Explainable AI: Interpreting and Understanding
Machine Learning Models
Elisha Blessing, Robert Abill, Potter Kaledio, Frank Louis
To cite this version:
Elisha Blessing, Robert Abill, Potter Kaledio, Frank Louis. Explainable AI: Interpreting and Under-
standing Machine Learning Models. 2024. �hal-04972111�
HAL Id: hal-04972111
https://hal.science/hal-04972111v1
Preprint submitted on 28 Feb 2025
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés.
Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Explainable AI: Interpreting and Understanding
Machine Learning Models
Elisha Blessing1, Abill Robert2, Kaledio Potter3, Louis Frank4
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA1,2,3,4
Abstract:
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a field of study that aims to
provide transparency and interpretability to machine learning models. As AI algorithms
become increasingly complex and pervasive in various domains, the ability to understand
and interpret their decisions becomes crucial for ensuring fairness, accountability, and
trustworthiness. This abstract provides an overview of the importance of explainable AI
and highlights some of the key techniques and approaches used in interpreting and
understanding machine learning models.
The abstract begins by emphasizing the growing significance of explainability in AI
systems. As machine learning models are deployed in critical applications such as
healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles, it becomes essential to comprehend the
reasoning behind their predictions. Explainable AI methods provide insights into how
these models arrive at their decisions, enabling stakeholders to identify biases, diagnose
errors, and gain actionable insights from the model's behavior.
The abstract then delves into various techniques employed in interpreting machine
learning models. These techniques include rule-based explanations, feature importance
analysis, surrogate models, and model-agnostic approaches. Rule-based explanations aim
to provide human-understandable rules that explain the model's decision-making
process. Feature importance analysis identifies the most influential features contributing
to the model's predictions. Surrogate models create simplified approximations of
complex models that are easier to interpret. Model-agnostic approaches, on the other
hand, focus
on post-hoc interpretability by generating explanations irrespective of the underlying
model architecture.
Furthermore, the abstract explores the challenges associated with explainable AI, such as
the trade-off between interpretability and model performance, the need for domain
expertise to interpret explanations, and the ethical considerations of revealing sensitive
information. It also discusses the ongoing efforts in standardization and regulation of
explainable AI to ensure its responsible and ethical use.
Introduction:
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning has
revolutionized various industries and brought about significant improvements in
decision-making processes. However, the increased complexity and opacity of modern AI
models have raised concerns about their interpretability and transparency. As AI systems
are being deployed in critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous
vehicles, there is a growing need to understand and interpret the decisions made by these
models. This has led to the emergence of Explainable AI (XAI), a field of study focused
on providing human-understandable explanations for machine learning models.
Explainable AI aims to bridge the gap between the black-box nature of AI systems and
the need for transparency and accountability. In traditional machine learning approaches,
models were often treated as "black boxes" where the input-output relationship was
known, but the internal workings were not easily interpretable. However, with the rise of
complex neural networks and deep learning algorithms, understanding how these models
arrive at their predictions has become increasingly challenging.
The lack of interpretability in AI models gives rise to several concerns. First and foremost,
it hinders the ability to identify biases and discrimination that may be encoded in the
model's decision-making process. In sensitive areas such as healthcare or criminal justice,
biased predictions can have severe consequences and perpetuate social inequalities.
Additionally, lack of interpretability prevents users from understanding the factors
influencing the model's decisions and limits their ability to trust and validate the outputs.
This lack of trust can impede the adoption of AI systems in critical applications.
Explainable AI techniques and methods offer a solution to these challenges by providing
insights into the internal mechanisms of machine learning models. These methods aim to
generate interpretable explanations that can shed light on the factors driving a model's
predictions. By understanding how the model arrives at a particular decision,
stakeholders can evaluate its reliability, identify potential biases, and diagnose errors or
unexpected behavior.
The field of explainable AI encompasses a range of techniques and approaches. Some
methods focus on post-hoc interpretability, providing explanations after the model has
made its predictions. Others aim to build inherently interpretable models, which sacrifice
some predictive performance for transparency. There are also hybrid approaches that
combine the strengths of both approaches.
