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Yucca Plants And Yucca Moths
Yucca Plants and Yucca Moths: A Coevolutionary Point of View
Petra Markova
300214198
BIOL 3700: Evolution
Maxence Salomon
Introduction
According to Thompson (1994), coevolution is defined as the reciprocal evolutionary change in
interacting species . This occurs when one species has a significant effect on the survival or
reproductive success of another species and vice versa, leading to the gradual evolution of both
species. It is important to study this topic, as it is possible that the evolution of a majority of the
world s life forms was affected by the coevolution occurring between plants and insects (Smith et al.,
2009). It is generally accepted that there are three forms in which coevolution can take place ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coevolution in this scenario occurs by selection for those organisms from both taxa which possess
trait which allow them to take the best advantage of this mutualism relative to their conspecifics. An
example of this relationship is the plant pollinator interaction between yucca plants and yucca moths.
While the relationship between yucca plants (Family Agavaceae) and yucca moths (Genus
Tegeticula and Parategeticula) can be defined as mutualistic, it is more than an ordinary mutualism
(Sheppard and Oliver, 2002). In a generic mutualistic relationship, both organisms gain fitness
benefits from the interaction, but are not dependent on each other for survival. In the yucca plant
yucca moth interaction, the yucca moth provides essential cross pollination services to the yucca
plant, and the yucca plant provides a predator free location for the yucca moth to lay its eggs, as
well as providing nutrition for the larvae in the form of some of its seeds (Moisett, n.d.). Since the
interaction between these two organisms is necessary for the survival of their species, it is called an
obligate mutualism (Lunau, 2004). The relationship between the yucca plants and yucca moths
serves as the theme for the remainder of this paper.
Objectives
To discuss the widely accepted hypothesis for the evolutionary mechanism behind the yucca plant
yucca moth relationship.
To discuss the pre existing adaptations required by these organisms for the facilitation of
Lake Pollution Issues
The issue regarding the Lake of the Ozarks is one that has been floating around for some time.
The water quality has gone down the drain in recent years due to numerous factors such as
leaking sewage and trash pollution. This issue is an environmental concern because it makes the
escherichia coli (e. coli) levels in the water go up, which can lead to illnesses and deaths of people
and animals across the area. There was said to have been as much as 15,000 gallons of sewage that
led directly into the Lake of the Ozarks(DNR). This is obviously a problem because it is affecting
the health of everyone and everything; however, people are asking why it may matter.
Many people care about their lake. It s where they can go to swim and hang out with friends.
Residents care about the pollution issue that is going on because more and more people are
deciding to live by the lake full time which increases lake pollution. Another aspect that is being
affected with the pollution are the animals in the water. The e. coli levels in the area are shifting
because of the pollution issues. When the sewage is released into the lake it most definitely does
not help with keeping the lake clean. As more pollution problems come up, they need to be fixed
by the public living there. The residents surrounding the lake need to pay more attention of what is
being thrown into the lake and the status of their sewage tanks to insure they are not leaking or
damaged. If those tasks are fixed little by little
Ernest Hemingway Defeat
Ernest Hemingway
But man is not made for defeat, he said. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. (Hemingway,
29). This is one of the lines that Ernest Hemingway uses in one of his books, titled, The Old Man
and The Sea. It was published in 1952, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize the following year. The
story of an old fisherman s journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, was
considered to be the most popular of all his works. Fortunately for this well known author, he has
many more books, novels and short stories that his readers enjoy. Ernest Hemingway was born in
Oak Park, Illinois on July 21, 1899 (Oliver, 1999). He was an author and journalist, and started his
writing career in 1917, working for The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He only worked there for six months before responding to a Red Cross recruitment effort in 1918
(during World War I). There, he signed on and became an ambulance driver in Italy. In his non
fiction book, Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway describes some of his experiences during this
time, and how rescuers had to collect the shredded fragments of dead people. He was wounded by
mortar fire, but despite that managed to carry an Italian soldier to safety, and was awarded the
Italian Silver Medal of Bravery (Mayers, 1985). Hemingway spent a lot of time traveling, and lived
in some places, such as Kansas City, Toronto, Canada, Italy, Spain, Cuba, Paris and Key West,
Florida.
