J

Question 23:

If the angular speed of the earth is doubled the value of acceleration due to gravity (g)at
the north pole:

a) Doubles
b) Becomes half
c) Remains same
d) Becomes zero

Ans:- (c) Remains same

Question 24:

2
A constant torque of 1000N-m turns a wheel of moment of inertia 200 kg-m about an
axis through its centre. Its angular velocity after 3 seconds is

a) 1rad/s
b) 5rad/s
c) 10rad/s
d) 15rad/s

Solution: b
T 1000
α= I = =5
200

Department of Employment and Training, Government of Tamil Nadu 29

 ω = ω 0 +α T

= 5x3 =15rad/sec

Ans:- (d) 15rad/sec

Question 25:
Two rods of different materials having coefficients of linear expansion α 1 and α 2 and
young’s modulii Y 1 and Y 2 respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls.
The rods are heated such that they undergo the same increase in temperature. There is
no bending of rods. If α 1 : α 2 = 2:3, the thermal stresses developed in the two rods are
equal provided Y 1 : Y 2 is equal to:
a) 2:3
b) 1:1
c) 3:2
d) 4:9

Solution:

Y 1 α 1 Δ θ = Y 2 α 2 Δθ

Y1 α2
= =3/2
Y2 α1

Ans:- (c) 3:2

…………………………. All the best ………………………….

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