In recent years, various techniques have been developed to interpret and understand
machine learning models. These include rule-based explanations, feature importance
analysis, surrogate models, and model-agnostic approaches. Rule-based explanations aim
to generate human-understandable rules that explain the decision-making process of a
model. Feature importance analysis identifies the most influential features contributing to
the model's predictions. Surrogate models create simplified approximations of complex
models that are easier to interpret. Model-agnostic approaches generate explanations
irrespective of the underlying model architecture, making them widely applicable.
However, achieving explainability in AI systems is not without its challenges. There is
often a trade-off between interpretability and model performance, as more interpretable
models may sacrifice predictive accuracy. Additionally, interpreting complex models
requires domain expertise and can be time-consuming. There are also ethical
considerations, such as the risk of revealing sensitive information or the potential for
adversarial attacks on the model's explanations.
To address these challenges and ensure responsible and ethical use of AI, efforts are
underway to standardize and regulate explainable AI. Organizations and researchers are
working towards developing guidelines and best practices for explainability, which can
help establish a framework for trustworthy AI systems
Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a critical area of research and development in the
field of machine learning. As machine learning models become increasingly complex and
pervasive in our society, there is a growing need to understand and interpret their
decision-making processes. The black-box nature of these models, often referred to as the
"AI black box problem," has raised concerns regarding the lack of transparency and
accountability in AI systems. Explainable AI aims to address these challenges by
providing interpretable insights into the inner workings of machine learning models.
In recent years, machine learning has made significant advancements, achieving
impressive levels of accuracy in various domains such as image recognition, natural
language processing, and autonomous driving. However, as these models become more
powerful, they also become more difficult to understand. Traditional machine learning
algorithms, such as decision trees and linear regression, offer inherent interpretability.
However, modern deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), often operate as complex black boxes, making it
challenging to comprehend the factors influencing their predictions.
Explainability is crucial for several reasons. First, it enhances transparency and
accountability. In high-stakes domains like healthcare and finance, understanding why an
AI system made a particular decision is essential for ensuring fairness and avoiding
biases. Moreover, explainability enables users to identify and correct potential errors or
biases in the training data, model architecture, or decision-making process.
Second, explainable AI fosters user trust and acceptance. Users are more likely to adopt
AI systems if they can understand and validate the reasoning behind the model's
predictions. This is particularly important in domains where human lives or critical
decisions are at stake, such as autonomous vehicles or medical diagnoses.
Third, explainability promotes regulatory compliance and ethical considerations. Various
regulations, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),
require individuals to be informed about automated decision-making processes that
significantly affect them. Explainable AI helps meet these regulatory requirements and
ensures that AI systems are used responsibly and ethically.
To address the need for interpretability, researchers have developed various techniques
and approaches in the field of explainable AI. These techniques range from rule-based
explanations, which provide human-understandable rules to justify a model's decision, to
feature importance analysis, which identifies the most influential features in the model's
predictions. Surrogate models, which create simplified approximations of complex
models, and model-agnostic approaches, which generate explanations irrespective of the
underlying model architecture, are also commonly used.
Techniques for Interpreting Machine Learning Models
Interpreting machine learning models is a fundamental aspect of Explainable AI (XAI).
By providing insights into the decision-making process of these models, interpretability
techniques help humans understand and trust AI systems. In this section, we will explore
several techniques commonly used for interpreting machine learning models.
1. Rule-based Explanations:
Rule-based explanations aim to generate human-understandable rules that explain the
decision-making process of a model. These rules can take the form of "if-then"
statements, providing explicit conditions and corresponding actions. Rule-based
explanations are particularly useful in decision tree models, where each node represents a
rule that guides the model's predictions. Rule-based explanations offer transparency and
interpretability by mapping the model's decision-making process to human-readable rules.
2. Feature Importance Analysis:
Feature importance analysis aims to identify the most influential features contributing to
the model's predictions. By quantifying the impact of each feature on the model's output,
feature importance analysis helps users understand which factors are driving a particular
decision. Techniques such as permutation importance, SHAP values, or gradient-based
methods provide a measure of feature importance. Feature importance analysis facilitates
insights into the model's decision-making process and can help identify biases or
unexpected behavior.