Hemingway was only eighteen at the time. He had several wounds on both legs, and had to be
operated immediately. Apparently, he fell in love for the first time with a Red Cross nurse, Agnes
von Kurowsky. They agreed to get married, but later on, she wrote him with the news of her
engagement to someone else, which left him heartbroken and devastated. Biographer Jeffrey Meyers
claims that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes rejection, and he followed a pattern of abandoning
a wife before she abandoned him in future relationships. Personally, one might think that there is
more to the way Hemingway was than what a reader may believe.
In his entire lifetime, Hemingway was known for his outlandish love life and his constant insistence
of keeping
How Does Steinbeck Create the Theme of Insecurity in the...
Write about: Why some characters feel insecure How language contributes to a sense of the
characters insecurity How the settings contribute to a sense of insecurity Other features which create
a sense of insecurity You must: Explore how Steinbeck creates a sense of insecurity through the
presentation of insecure characters, eg through: Lennie, Crooks and Curley s wife Look at language
/settings, eg the situation of Curley s wife and how she feels about Curley and her life on the ranch,
and her appearance Show how Steinbeck uses language/settings to create insecurity, eg how
language is used to show Lennie s insecurity about George End by evaluating how the different
elements work together In 45 minutes, three... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He emphasises his experience of silent suffering, because of his crooked back but also because of
the racism he is subjected to because he is black. It is his enforced segregation from the other
workers, which causes his insecurity. Look at how Steinbeck s description of the setting gives us
an insight into Crooks s character (p.98,99) as well as his use of language, he had thin, pain
tightened lips . He is a victim of oppressive violence and prejudice and has learned to cope with it
by withdrawing into himself. He is proud and aloof as a defence against the cruel treatment he
receives from the other men because he is black. In this chapter, Lennie acts as a catalyst. It is
through him that Crooks and Curley s wife reveal their insecurities.In spite of Crooks experience
which has taught him that nobody never gets to heaven , he too gets caught up in Lennie s dream
of owning land and having a future, but Curley s wife s cruelty in reminding him of her racial
superiority, Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. (p.113) when he asks her to leave, leaves him
feeling humiliated. He realises that in this world of white supremacy, there will never be any
security for him. He will never escape from his life of suffering, What she says is true. Curley s wife
is never named in the novel. She is perceived as Curley s possession, referred to as Curley s wife.
Her husband married her because she is purty and naively she
Essay on Black Death with Wings of Light
Ring a Ring O Roses,/ A pocketful of posies,/ Atishoo! Atishoo!/ We all fall down! (Historic UK).
Would anyone see through this happy melody and say that this song is about one of the deathliest
plagues that ever struck mankind, the Black Death? This song describes the main symptom of the
Black Death, which is the formation of infected black rings on skin. The Black Deathis a disease that
first arrived in Europe in 1347 through a ship with rats and fleas contaminated with Yersinia pestis
bacteria. This bacteria has the capability of taking one s life within 48 hours (MedicineNet). In
1340s, the plague victimized countless numbers of people. Fortunately, the plague temporarily
subsided during the Renaissance era in 1450s (Dowling,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then suddenly, people started to die from the Black Death. No one knew the origin of the disease
since the concept of bacteria was absent. The population believed that the plague was caused by
foul smells on the street, which was partly true since the disease was actually from all the garbage
lying around in the street providing a perfect habitat for rats and the disease itself (Naver).
Moreover, the church preached that the plague was caused by lack of faith which angered God.
This lead people to believe that the only cure to the sickness was prayers; thus hindering the
development of logical and realistic ideas science. Although the studies of today clearly show that
the Black Death was a disease caused by infected fleas in rats, due to lack of investigation in the
field of science and the continuous preaching of the church, it was known to be caused by foul odor
and the anger of God.
The sudden attack of the Black Death upon the lives of thousands dramatically decreased the total
population to two thirds (Naver). After the vital reduction, people observed that the dirty
environments and the atmosphere of the England as a whole were in sync with the habitat that rats
carrying the disease would prefer. Consequently, England got in action and started to clean up the
streets and homes. An extreme way of countering the disease was to burn an entire square of a
London in an attempt to wipe out the Black Plague for good (Callahan, Ken). In addition to
Proposed Changes Of Leases And Their Recognition On The...
