Summary
Nguyen Hai Van
Vietnamese-German University
[email protected] Nguyen Hai Van Summary 1
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Nguyen Hai Van Summary 2
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Nguyen Hai Van Summary 2
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Trailing zeros and leading zeros
Nguyen Hai Van Summary 2
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Trailing zeros and leading zeros
Numbers with decimal point and without decimal point.
Nguyen Hai Van Summary 2
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Trailing zeros and leading zeros
Numbers with decimal point and without decimal point.
Scalars, vectors, and vector addition
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UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Trailing zeros and leading zeros
Numbers with decimal point and without decimal point.
Scalars, vectors, and vector addition
Vector quantities have direction as well as magnitude and combine
according to the rules of vector addition.
Nguyen Hai Van Summary 2
UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Physical quantities and units
Significant figures
Trailing zeros and leading zeros
Numbers with decimal point and without decimal point.
Scalars, vectors, and vector addition
Vector quantities have direction as well as magnitude and combine
according to the rules of vector addition.
The negative of a vector has the same magnitude but points in the
opposite direction.
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UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Vector components and vector addition: The x-component of is the
sum of the x-components of and and likewise for the y- and
z-components.
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UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Unit vectors: A unit vector has a magnitude of 1, with no units. The
unit vectors ⃗i, ⃗j and aligned with the x-, y-, and z-axes of a
rectangular coordinate system
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UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Unit vectors: A unit vector has a magnitude of 1, with no units. The
unit vectors ⃗i, ⃗j and aligned with the x-, y-, and z-axes of a
rectangular coordinate system
Scalar product:
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UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
Unit vectors: A unit vector has a magnitude of 1, with no units. The
unit vectors ⃗i, ⃗j and aligned with the x-, y-, and z-axes of a
rectangular coordinate system
Scalar product:
Vector product:
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MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Straight-line motion, average and instantaneous x-velocity
Average and instantaneous x-acceleration:
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MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Straight-line motion with constant acceleration
Freely falling bodies
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MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Straight-line motion with varying acceleration
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MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
Position, velocity, and acceleration vectors
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MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
Projectile motion
Uniform and nonuniform circular motion
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MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
Relative velocity
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EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY
Conditions for equilibrium
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EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY
Stress, strain, and Hooke’s law:
Stress
Elastimodulus =
Strain
Tensile and compressive stress
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EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY
Shear stress
Bulk stress
The limits of Hooke’s Nguyen
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EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY
The limits of Hooke’s law
The proportional limit
Beyond the proportional limit, Hooke’s law is not valid.
The elastic limit is the stress beyond which irreversible deformation
occurs.
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Force as a vector: Force is a quantitative measure of the interaction
between two bodies. It is a vector quantity. When several forces act
on a body, the effect on its motion is the same as when a single
force, equal to the vector sum (resultant) of the forces, acts on the
body
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
The net force on a body and Newton’s first law: Newton’s first law
states that when the vector sum of all forces acting on a body (the
net force) is zero, the body is in equilibrium and has zero
acceleration. If the body is initially at rest, it remains at rest; if it is
initially in motion, it continues to move with constant velocity. This
law is valid only in inertial frames of reference.
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Mass, acceleration, and Newton’s second law: The inertial
properties of a body are characterized by its mass. The acceleration
of a body under the action of a given set of forces is directly
proportional to the vector sum of the forces (the net force) and
inversely proportional to the mass of the body. This relationship is
Newton’s second law. Like Newton’s first law, this law is valid only in
inertial frames of reference. The unit of force is defined in terms of
the units of mass and acceleration. In SI units, the unit of force is
the newton (N), equal to 14kg .m/s2 .
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Weight: The weight of a body is the gravitational force exerted on it
by the earth. Weight is a vector quantity. The magnitude of the
weight of a body at any specific location is equal to the product of its
mass m and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g at
that location. While the weight of a body depends on its location,
the mass is independent of location.
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s third law and action-reaction pairs: Newton’s third law
states that when two bodies interact, they exert forces on each other
that at each instant are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. These forces are called action and reaction forces. Each
of these two forces acts on only one of the two bodies; they never
act on the same body.
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APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
Using Newton’s first law: When a body is in equilibrium in an inertial
frame of reference-that is, either at rest or moving with constant
velocity-the vector sum of forces acting on it must be zero (Newton’s
first law). Free-body diagrams are essential in identifying the forces
that act on the body being considered. Newton’s third law (action
and reaction) is also frequently needed in equilibrium problems. The
two forces in an action-reaction pair never act on the same body.
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APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
Using Newton’s second law: If the vector sum of forces on a body is
not zero, the body accelerates. The acceleration is related to the net
force by Newton’s second law. Just as for equilibrium problems,
free-body diagrams are essential for solving problems involving
Newton’s second law, and the normal force exerted on a body is not
always equal to its weight.
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APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
Friction and fluid resistance: The contact force between two bodies
can always be represented in terms of a normal force ⃗n
perpendicular to the surface of contact and a friction force ⃗f parallel
to the surface. When a body is sliding over the surface, the friction
force is called kinetic friction. Its magnitude fk is approximately
equal to the normal force magnitude n multiplied by the coefficient
of kinetic friction µk When a body is not moving relative to a surface,
the friction force is called static friction. The maximum possible
static friction force is approximately equal to the magnitude of the
normal force multiplied by the coefficient of static friction µs . The
actual static friction force may be anything from zero to this
maximum value, depending on the situation. Usually µs is greater
than µk for a given pair of surfaces in contact
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WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
Work done by a force: When a constant force F ⃗ acts on a particle
⃗
that undergoes a straight-line displacement s the work done by the
force on the particle is defined to be the scalar product of F⃗ and ⃗s .
The unit of work in SI units is 1 joule=1 newton-meter. Work is a
scalar quantity; it can be positive or negative, but it has no direction
in space.
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WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy: The kinetic energy K of a particle equals the
amount of work required to accelerate the particle from rest to
speed ⃗v . It is also equal to the amount of work the particle can do in
the process of being brought to rest. Kinetic energy is a scalar that
has no direction in space; it is always positive or zero. Its units are
the same as the units of work: 1 J = 1 N · m = 1 kg·m2 /s2 .
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WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
The work-energy theorem: When forces act on a particle while it
undergoes a displacement, the particle’s kinetic energy changes by
an amount equal to the total work done on the particle by all the
forces. This relationship, called the work-energy theorem, is valid
whether the forces are constant or varying and whether the particle
moves along a straight or curved path. It is applicable only to bodies
that can be treated as particles.
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WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
Work done by a varying force or on a curved path: When a force
varies during a straight-line displacement, the work done by the
force is given by an integral, Eq. (6.7). When a particle follows a
curved path, the work done on it by a force F⃗ is given by an integral
that involves the angle φ between the force and the displacement.
This expression is valid even if the force magnitude and the angle φ
vary during the displacement.
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