3. Surrogate Models:
Surrogate models create simplified approximations of complex machine learning models,
making them easier to interpret. The surrogate model is trained to mimic the behavior of
the original model and can be a simpler model, such as a decision tree or a linear model.
Surrogate models offer a trade-off between model performance and interpretability. By
providing a more transparent representation of the original model, surrogate models allow
users to gain insights into the underlying decision-making process.
4. Model-Agnostic Approaches:
Model-agnostic approaches focus on post-hoc interpretability, generating explanations
irrespective of the underlying model architecture. These techniques aim to provide
general interpretability tools that can be applied to any black-box model. One common
approach is to use local surrogate models, such as LIME (Local Interpretable Model-
agnostic Explanations) or SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), which approximate
the behavior of the original model in a local region. Another approach is to use feature
importance analysis techniques that do not rely on specific model characteristics. Model-
agnostic approaches offer flexibility and can be applied to a wide range of machine
learning models.
5. Visualizations and Interactive Tools:
Visualizations and interactive tools play a vital role in interpreting machine learning
models. They help users explore and understand the model's predictions in an intuitive
and interactive manner. Techniques such as heatmaps, saliency maps, or partial
dependence plots provide visual representations of the model's behavior, making it easier
to identify patterns and trends. Interactive tools allow users to interact with the model,
modifying input features and observing the corresponding changes in predictions.
Visualizations and interactive tools enhance the accessibility and usability of explainable
AI techniques.
It is important to note that these techniques are not mutually exclusive and can be
combined to provide a more comprehensive understanding of machine learning models.
The choice of interpretability technique depends on the specific requirements of the
problem and the characteristics of the model being interpreted.
Real-World Applications of Explainable AI
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques have found numerous applications across various
domains, addressing the need for transparency, interpretability, and trust in machine
learning models. In this section, we will explore some real-world applications where
explainable AI has been successfully employed.
1. Healthcare:
Explainable AI has significant implications in healthcare, where accurate and transparent
decision-making is crucial. Interpretable machine learning models can aid in diagnosing
diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and recommending personalized treatment plans.
By providing explanations for their predictions, AI models can help healthcare
professionals understand the reasoning behind the recommendations and make informed
decisions. Explainable AI can also assist in identifying biases or potential errors in
medical data, ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination.
2. Finance:
In the financial sector, explainable AI plays a vital role in risk assessment, fraud detection,
and credit scoring. Interpretable models allow financial institutions to understand the
factors influencing credit decisions and provide explanations to customers. This
transparency fosters trust and helps users validate the fairness and accuracy of the
decision-making process. Additionally, explainable AI can assist in identifying fraudulent
activities and providing evidence-based explanations for flagging suspicious transactions.
3. Autonomous Vehicles:
Explainable AI is critical for the deployment of autonomous vehicles. These vehicles need
to make informed decisions based on complex sensor data, and it is crucial for users to
understand why a particular decision was made, especially in critical situations.
Interpretable models can provide explanations for actions such as lane changes, braking,
or collision avoidance, enabling users to trust the vehicle's decisions and improving safety.
Explainable AI can also assist in post-accident analysis, helping to determine the causes
of accidents and improving future system development.
4. Criminal Justice:
In the criminal justice system, explainable AI can aid in decision-making processes such as
risk assessment, sentencing, and parole prediction. Transparent models provide
explanations for the factors influencing these decisions, allowing stakeholders to
understand the reasoning behind them. This transparency helps to ensure fairness,
mitigate biases, and avoid unjust outcomes. Explainable AI can also assist in identifying
potential biases in historical data, helping to address systemic issues within the criminal
justice system.
5. Human Resources:
Explainable AI can enhance the fairness and transparency of human resource processes,
such as resume screening and candidate selection. By providing explanations for the
decisions made by AI systems, employers can ensure that their recruitment processes are
unbiased and comply with legal and ethical standards. Explainable AI can help identify
discriminatory patterns in the selection process and provide justifications for candidate
rejections or selections, promoting fairness and trust.