The proposed changes regarding leases and their recognition on the balance sheet, has been
released in an exposure draft ED 242 by Australian Accounting Standards Board, otherwise referred
to as AASB. The purpose of these proposed changes aims to bring transparency and accountability
to these reports prepared by Australian companies. Leasing is a means of gaining access to assets,
of obtaining finance, and of reducing an entity s exposure to the risks of assetownership. (AASB
Exposure Draft, 2013). This means provides investors with a clearer insight into the overall picture
of a company s assets and liabilities. Originally the standards set out by the AASB, were criticized
as they failed in providing investors with a faithful... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These factors are insuring that companies are accountable and that the information they provide to
their investors is accurate and transparent. Accountability is the obligation of an individual or
organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in
a transparent manner. It also includes the responsibility for money or other entrusted property.
(BusinessDictionary.com, 2015). A company is obligated to provide accurate information to their
investors, as they are shareholders in the company and thus hold an interest. This information is
provided to these investors by these companies preparing General Purpose Financial Reporting
(GPFR). These reports contain information such as Profit and Loss Statement, and the Balance Sheet
. This Balance sheet depicts the company s assets and liabilities, which determine the liquidity of a
company for that period in time. Transparency is needed when it comes to the interaction between
investors and these companies. The information contained in these GPFR must be in a form that
investors can simply understand. The information presented must disclose all relevant details
regarding the companies financial position. Transparency is minimum degree of disclosure to which
agreements, dealings, practices, and transactions are open to all for verification.
(BusinessDictionary.com, 2015). In the old standards
Human Reliability Analysis And The SWOT Analysis
This essay will be evaluating the strengths and the limitations of the human reliability analysis and
the SWOT analysis in the context of the challenges posed by surveillance technologies to the privacy
of individuals. What this written response aims to discover is which of the two analytical techniques
mentioned above will be better to employ in the context of surveillancetechnologies.
The strengths that the human reliability analysis technique has in identifying the specific threats on
the selected security challenge is that it is an effective and systematic way of identifying potential
human errors, making sure all credible errors are considered as well as identifying risk control
measures in relation to the reliability on surveillance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing this, the organisation would need to examine possible consequences to either avoid or
reduce the impact of a surveillance breach and recommend safeguards and contingency plans to
prevent errors or detect and correct them. Analysts that use this technique can examine historical
data on previous accidents and near miss records in surveillance to find out what happened or what
could go wrong and establish if it is currently under better control. By also using a quantitative
assessment in this technique, analysts are able to estimate the likelihood of such consequences
occurring. What this analytical technique does not cover for organisations in terms of surveillance
technology is the consideration of the privacy of individuals. The data analysts collect is strongly
dependant on the assumptions they make. Analysts must gather and make sure all credible errors
are considered to list all possible predictions. Lack of data can provide a limitation in quantitative
assessment if there is lack of data regarding the performance of surveillance technology. This can
also affect privacy to individuals if analysts do not take into consideration of their
What Was The Role Of Magazines In The 1800 s
Magazines emerged as a medium for exchanging information shortly after newspapers became
popular, though they had different appeals. Magazines varied in content, ranging from information
about the latest scientific discoveries to opinion pieces to pictures of wars; all were interspersed with
advertisements boosting consumerism. The main purpose of a magazinewas to entertain and to
amuse, and do it quickly. The 1800 s started with the popularity of the literary review, featuring
works by popular authors, including well known transcendentalists like Ralph Waldo Emerson
(History of Magazines). Some magazines began ranking works, creating the concept of a best
seller. These made it easier for the common person to access and understand great works of fiction
as well as essays. Earlier magazines had been more scholarly, but had not grabbed the attention of the
public.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These specialities often coincided with professions such as art, music and law (History of
Magazines). Here, new scientific discoveries were shared, although these types of magazines were
read mainly by more elite members of society. Due to the technical nature of the articles oriented in
these magazines, esteemed editors were in high demand. The articles were written by Philosophers,
lawyers, scientists, anybody skilled at the subject matter in question (History of Magazines). Even
though the creators of such magazines were highly educated, people with lifestyles devoted to
something other than what they were reading about were able to understand the material, though
they often did not take the opportunity.