6. Customer Service and Recommender Systems:
Explainable AI is valuable in customer service and recommender systems, where
personalized recommendations are made based on user preferences and behavior. By
providing explanations for recommendations, users can understand why certain products
or services are suggested to them. This transparency not only helps build trust but also
allows users to provide feedback and refine their preferences. Explainable AI can also
help in avoiding filter bubbles and ensuring diverse and fair recommendations.
These are just a few examples of the real-world applications of explainable AI. In
practice, explainable AI techniques can be applied in various domains where transparency,
interpretability, and trust are critical. As the field of explainable AI continues to evolve,
we can expect its adoption to grow across industries, enabling responsible and
accountable use of AI systems.
Challenges and Future Directions
While Explainable AI (XAI) has made significant progress in interpreting and
understanding machine learning models, several challenges and future directions remain.
Addressing these challenges is crucial to realizing the full potential of XAI and ensuring
the responsible and ethical deployment of AI systems. In this section, we will explore
some of the key challenges and discuss potential future directions for XAI.
1. Trade-off between Interpretability and Performance:
One of the main challenges in XAI is the trade-off between interpretability and model
performance. As models become more interpretable, they often sacrifice predictive
accuracy. Conversely, highly accurate models, such as deep neural networks, tend to be
less interpretable. Striking the right balance between interpretability and performance is
essential for XAI. Future research should focus on developing techniques that provide
both high performance and meaningful explanations.
2. Scalability to Complex Models and Big Data:
Many XAI techniques are designed for simpler models and may not scale well to complex
models, such as deep neural networks, or large datasets. As AI models continue to grow in
size and complexity, XAI methods need to adapt and handle such models effectively.
Future directions should explore scalable and efficient XAI techniques that can handle the
challenges posed by complex models and big data.
3. Understanding Deep Neural Networks:
Deep neural networks, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent
neural networks (RNNs), have achieved remarkable success in various domains.
However, understanding the decision-making process of these models remains a
significant challenge. Future research should focus on developing techniques to interpret
deep neural networks effectively, providing insights into their internal representations and
reasoning.
4. Domain-specific Interpretability:
Different domains have unique requirements for interpretability. For example, in
healthcare, interpretability is crucial for understanding and justifying treatment
recommendations. In finance, interpretability is necessary for regulatory compliance and
risk assessment. Future directions in XAI should explore domain-specific interpretability
techniques that cater to the specific needs and requirements of different application areas.
5. Ethical Considerations:
XAI also needs to address ethical considerations such as fairness, bias, and privacy.
Interpretability techniques should be designed to identify and mitigate biases in models,
ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination. Additionally, XAI should consider privacy
concerns by ensuring that sensitive information is not revealed through explanations.
Future research should focus on developing ethical frameworks and guidelines for XAI to
ensure responsible and unbiased use of AI systems.
6. User Trust and Acceptance:
The success of XAI relies on user trust and acceptance. Users need to understand and
trust the explanations provided by AI systems. Future directions should explore
techniques to improve the transparency and understandability of explanations, ensuring
that they align with human cognitive capabilities. Additionally, interactive and user-
centric approaches should be developed to allow users to customize and explore
explanations according to their needs.
7. Standardization and Regulation:
As XAI becomes more prevalent, there is a need for standardization and regulation to
ensure consistent and reliable interpretability across different models and domains.
Establishing guidelines, best practices, and evaluation metrics for XAI will promote
transparency, accountability, and trust in AI systems. Future directions should focus on
developing standardized frameworks and regulatory guidelines for XAI.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Explainable AI (XAI) plays a crucial role in interpreting and
understanding machine learning models, providing transparency, interpretability, and trust
in AI systems. By explaining the decision-making process of these models, XAI
techniques enable users to understand why specific predictions or decisions are made,
leading to increased user trust and acceptance.
Throughout this discussion, we explored various techniques for interpreting machine
learning models, including rule-based explanations, feature importance analysis,
surrogate models, model-agnostic approaches, and visualizations/interactive tools. These
techniques offer insights into the inner workings of AI models and help users validate,
interpret, and improve their decision-making process.