When illustrations became more prevalent, some magazines embraced it. Leslie s Weekly was a
magazine including illustrations, and shot up in popularity during the American civil war (Unwin).
Around 1890, photography began to supersede illustrations, but the art still lived
Road Of Nonconformity
In the poem, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost, the author introduces the reader to a character
that seems to be having a difficult time making choices. The character describes two similar roads
that he can take, but he is an indecisive being. Additionally, the two roads are choice that were
available to him at one point in his life but he hesitated to pick and choose. I personally believe that
what the narrator means thats he took the roadthat not many people have taken. The poem speaks
about conformity, therefore one roadis giving in to conformity while the other is not. The narrator
then chooses the road less traveled which I perceive it to be the road of nonconformity due to the
fact that not many people travel down that
Water Pollution Essay
Water is life s matter and matrix, mother, and medium. There is no life without water. (Szent
Gyorgyi) This powerful phrase was coined by Albert Szent Gyorgyi, a Nobel Prize winning
biochemist. Even in the early 1900 s when Albert lived, people were talking about water pollution.
Pollution is still even today, a hot topic of politics. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary,
pollutionis the action of polluting, especially by environmental contamination with man made waste.
Pollutants can be more than synthetic waste. Pollutants can be natural such as soil, volcanic ash, and
minerals. Whether the pollution is natural or accidental, humans should always carefully monitor
pollution in our waterways. Pollution can affect the life from plants to wildlife, and even humans.
Therefore, having regular water testing is important for maintaining and monitoring pollution,
animal populations, and overall water quality. Water testing can consist of PH, hardness, nitrate
/nitrite, in addition to bacteria testing. The North Carolina Health and Human Services require far
more testing for the local waterways such as testing for uranium and radionuclide levels. This project
will focus on the local water sources such as ditches, streams, and bays. The water samples came
from around Dixon High School, Chadwick Shores Neighborhood, and various ditch systems within
Onslow County. Regular water testing is important for monitoring pollution because of the lethal
damage pollution can cause.
Walt Whitman and the Civil War Essay
Walt Whitman is a famous poet in American history and the founder of free style of writing poem.
He was well known with his work of Leaves of Grass and Drum Taps. Walt Whitman was inspired
to write poems about Civil War and changed his style of writing after experiencing the horrible result
of the war. Walt Whitmanwas born in West Hills, Long Island, on May 31, 1819. He is the second
son of eight siblings in the family. In his early life, Whitman received a formal education until age
of 11 because he needed to help his father to support the big family. His first job as an office boy
opened up the world of literature to him (Reynolds 6). No longer after that, he became a printer at
local newspaper which made him interested in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He took care of the patients by giving them courage and lending his ears to listen their stories
(Folsom Walt(er) ).
Walt Whitman s careers in journalism gained him interest in literature and journalism. His interest
inspired him to write journals, poetries, and novels. When he was 15 years old, he was able to
publish his first article In Olden Times when working at the Star in 1834 (Oliver 9). In 1855, Walt
Whitman published his famous book of poems Leaves of Grass. Whitman introduced a new style of
poetry to the poetry history which now called the free verse. Whitman was also famous with his
revision of Leaves of Grass. Throughout his life, he published eight different edition of Leaves of
Grass. Besides Leaves of Grass, Walt Whitman also produced another great work of literature Drum
Taps.
The Civil War inspired Walt Whitman to write another great literature Drum Taps. The news of his
younger brother s wounded in the war made him go down to Washington. The scenery of wounded
soldiers in the hospital moved his heart to stay and volunteer as a nurse. His interaction with the
patients inspired him to write poems. Many poems were produced during the time, and later on, he
compiled his poems into one work called Drum Taps.
Drum Taps is a collection of 42 Walt Whitman s poems about the Civil War. The title Drum Taps was
meant to emphasize...the emotional
Economic Growth In Australian Economy
At the present, the Australian economy is still in a period of slow economic activity brought
about by multiple contributing factors. A large factor of this would be the decrease in China s
level of economic growth that has resulted in a large decrease in demand for Australia s goods and
services. Presently Australia s percentage debt to GDP ratio is approximately 41.1%. Since the
previous year the debts rate of growth has increased slowly. This level of debt is the highest that
Australia has ever recorded. For the 2016/2017 budget the estimate for the government revenue this
year was approximately $406 billion. The predicted spending for the government during this year
was $451 billion. Therefore, the gap in the government expenditure and... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The terms of trade even has the potential to enter into a surplus if the conditions improve further. The
improvement in the terms of trade shows that Australia s exports are strong and that domestic
businesses are able to compete with those from overseas.