Real-world applications of XAI were also discussed, highlighting its relevance in
domains such as healthcare, finance, autonomous vehicles, criminal justice, human
resources, and customer service. XAI provides valuable insights and explanations in
these domains, contributing to fairer decision-making, improved safety, reduced biases,
and enhanced user experiences.
However, there are still several challenges and future directions for XAI to address.
These include finding the right balance between interpretability and performance, scaling
XAI techniques to complex models and big data, understanding deep neural networks,
developing domain-specific interpretability, addressing ethical considerations, building
user trust and acceptance, and establishing standardization and regulation.
Advancements in XAI will play a vital role in ensuring the responsible and ethical
deployment of AI systems, as well as facilitating human understanding, oversight, and
control over these systems. Continued research, collaboration, and interdisciplinary
efforts will contribute to the development of more effective and trustworthy XAI
techniques, fostering transparency, fairness, and accountability in the AI landscape.
References
1. Ahmadi, S. (2024). Elastic Data Warehousing: Adapting To Fluctuating Workloads
With Cloud-Native Technologies. Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science
Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online), 2(3), 282-
301. https://doi.org/10.60087/jklst.vol2.n3.p301
2. Gómez, Leticia, Bart Kuijpers, Bart Moelans, and Alejandro Vaisman. “A Survey of
Spatio-Temporal Data Warehousing.” International Journal of Data Warehousing
and Mining 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 28–55. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2009070102.
3. Ahmadi, Sina. Challenges and Solutions in Network Security for Serverless
Computing. No. 11747. EasyChair, 2024.
4. Tan, Xin, David C. Yen, and Xiang Fang. “Web Warehousing: Web Technology
Meets Data Warehousing.” Technology in Society 25, no. 1 (January 2003): 131–48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-791x(02)00061-1.
5. Nguyen, Tho Manh, Peter Brezany, A. Min Tjoa, and Edgar Weippl. “Toward a
Grid-Based Zero-Latency Data Warehousing Implementation for Continuous Data
Streams Processing.” International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 1, no.
4 (October 1, 2005): 22–55. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2005100102.
6. Gómez, Leticia, Bart Kuijpers, Bart Moelans, and Alejandro Vaisman. “A Survey of
Spatio-Temporal Data Warehousing.” International Journal of Data Warehousing
and Mining 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 28–55. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2009070102.
7. Ahmadi, Sina. "Optimizing Data Warehousing Performance through Machine
Learning Algorithms in the Cloud." International Journal of Science and Research
(IJSR) 12, no. 12 (2023): 1859-1867.
8. “MAPREDUCE RESEARCH ON WAREHOUSING OF BIG DATA.” International
Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research 4, no. 3 (April 2, 2018): 598–
607. https://doi.org/10.23883/ijrter.2018.4170.raqfm.
9. Naeem, M. Asif, Gillian Dobbie, and Gerald Weber. “HYBRIDJOIN for Near-Real-
Time Data Warehousing.” International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 7,
no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 21–42. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2011100102.
10. Chakraborty, Sonali Ashish. “A Novel Approach Using Non-Synonymous
Materialized Queries for Data Warehousing.” International Journal of Data
Warehousing and Mining 17, no. 3 (July 2021): 22–43.
https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2021070102.
11. Ahmadi, Sina. Next Generation AI-Based Firewalls: a Comparative Study. No.
11680. EasyChair, 2024.
12. Jaroli, Priyanka, and Palak Masson. “Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology
(Data Warehousing).” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
51, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 45–50. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-
v51p208.
13. Golfarelli, Matteo, and Stefano Rizzi. “A Survey on Temporal Data Warehousing.”
International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2009):
1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2009010101.
14. Gupta, Neha, and Sakshi Jolly. “Enhancing Data Quality at ETL Stage of Data
Warehousing.” International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 17, no. 1
(January 1, 2021): 74–91. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2021010105.
15. David, John. “Data Mining and Data Warehousing.” The SIJ Transactions on
Computer Science Engineering & Its Applications (CSEA), June 28, 2019, 17–19.
https://doi.org/10.9756/sijcsea/v7i3/07010010105.
16. Ahmadi, Sina. "Optimizing Data Warehousing Performance through Machine
Learning Algorithms in the Cloud." International Journal of Science and Research
(IJSR) 12, no. 12 (2023): 1859-1867.
17. Meister, Jürgen, Martin Rohde, Hans-Jürgen Appelrath, and Vera Kamp. “Data-
Warehousing Im Gesundheitswesen (Data Warehousing in Health Care).” It -
Information Technology 45, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 179–85.
https://doi.org/10.1524/itit.45.4.179.22728.
18. Ahmadi, Sina. "Security And Privacy Challenges in Cloud-Based Data Warehousing:
A Comprehensive Review." IJCST 11 (2024): 17-27.
19. Jinal Mistry, Rakesh Ramakrishnan. (2023, August). The Automated Eye Cancer
Detection through Machine Learning and Image Analysis in Healthcare. Journal of
Xidian University, 17(8), 763-763–772.
20. Esteva A, et al. "Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural
networks." Nature. 2017;542(7639):115-118.
21. Jinal Mistry, Ashween Ganesh. (2023, July). An Analysis of IoT-Based Solutions for
Congenital Heart Disease Monitoring and Prevention. Journal of Xidian University,
17(7), 325–334.
22. Rajkomar A, et al. "Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health
records." npj Digital Medicine. 2018;1:18.
23. Jinal Mistry. (n.d.). Automated Knowledge Transfer for Medical Image
Segmentation Using Deep Learning. Journal of Xidian University, 18(1), 601–610.
24. Topol EJ. "High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial
intelligence." Nature Medicine. 2019;25(1):44-56.
25. Mistry, Jinal & Ramakrishnan, Rakesh. (2023). The Automated Eye Cancer
Detection through Machine Learning and Image Analysis in Healthcare. Journal of
Xidian University. 17. 763-772. 10.37896/jxu17.8/066.
26. Chen JH, Asch SM. "Machine learning and prediction in medicine—beyond the peak
of inflated expectations." New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(26):2507-
2509.
27. Jinal Mistry. (2024, January). Impact of Model Selection on Pulmonary Effusion
Diagnosis Using Prediction Analysis Algorithms. Journal of Xidian University, 18(1),
611–618.
28. Lakhani P, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. "Artificial intelligence in healthcare: what can
we expect?" European Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;34(10):917-920.
29. Jinal Mistry, Ashween Ganesh, Rakesh Ramakrishnan, J.Logeshwaran. (2023,
August). IoT based congenital heart disease prediction system to amplify the
authentication and data security using cloud computing. European Chemical Bulletin,
12(S3), 7201–7213.
30. Miotto R, et al. "Deep patient: an unsupervised representation to predict the future of
patients from the electronic health records." Scientific Reports. 2016;6:26094.
31. IBM Watson Health. "IBM Watson Health and the Broad Institute Launch Major
Research Initiative to Study Why Cancers Become Drug Resistant." Accessed
September 1, 2021. [https://www.ibm.com/watson-health/news/broad-institute/]
32. Saria S, et al. "Deep learning for healthcare: review, opportunities, and challenges."
Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2019;20(3): 1011-1020.
33. Vinay Mallikarjunaradhya, Jinal Mistry. (2023, July). The Optimized Analysis for
Early Detection of Skin Cancer using Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of
Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 11(7), c180–c187.
34. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-
444.
35. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach.
Pearson.
36. Esteva, A., Kuprel, B., Novoa, R. A., Ko, J., Swetter, S. M., Blau, H. M., & Thrun, S.
(2017). Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks.
Nature, 542(7639), 115-118.
37. Topol, E. J. (2019). High-performance medicine: The convergence of human and
artificial intelligence. Nature Medicine, 25(1), 44-56.
38. Rajkomar, A., Dean, J., & Kohane, I. (2019). Machine learning in medicine. New
England Journal of Medicine, 380(14), 1347-1358.