1)A statement about the main economic problems currently in the Australian economy or problems it
may face in the future.
During the financial year of 2016 2017 the deficit in the budget for Australia was approximately
$37.1 billion. However, during the 2017 2018 year the budget is expected to increase by $29.4
billion which is greater than the expected $28.7 billion forecast in December 2017. The nation s
first budget surplus since 2007 2008 forecast to be reached in 2020 2021. This means that the
Australian government expects the economy to enter a boom during 2020 2021 where the budget
enters a surplus. The total government debt is expected to reach $715 billion during the 2017 2018
financial year. The problem associated with having too much debt is that it can limit you re
economies economic growth and it may be difficult to escape it, when it reaches serious levels the
government may not be able to fund certain public services, this is what happened to Greece
resulting in them needing to be bailed out by the European Union.
As Australia is considered to have a transitioning economy, a lack in job
Essay About Alexander The Great
Alexander the Great. Possibly one of the greatest leaders and one of the greatest conquerors of all
time, Alexander the Great was an amazing historical figure, but he, like most all great leaders, was
inspired by a teacher. His teacher was the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Without him, who knows if
Alexander would have been given the title of the Great . Like Aristotle, I want to be a teacher.
More specifically, I want to be a middle schoolhistory teacher. I want to have a positive effect on
the up and coming generations. I know that to become a teacher, I must obtain my Bachelors
Degree in Education. My plan is to go to a four year college or university and major in secondary
education while minoring in coaching.To get there, I am already... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I am diligently working on my basketball skills with hopes of getting an athletic scholarship and
play college basketball. Also, my PSAT scores are above average, which will help me get accepted
into colleges and make me eligible to get more scholarships. I anticipate applying for every
scholarship possible for me.I have two possible plans that will lead me to achieve my end goal of
becoming a history teacher. My first path would take me to Bob Jones University (BJU) for college.
BJU is located in Greenville, South Carolina. BJU has the appropriate fields of study that I am
looking for and it is where my mom went to school and my sister is currently attending. BJU has
a lot to offer me in that I already know the layout of the campus and that I know what to expect
there. BJU Student Literary Societies provide many extra curricular and intramural activities. What
I do not like most about BJU is that their student code of conduct and dress code is very strict.
Also, I do not like that the college is in South Carolina. I would prefer to attend a school in
Michigan, so that the drive home is not as
Amsterdam Demographics
The Two Faces of Amsterdam The city of Amsterdam, Netherlands is like a two sided coin, with
each side appealing to two very different types of people. On one side, people see Amsterdam as a
mecca for decadence highlighted by its pervasive drug culture and brothels in the red light district
both of which are a product of its liberal and permissive way of life. But the other side of this
metaphorical coin displays the fascinating culture, history, and lifestyle only found in the Dutch
capital. Unlike other national capitals, the city is less known for its politics and government, and
more for its historical sites, since the national government is based in a city separate from the capital.
Having a long history as the Dutch capital, Amsterdamcurrently draws tourists from all over the
world, and its plethora of museums, historical sites, architecture and unique landmarks will most
likely continue to make it a prime cultural destination. The country of the Netherlandsderives its
name from half of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, its ability to do so at its current rate is questionable. Being built on a swamp, Amsterdam
has the majority of its buildings on wooden or metal poles. Over a long period of time, the durability
of these structures will decrease over time as they deteriorate. While scientists do not know exactly
when it will happen, they estimate it will be sometime in the near future (Beautiful Amsterdam,
Built on Poles). Aside from this, Amsterdam is one of the fastest growing cities in the Netherlands. It
has a population growth rate three times faster than the country as a whole, which could prove
problematic if this is not thoroughly addressed through expansion of the city (World Population
Review). Regardless of some of the unknowns in its future, Amsterdam, Netherlands will always
remain the central hub of Dutch lifestyle and