39. Char, D. S., Shah, N. H., Magnus, D., Hwang, T. J., & Topol, E. J. (2018).
Implementing machine learning in health care—addressing ethical challenges. New
England Journal of Medicine, 378(11), 981-983.
40. Beam, A. L., & Kohane, I. S. (2018). Big data and machine learning in health care.
JAMA, 319(13), 1317-1318.
41. Adadi, A., & Berrada, M. (2018). Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A survey on
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access, 6, 52138–52160.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2870052
42. Arrieta, A. B., Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Bennetot, A., Tabik, S., Barbado, A.,
García, S., Gil-López, S., Molina, D., Benjamins, R., Chatila, R., & Herrera, F.
(2020). Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies,
opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Information Fusion, 58, 82–115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012
43. Ghahramani, Z. (2015). Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Nature, 521(7553), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14541
44. Hamet, P., & Tremblay, J. (2017). Artificial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism, 69,
S36–S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.011
45. Hari Prasad Josyula. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Device For Analyzing Financial
Data (Patent No. 6324352).
46. Hosny, A., Parmar, C., Quackenbush, J., Schwartz, L. H., & Aerts, H. J. (2018).
Artificial intelligence in radiology. Nature Reviews Cancer, 18(8), 500–510.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0016-5
47. Miller, T. (2019). Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social
sciences. Artificial Intelligence, 267, 1–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2018.07.007
48. Hari Prasad Josyula. (2024). Internet of Things-Based Financial Data Managing
Device in Bank (Patent No. 213918). IN.
49. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Choice
Reviews Online, 33(03), 33–1577. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-1577
50. Topol, E. J. (2019). High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and
artificial intelligence. Nature Medicine, 25(1), 44–56.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7
51. 6)Alharbi, I. A., Almalki, A. J., Alyami, M., Zou, C., & Solihin, Y. (2022, November).
Profiling Attack on WiFi-based IoT Devices using an Eavesdropping of an Encrypted
Data Frames. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal,
7(6), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj070606
52. Weiß, G. (2000). Multiagent Systems : A modern approach to distributed artificial
intelligence. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA40989172
53. Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial
bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464),
447-453.
54. Liu, X., Faes, L., Kale, A. U., Wagner, S. K., Fu, D. J., Bruynseels, A., ... & Keane, P.
A. (2021). A comparison of deep learning performance against health-care
professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. The Lancet Digital Health, 3(12), e778-e791.
55. 2. KAUSHIK, PUNEET, MOHIT JAIN, and ADIT SHAH. "A Low Power Low
VoltageCMOSBased Operational Transconductance Amplifier for Biomedical
Application." (2018).
56. Alharbi, I. A., Almalki, A. J., Alyami, M., Zou, C., & Solihin, Y. (2022, November).
Profiling Attack on WiFi-based IoT Devices using an Eavesdropping of an Encrypted
Data Frames. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal,
7(6), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj070606
57. Caruana, R., Lou, Y., Gehrke, J., Koch, P., Sturm, M., & Elhadad, N. (2015).
Intelligible models for healthcare: Predicting pneumonia risk and hospital 30-day
readmission. In Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 1721-1730).
58. 5)Alharbi, I. A., Almalki, A. J., Alyami, M., Zou, C., & Solihin, Y. (2022, November).
Profiling Attack on WiFi-based IoT Devices using an Eavesdropping of an Encrypted
Data Frames. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal,
7(6), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj070606
59. 14. Kaushik, Puneet, Mohit Jain, and Aman Jain. "A Pixel-Based Digital Medical
ImagesProtection Using Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Electronics and
Communication Engineering: 31-37.
60. Puneet Kaushik, Mohit Jain, Gayatri Patidar, Paradayil Rhea Eapen, Chandra
PrabhaSharma. “Smart Floor Cleaning Robot Using Android.” Csjournals.Com10
(published): 1–5. https://www.csjournals.com/IJEE/PDF10-2/64.%20Puneet.pdf.
61. Kaushik, Puneet, and Mohit Jain. "Design of low power CMOS low pass filter for
biomedical application." International Journal of Electrical Engineering &
Technology(IJEET) 9, no. 5 (2018): pp.
